Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society

/•

,2o

^^

JOURNAL

OF

THE PROCEEDINGS

THE LINNEAN SOCIETY,

ZOOLOGY.

v^ST'

LONDON:
LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMANS AND ROBERTS,

AND

WILLIAMS AND NORGATE.

1860.

' 7-

PBINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

LIST OF PAPERS.

I

Page

Garner, Robert, Esq., F.L.S.

On the Shell-bearing Mollusca, particularly with regard to Struc-
ture and Form 35

Hanley, Sylvanus, Esq., F.L.S.

On the Linnean Manuscript of the * Museum Ulricae ' 43

Huxley, Prof. T. H., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., Professor of Natural
History, Government School of Mines.
On the Dermal Armour of Jacare and Caiman, with Notes on
the Specific and Generic Characters of recent Crocodilia 1

Salter, S. J. A., Esq., M.B., F.L.S., F.G.S.

On the Moulting of the Common Lobster {Homarus vulgaris)
and Shore Crab (Carcinus mcBnas) 30

Sandwith, Hon. H., M.D., C.B., Colonial Secretary of the Mauritius.
On the Habits of the " Aye-Aye" {Cheiromys madagascariensis,
L., Cuv.) 28

Walker, Francis, Esq., F.L.S.

Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects collected at Makessar, in
Celebes, by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with Descriptions of New
Species 90

Wallace, A. R., Esq.

On the Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago 172

Index 185

i

PROCEEDINGS

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON

November 4.th, 1858.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Robert Chambers, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

Among the presents were the following, for which the special
thanks of the Society were directed to be given ; viz. — '

Linnseus's MS. Diary and Translation ; together with a series
of Letters from Linnaeus to Menander, with Translations of many
of them. These MSS. were formerly in the possession of the late
Dr. Maton, Y.P.L.S., and were presented by his niece, Miss Wray.

An extensive Collection of dried Plants, the present portion
consisting of about 1000 species, formed in Java by T. Horsfield,
Esq:, M.D., F.E. & L.S. Presented by the Court of Directors of
the Hon. East India Company.

An extensive Collection of Australian and Tasmanian Plants,
formed by Dr. Ferdinand Mueller, and including type specimens
of many of the Eucalypti and Acaoice described in his Papers,
published in the Society's " Journal ; " presented by Dr. Miiller.

The valuable Collection of British AlgaB, formed by the late
Mrs. Griffith, and arranged according to Dr. Harvey's " Manual
of British Algae ; " presented by the Subscribers to a fund for its
purchase.

LINN. PBGC. a

PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

Eead, the commencement of a Paper, entitled " Notes on Bri-
tish Botany ; " by George Bentham, Esq,, V.PX.S. (See " Bota-
nical Proceedings ; " Supplement, vol. ii.)

Noyember IBth^ 1858.

Francis Boott, Esq., M.I>., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Cyril C. Graham, Esq., and J. R. Kinahan, Esq., M.D., were
elected ^Fellows ; and Mr. Charles Barter an Associate.

The Tice-Fresident in the Chair announced tbe formation by
the Society of a British Herbarium ; and Mr. Bentham (who, in
conjunction with Dr. Alexander and Mr. Babington, and with the
assistance of Mr. Oliver, had undertaken the arrangement of the
Collection) stated that it was now completely arranged, and gave
some explanation of the principles on which it had been formed.

Read, fir&t, a continuation of Mr. Bentham*s " Notes cm British
Botany."

Read, secondly, " Notes O'n some English Plants ; '^ by John
Hogg, Esq., r.R.S., E.L.S. &c.

December 2nd, 1858.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Charles Ratcliff, Esq., and James Sidney Walker, Esq., were
elected Eellows ; and Dr. Frederick Welwitsch an Associate.

Read, first, a " Catalogue of the Hymenopterous Insects col-
lected by Mr. A. R. Wallace at the Islands of Aru and Key ;" by
Frederick Smith, Esq. Communicated by William Wilson Saun-
ders, Esq., y.P.L.S. (See "Zoological Proceedings," vol. iii.
p. 132.)

Read, secondly, Notes " On the Linnean MS. of tbe Museum
Ludovicse Ulricae ReginsB;" by Sjdvanus Hanley, Esq., F.L.S.
(See " Zoological Proceedings," vol. iv. p. 43.)

LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ml

Eead, thirdly, a " Note on the Morphology of the Balsami-
nacece ;" by Prof. Henfrey, F.E.S., F.L.S. (See " Botanical Pro-
ceedings," vol. iii. p. 159.)

Eead, fourthly, a " Notice of the Arborescent Ferns of New
Zealand;" by T. S. Ealph, Esq., A.L.S. (See "Botanical Pro-
ceedings," vol. iii. p. 163.)

December 16th, 1858.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Thomas Henry Huxley, Esq., E.E.S., was elected a Fellow.

Among the presents was the extensive Herbarium of the late
Thomas Bell Salter, Esq., M.D., F.L.S. ; presented by his brother,
S. James A. Salter, Esq., F.L.S., for which the special thanks of
the Society were directed to be given.

Eead, first, a "Notice of two Insect-products from China;"
by Daniel Hanbury, Esq., F.L.S. (See " Zoological Proceedings,"
vol. iii. p. 178.)

Eead, secondly, a " Monograph of the East Indian Species of
Utricularia ',''' by Daniel Oliver, Esq., F.L.S. (See " Botanical
Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 170.)

Eead, thirdly, " Observations on the Structure of the Stem in
certain Species of Cary(yphylle<B and Flumhaginece \^^ by Daniel
Oliver, Esq., F.L.S. (See " Transactions," vol. xxii. p. 289.)

January 20th, 1859.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Thomas Anderson, Esq., M.D. ; Thomas Boycott, Esq. ; the
Hon. Walter Elliot ; the Eev. William Houghton ; Dr. Ferdinand
Miiller ; H. T. Stainton, Esq. ; and Major Eichard Strachey, were
elected Fellows.

Eead, first, a " Notice of Entozoa found in various Animals dis-
sected at the Zoological Society's Grardens;" by Thomas Spencer

a2

IV PBOCEEDINGS OF THE

Cobbold, Esq., M.D., F.L.S. (See "Transactions," vol. xxii.
p. 363.)

Read, secondly, a Paper "On Tomopteris onisciformis;^^ by
W. B. Carpenter, Esq., M.D., E.E.S., E.L.S. (See " Transactions,"
vol. xxii. p. 353.)

Read, thirdly, " Dennisonia, Barklya, and Laboucheria ; genera
Florae Australise nondum cognita;" by Dr. Ferdinand Miiller,
F.L.S. (See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 157.)

February 3rd, 1859.
Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.
William Eatwell, Esq., M.D., was elected a Fellow.

Read, first, a Memoir " On Kenriquezia of Spruce, a genus
oi Bignoniacece)^^ by George Bentham, Esq., Y.P.L.S. (See
"Transactions," vol. xxii. p. 295.)

Read, secondly, a continuation of Mr. Bentham' s " Notes on
British Botany."

February 17th, 1859.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Howard Warburton Elphinstone, Esq. ; Charles William Har-
rison, Esq. ; and Dr. E. Percival Wright, were elected Fellows.

Read, first, a Paper " On the Dermal Armour of Jacara and
Caiman^ with Notes on the Specific and Generic Characters of
recent Crocodilia;^^ by Thomas Henry Huxley, Esq., F.R.S.,
F.L.S. (See " Zoological Proceedings," vol. iv. p. 1.)

Read, secondly, a Paper " On the Anatomical Characters of
Compound Tunicata ; " by John Dennis Macdonald, Esq. Com-
municated by the Royal Society. (See " Transactions," vol. xxii.
p. 373.)

Read, thirdly, " On the Anatomical Characters of an Australian

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. V

species of PeropJiora ; " by J. D. Macdonald, Esq. Communi-
cated by the Eoyal Society. (See "Transactions," vol. xxii.
p. 377.)

Read, fourthly, a " Catalogue of the Heterocerous Lepidoptera
collected at Singapore by M. A. U. Wallace, with Descriptions of
New Species ; " by Francis Walker, Esq., E.L.S. (See " Zoolo-
gical Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 196.)

March 3rd, 1859.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

George Vernon Blunt, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

Among the presents was a Collection of Dried Specimens of
British Algae, formed by Dr. Cocks, of Plymouth ; presented by,
the Subscribers for its purchase, to whom the special thanks of
the Society were voted.

Read, first, a Letter from Mr. Charles Barter, A.L.S., to Sii?
William Jackson Hooker, F.L.S., on the Vegetation of the West
Coast of Africa. (See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. iv. p. 17.)

Read, secondly, a Letter from M. Emile Bourgeau, addressed
to Sir W. J. Hooker, on the Vegetation and Climate of the
Saskatchewan. (See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. iv. p. 1.)

Read, thirdly, " Observations on the growth and times of ap-
pearance of some of the Marine Algae ; " by John Cocks, Esq.,
M.D. Communicated by Robert Hudson, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S.
(See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. iv. p. .)

Read, fourthly, a Note " On five new plants of Eastern Peru ; "
by Richard Spruce, Esq. Communicated by Greorge Bentham,
Esq., V.P.L.S. (See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 191.)

March l7th, 1859.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

The Rev. George Weare Braikenridge ; H. B. Brady, Esq. ; and
Samuel Gurney, Esq., were elected Fellows.

VI ' PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Eead, first, a Memoir "On Vegetable Affinities;" by T. C.
Hilgard, M.D. Communicated by Bertboid Seemann, Ph.D.,
F.L.S,

Read, secondly, a " Note on Monstrosities of Baucus Carota, L.,
and Trifoliumi pratense, L. ;" by Maxwell T. Masters, Esq. Com-
municated by the Secretary,

Bead, thirdly, " Descriptions of new species of Mmci from
New Zealand and other parts of the Southern Hemisphere; " by
William Mitten, Esq., A.L.S. (See " Botanical Proceedings,"
vol. iv. p. 64.)

April 7th, 1859.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Edward Sheppard, Esq., was elected a Pellow.

The Secretary read the following letter addressed to him by
Dr. Boott, Treasurer and V.P.L.S., accompanying the donation of
a Miniature of the elder Hedwig, for which the special thanks of
the Society were ordered ; —

" Mt dear Bennett, — I send the ring containing the little
miniature of Hedwig for the Linnean Society. You will see the
name on the back in the hand- writing of Sir James E. Smith ; and
on referring to th6 second volume of his ' Memoirs,' p. 98, you
will find a letter from the younger Hedwig, which accompanied
the gift of the ring to Sir James, and at p. 107 Sir James's ac-
knowledgment of both. The ring was given to me by Lady Smith
in 1857, and I feel that it cannot but be acceptable to the Society,
as a memorial of one of the most distinguished of its Foreign
Members.

" Yours affectionately,

"E. Boott."

" J. J. Bennett, Usq., F.B.S., Sec. Limi, Soc:'

The special thanks of the Society were likewise directed to be
given to Mr. Bennett for his Donation of an extensive series of
botanical works selected from the library of the late Robert Brown,
D.C.L., V.P.L.S.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. VU

Bead, first, a Paper " On the Cranial Characters of a Rat new to
the British Fauna;" by S. James A. Salter, Esq., M.B., F.L.S.

Read, secondly, " On the Moulting of the Common Lobster
(^Homarus vulgaris) and Shore-Crab {Carcinus mcBfias) ;" by S.
James A. Salter, Esq., M.B., F.L.S. (See " Zoological Proceed-
ings," vol. iv. p. 30.)

Read, thirdly, a. Note " On the Habits of the Aye- Aye {^Chei-
romys madageiscariensis) ;" by Henry Sandwith, Esq., M.D., C.B.,
in a letter to Professor Owen, E.R,S., V.P.L.S. (See " Zoological
Proceedings," vol. iv. p. 28.)

April 21st, 1859.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

-John Forbes Watson, Esq., M.B., was elected a Fellow.

A Letter was read from Mr. A. Gr. Moore, F.L.S., mentioning
the occurrence in considerable numbers of Squilla Desmareetii off
^ea View and Bembridge, and of Vespertilio mtirmus about the
.cliffs at Freshwater, in the Isle of Wight.

A Letter was also read from Thomas Forster, Esq., M.B., F.L.S.,
giving some account of the phenomena of the present season on
the French coast ; and an Extract of a Letter from Albert Ham-
brough, Esq., F.L.S., announcing the discovery, on the sea-shore
at Ventnor, of a rather scarce shell. Vertigo cylindrica.

Read, first, "Remarks on Gnetum-^'''' by the late William
Griffith, Esq., M.D., F.L.S. Communicated, with a Prefatory
Note, by Professor Henfrey, F.R.S., F.L.S. (See " Transactions,"
vol. xxii. p. 299.)

Read, secondly, a " Note on the species of Oroton described by
LinnsDus, under the names of Glutia Eluteria and Clutia Casca-
rilla-,'' by John Joseph Bennett, Esq., F.R.S., Sec. L.S. (See
" Botanical Proceedings," vol. iv. p. 26,)

Vlll PIIOCEEDINGS or THE

May 5th, 1859.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Henry Munroe, Esq., M.D., and Charles Prentis, Esq., were
elected Eellows ; and Professor J, F. Brandt, Professor A. H. E.
G-risebach, Professor J. L. Loven, and Mons. H. A. "Weddell, were
elected Foreign Members.

Read, first, " Further Observations on the New Organ in the
Antennae of Insects ; " by John Braxted Hicks, Esq , M.D., F.L.S.
(See " Transactions," vol. xxii. p. .^

Read, secondly, a " Synopsis of the Greuera Thea and Camellia ; "
by Berthold Seemann, Esq., Ph.D., F.L.S. (See " Transactions,"
vol. xxii. p. 337.)

Read, thirdly, a " Synopsis of the Fructification of the Simple
Sphcerice of the Hookerian Herbarium;" by Frederick Currey,
Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S. (See " Transactions," vol. xxii. p. 313.)

Read, fourthly, a second Letter from M. Emile Bourgeau, ad-
dressed to Sir W. J. Hooker, F.R.S., F.L.S. (See "Botanical
Proceedings," vol. iv. p. 13.)

May 24th, 1859.

Anniversart/ Meeting.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

This day, the Anniversary of the birth of Linnaeus, and the day
appointed by the Charter for the Election of Council and Officers,
the President opened the business of the Meeting with the fol-
lowing Address : —

Gentlemen,

The year which has passed since I last had the pleasure of meeting
you on our Anniversary, has not been unproductive in contribu-
tions of interest and value, in those sciences to which we are
professedly more particularly addicted, as well as in every other
walk of scientific research. It has not, indeed, been marked by
any of those striking discoveries which at once revolutionize, so to
speak, the department of science on which they bear ; it is only at

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. » IX

remote intervals that we can reasonably expect any sudden and
brilliant innovation which shall produce a marked and permanent
impress on the character of any branch of knowledge, or confer a
lasting and important service on mankind. A Bacon or a Newton,
an Oersted or a Wheatstone, a Davy or a Daguerre, is an occa-
sional phenomenon, whose existence and career seem to be espe-
cially appointed by Providence, for the purpose of effecting some
great important change in the condition or pursuits of man.

The establishment of the inductive method (by which the whole
face of philosophy, before chaotic, was reduced to order), the dis-
covery of the law of gravitation, the invention of the electric
telegraph, or the production of sun-pictures — these and similar
results of genius, by which the advance of knowledge and the
designs of Providence are carried forward by grand and unex-
pected impulses, are occurrences, the like of which we must not
expect to have annually to record.

Nor are even the striking examples to which I have referred,
influential as they are and original as may be the genius which
finally applies them, usually isolated or sudden. The suggestions
of previous experiment or discovery, the hints which are given
from time to time by either fortuitous or anticipated phenomena,
ordinarily afford the ground upon which the most important dis-
coveries or improvements are made. The electric telegraph may
be traced from the first intimation of the possibility of the trans-
mission of the electric force to a distance, through successive
occasional advances, to the happy hour when Oersted discovered
the great truths of electro-magnetism, and "Wheatstone applied
the discovery to a purpose which is destined to affect, more than
any other single practical application of science that was ever
made, the condition, the destinies, and the welfare of mankind.
In like manner the consecutive suggestions of Watt, of Davy, of
Talbot, of Herschel, of Daguerre, of Niepce de St. Victor and
others were required to bring to even its present state of advance-
ment, the art of photography. The history of almost every scien-
tific discovery of importance would afford similar 'illustrations,
which will suggest themselves to your minds, and which it is
unnecessary for me to enlarge upon.

Of the results of such successive developments as those to which
I have referred, in those departments of science which are usually
considered as of a more abstract character, and in those which are
properly the subject of experimental processes, the late President
of the Royal Society gave at their last Anniversary some very
instructive examples in his lucid and interesting address, which

X PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

has doubtless been in tbe bands of most of the Fellows of tbis
Society ; and I hope tbat I shall not be considered as travelling
much out of the record, if I recall at this time, when the E/oyal
Society has so lately been deprived of his services, the great merits
of one who would yield to no one of his predecessors in a zealous
and unselfish devotion to the interests of science, in the employ-
ment of the prestige which his social and official position alike
gave him in promoting its objects, and in the solid judgment,
never within my experience surpassed, by which the affairs of the
Boyal Society were conducted by him, whether in Council or in
private ; — and in addition to these considerations, the Pellows of
the Linnean Society would, with good reason, consider me as
wanting in my duty to them, as well as to that excellent noble-
man, if I were to omit a grateful allusion to the kind and friendly
interest which he invariably manifested for the welfare of this
Society, and the urbanity and consideration with which he ever
received any suggestions for that mutual assistance and goodwill
which he was always anxiously desirous to promote.

I cannot, however, close this digression without referring with
grateful satisfaction to the choice which the Eoyal Society has
made of a successor to Lord Wrottesley, in the person of one who
devoted the leisure hours of a long and laborious professional
eareer to the successful cultivation of a branch of science allied to
those which are considered as especially the objects of this Society;
whilst by a marvellous power of acquiring and retaining know-
ledge, and by that incessant employment of the intervals of pro-
fessional labour in which, as our great moralist has well declared,
consists the true economy of time, he has stored his acute and
capacious mind with a fund of knowledge as rich as it is varied.
In the close relation in which we now happily stand to the E.oyal
Society, the appointment of its President is matter of no small
moment to us in our corporate capacity, in addition to the interest
we must feel as competitors in the arena of scientific labour ; and
I am quite sure that we shall continue to enjoy in the conduct of
the present President the advantages of that combined kindness
and wisdom which characterized his predecessor.

If the events of the past year have not, however, as I have
stated, been so influential or emphatic as some which have marked
the period of their occurrence as an epoch in scientific history, the
more silent and finally not less productive current of discovery is
ever going on, and its recent results in every field of research have
been such as to prove that the yearning after knowledge was never

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XI

more earnest, nor the love of the truths of nature evermore ardent
and sincere than at the present time. In evidence of this steady
progress I will refer you to the meetings of our own Society, and
the results of those meetings in the papers already published, or
about to be published, in our ' Transactions ' or the ' Journal of
Proceedings.' I believe that I may safely compare them with
those of any former period for their variety and value. The bota-
nical element of our functions still predominates aa it has done ;
and, from the nature and comparative extent of the two pursuits,
it must continue to predominate. Such indeed has been the
number of papers in this department, considered by the Council
as worthy of publication, that it has been found necessary to issue,
within the year, two supplemental parts of the ' Journal of Pro-
ceedings ;' a step, which, although requiring much consideration on
account of the expense, is fully justified by the importance of the
contents of the volume.

But while we have thus advanced in the quantity of valuable
matter presented to us in our botanical department, a glance at
the communications belonging to the other branch of our labours
will show that in zoological science we have not been retrograding
either in their number or value. There is, however, yet room for
a more zealous movement amongst the zoologists of our body ; and
the complaint which I ventured to express on a former occasion is
not yet rendered unnecessary or untimely. Many papers on zoo-
logical subjects are still read at the meetings of collateral societies,
which, as it appears to me, would legitimately belong to us, and
would merit a situation in our own publications, where some of
them at least would be more in place than where they now appear.

In recurring thus to the 'Transactions' of the past year, I abstain
from particularizing any of the papers as especially interesting or
valuable, as selection would be invidious where all are good, and
every student will be able to judge for himself of their respective
value and importance. Some of the most interesting of them —
and this refers to papers which have been read at the meetings of
other societies as well as of our own — are on subjects still under
controversy, the discussion of which belongs to another arena than
that of the brief address which it is my duty to offer to you ; for
I have always thought that this is not the fit occasion for the
enunciation of individual opinion or judgment, but rather for a
simple sketch of the general working of the Society and the pro-
gress of science in connexion with it.

The primary and ostensible office of the Linnean Society is, un-

Xll PROCEEDINGS OF TUE

doubtedly, the promotion and record of discoveries or improve-
ments in the science of Natural History, both in its systematic and
physiological phase, by means which the Charter has provided, —
in its meetings, its publications, its library, and its collections ;
but, as the recognized centre and head of these sciences in this
country, it has always appeared to me that the Society might
exercise certain collateral functions (having for their object the
encouragement of this branch of knowledge, and its spread amongst
the people) which are not wholly alien from that primary object,
and which may legitimately come within the scope of its original
design. To one of these I called attention on a former occasion,
when I suggested that a relation might with advantage be esta-
blished between the Society and the numerous respectable local
institutions now existing in almost every county in England,
having for their object the cultivation of the natural history and
antiquities of the neighbourhood. But besides this, may there not
be another, equally if not more efficacious means of promoting this
object, in the aid and patronage which the Society might, indi-
rectly perhaps, but not ineffectually, afford to that educational
movement which appears to have decidedly taken place in this
direction ? Whether or not it be practicable for us as a body to
take any ostensible part in this important work is at least doubtful,
but certainly it behoves every Fellow of the Society in his indi-
vidual and personal capacity, — I might almost say in fulfilment of
his initiatory obligation, entered into when he joined the Society, —
not to omit any opportunity of furthering this desirable end. It
is very cheering to the mind of every one who fully apprehends
the unspeakable value of these studies in forming the mind and
ameliorating the tempers and affections of our youthful population,
by exciting and fostering a love of Truth, and training them in the
knowledge and admiration of the works of God, to see that there
is a daily increasing appreciation of their importance. Nothing
can more evidently manifest this encouraging feature of the edu-
cational tendencies of the present day, than the great demand for
popular works on natural history, whether of a more systematic or
biographical character, — whether general or limited to one special
department. This demand is liberally supplied by the issue of
numerous works, which, if they are not all characterized by perfect
accuracy of detail, or philosophical views of generalization, or
sound principles of arrangement, are yet calculated to excite and,
in great measure, to satisfy the growing appetite for this depart-
ment of knowledge. Such works as I i*efer to may be enumerated

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XUl

by scores, — the least valuable of which would have been hailed in
my early days of boyish love for natural history, as the greatest
boon that could have been oifered. Nor let it be supposed that
the results of such reading, elementary though it be, is of slight
import. The consequence may be very important, and some future
Cuvier or Owen may refer his earliest scientific tendencies to the
perusal of some of these educational works : " res parva, sed ini-
tium non parvse."

There are few circumstances which have a more powerful ten-
dency to promote the love of such pursuits than the ready access
of the masses of the people to the most beautiful and interesting
natural objects, and their exhibition in a form at once pleasing and
instructive. In this respect, as well as in its more important
phase as illustrative of the progress of botanical science and its
application to practical purposes, there is no existing fact which
claims greater attention or excites deeper interest than the noble
gardens at Kew. The statistics of this great Government esta-
blishment are so important, and involve so many considerations
which are of public moment, as well a» such advantages to the
scientific student, that a brief account of the progress recently
made in its different departments, cannot fail to be interesting to
the Fellows of the Linnean Society.

At a time when the public mind is fully awake to the great
importance of affording to the people the means of rational and
healthful enjoyment, and when the efforts of all who are earnest
on the great subject of popular education are directed to the best
means of instruction in those sciences which are at once econo-
mically useful and intellectually improving, the ready and free
access to such sources of mental enjoyment and practical informa-
tion as are here combined on a scale of unexampled magnificence,
must be a subject of the deepest interest, and the success of the
establishment a cause of hearty congratulation.

The vast number, the extreme beauty and the healthy and
flourishing condition, no less than the intrinsic value of the living
vegetation within the precincts of the garden, especially in those
parts of it to which the steps of the public are ordinarily directed
— the admirable ari-angement of the grounds and the charming
walks — combined with the facility with which access is attained
to such attractions, render it no matter of surprise that even at
such a distance from the metropolis, the gardens are frequented
by visitors whose annual numbers are no longer to be counted by

XIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE

hundreds or by thousands, but by hundreds of thousands. The
number of persons who visited the gardens during the last year
amounted to no less than 405,376 ; which, contrasted with the
comparatively small number of 9174 in the year 1841 — since which
time, with one or two exceptions, every succeeding year has sur-
passed that which preceded it — shows an increase both in the
attractions of the place, and in the public appreciation of its
beauties and advantages, which are highly gratifying and suggest-
ive. A perusal of the annual reports from Sir William Hooker to
the Government, will show the most satisfactory and regular pro-
gress in every department and phase of the establishment.

The Arboretum, now the finest in Europe, contains all the most
important species of hardy trees, in the most healthy and flourish-
ing condition, which may be examined and studied by every one
who is interested in Arboriculture or in the Botany of Trees. The
Queen's garden has received a liberal addition of 14 acres to its
extent ; a large lake of 4|- acres is in progress of construction ;
and the whole of this portion of the gardens is advancing rapidly
to as nearly a perfect state as an energetic application of art and
science can render it.

Every one is too well acquainted with the magnificent Palm-
house, and the other receptacles for plants requiring heat and pro-
tection, to render any particular description necessary ; it is sufii-
cient to say that here also continual improvements are going on.
But gratifying as are the advances which are taking place in this
more obvious and popular province, the scientific botanist is per-
haps more interested in the unrivalled herbarium, which, with its
accumulated treasures, has for some years past constituted a focus
of attraction, not to the botanist of this country only, but to the
students of the science from all parts of Europe and from America.
The list of those who have considered it worth their while to take
up their temporary abode at Kew for this especial purpose, includes
many of the most distinguished names amongst the botanists of
various parts of Germany, of Denmark, of Sweden, of Eussia, of
Erance, and of different states of the American Union, as well as
the most eminent cultivators of the science in the United King-
dom ; and the standard works which have been either wholly or in
part completed from this source are too numerous to be now par-
ticularized. The rescue of the available portion of the accumu-
lated mass of herbaria which had lain for years in the cellars of the
India House, and were fast going to destruction, which has been
effected in consequence of remonstrances from Kew, and their de-

LINNEAN aOCIETY OF LONDOK. XV

posit amongst the treasures of that great empormm, is another
feature in the recent arrangements made under the superintend*
ence, and emanating from the zeal of Sir William Hooker, which
cannot fail to be of the greatest advantage to the Indian botanist.

But if there be one department in the Kew establishment
which is more generally interesting than another, it is, in my
opinion, the Museum of Economic Botany. This beautiful reper-
tory of the various applications of vegetable matters to the uses of
mankind, is, I believe, unrivalled in any other country. Its in-
terest is not confined to the man of science — it belongs to the
physician, the chemist, the manufacturer, the artisan in every
grade and of every calling, to the artist and the scholar, the
soldier and the man of law. The energy and intelligence with
which this curious and beautiful collection has been built up and
arranged reflects the highest honour upon Sir William and Dr.
Hooker, as weU as upon those who, under their able direction,
have worthily carried out their plans and arrangements; and
under such management it cannot but continue to prosper.

It is not only at Kew, however, that the means of study have
been augmented during the past year. The lamented death of
Mr. Brown has occasioned the deposit in the National Emporium
of his unrivalled collection of fossil woods, many of which are
unique, and the whole of them of the highest interest and value.
They were bequeathed to the British Museum, on the condition
that they should be considered as part of the Botanical collection
in that place. A large number of drawings of Australian plants
and animals, from the pencil of Eerdinand Bauer, is another boon
to that department, by the bequest of the same distinguished
benefactor. These are drawn from the life ; and it is unnecessary
to say, to those who are acquainted with the productions of this
matchless artist, that nothing of the kind exists more accurate
and beautiful than are the whole of this fine collection.

Whilst speaking of the British Museum, and referring also to
the late Keeper of the Botanical department, I am reminded of a
fact, which I should not bo acting in accordance either with your
feelings or my own if I were to pass over without an expression
of sincere gratification, — I allude to the appointment of one to
whom we, as a Society, owe a debt which we can never hope in
any degree to liquidate, our excellent Secretary, as the successor
of Eobert Brown. That appointment is as deserved on his part
as it is an act of justice on the part of the Trustees ; and I am
sure that you will all unite with me in aflfectionate and earnest

XVI PROCEEDINaS OF THE

wishes that Mr. Bennett may long continue to exercise the func-
tions of an office which every one felt to be so justl}'^ his due.

I will now return to the more direct affairs of the Linnean
Society itself. Here, as is usual, we have to approach the subject
with mingled feelings of congratulation and regret. "Whilst we
have cause for great satisfaction in the progress which has been
made in science under the auspices of the Society, the increase in
the number of our members, the favourable condition of our
finances, enabling us to provide for not only the continuance, but
the increase of our publications, whilst we see fresh volunteers in
the peaceful array of Science enlisting under our banners, there
is another and a gloomy phase to which our attention is painfully
enforced. The loss which we sustain from time to time by death,
as it is always a subject of deep regret, and one on which it is
painful to dwell, presents on the present occasion a more than
usually sad aspect. Our obituary includes two of the most di-
stinguished men who have ever adorned our Society — Robert
Brown on our home list, and Alexander von Humboldt on that
of our foreign members, are names which it is an honour to this
Society and to any other to which they belonged, to have had en-
rolled amongst its members. The first scientific societies and
academies in Europe numbered them amongst their most honoured
associates ; and their mutual esteem and their high estimation of
each other's talents and labours reflected equal honour upon both.
To the scientific world the loss is indeed great ; and in our own
sphere, although, with the rest of the world, we lament the ex-
tinction of such a splendid light as Humboldt, yet as a few only of
our number enjoyed the happiness of his intimate friendship, our
feelings of-personal and affectionate sorrow are more awakened by
the removal of him with whom we were in the constant habit of
familiar and delightful intercourse.

But to both these great men is due the tribute of our sincere
and profound regret. On the one hand, the Prince of Botanists,
the man of universal information, of a rare and solid wisdom, the
firm and constant friend, the kind and genial companion, the
honest and upright man ; — on the other, the profound philosopher,
the universal genius, comprehending within the vast grasp of his
mind such an extent and variety of knowledge, such an instinctive
perception of the truths of nature, as have rarely, if ever, fallen to
the lot of any man before him, — such are the two men whom, as
during this life they were the objects of our veneration and love,
w^ now, with a corresponding earnestness, deplore.

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XVll

Any attempt on my part to do justice to this subject would be
wholly futile, in anticipation of the memorial which you will pre-
sently hear from our esteemed Secretary, whose facile pen displays
even more than its wonted eloquence when employed on the cha-
racter of those whom he has loved and respected ; but there are
one or two circumstances, to a knowledge of which I have had
incidental access, either connected with the career of Mr. Brown,
or in which I have been personally concerned, which I will beg
your permission to mention.

When a great man has departed from amongst us, and we are
enabled to take, as it were, a bird's-eye view of his whole career,
and contemplate all that he has achieved in the sphere of action,
whatever that may be, in which he had distinguished himself, —
when, especially, there has been some one line of discovery in which
he has stood out from the ranks of his fellows, and with which hia
name has become identified, — it is interesting to look back into
the distance and discern the one event, in itself probably trivial,
which formed the starting-point of his journey, and had given a
colour and a character to the subsequent history of his life and fame.

A simple letter which now lies before me constituted such a
turning-point in the life and prospects of him whom we all de-
plore, and who gave a tone and impress to the science which he
pursued with such untiring zeal, with such bright and clear intel-
ligence, and with such enduring results. In a letter from Correa
da Serra, who was at that time a frequent visitor to the library of
Sir Joseph Banks, addressed to that distinguished patron of science,
the future Princeps Botanicorum is recommended to conduct the
Botanical investigations belonging to the proposed voyage of dis-
covery to New South "Wales, then about to be undertaken under
the command of Plinders, and which was destined to lay the foun-
dation of a future fame coextensive with the regions in which hia
transcendent labours could be appreciated. This remarkable letter
forms an item in the important mass of materials now consigned
to my temporary keeping, which I trust may hereafter form the
basis of a life of the distinguished President of the Boyal Society,
to whom I have just referred. It will be readily imagined that,
in the load of correspondence of which the greater part of these
documents consists, some records might be found which would
illustrate the intimate relation in which these two celebrated men
stood to each other, and the influence which the talents and
judgment and knowledge of Hobert Brown must have exercised
upon his respected patron and friend. An indirect indication of

LINN. PKOC. h.

XVm PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

this influence is afforded by some letters from Sir Joseph Banks,
with reference to the unhappy voyage of Tuckey to the Congo,
which, as it refers to an incident in my own life, and to my first
■ introduction to my late revered friend, I trust that I shall be ex-
cused for relating. Many of you are aware that there was offered
to me in the year 1815 the appointment of Naturalist to that ill-
fated expedition. I sought an interview with Sir Joseph Banks,
to whom I was referred for information, and with whom rested
that appointment. Sir Joseph Banks being absent, I had a long
conversation with Mr. Brown, then his librarian ; and he, with
his accustomed kindness, laid before me the difficulties, the dan-
gers, and the improbabilities of success, which presented at that
time such formidable discouragements to those who were to form
the expedition, and which were in great measure the cause of my
declining the appointment. Now, on looking over the voluminous
correspondence which I have mentioned, it struck me as highly
probable that I should find some allusion to the circumstances of
the expedition; and I find, in several letters from Sir Joseph
Banks to the Government, representations which coincide entirely,
as far as my memory serves me, with many of the dissuasive rea-
sons which Mr. Brown had urged upon me.

I will not trouble you longer upon these painful subjects, which
will presently be presented to you more at large. Happily there
are other and more cheerful matters to which it is my duty to
recur ; there is the white as well as the black side of the shield.

Of the presents which have been made to our library and col-
lections, besides an unusual number of valuable books of the
ordinary description, there are some which demand especial notice.
A large collection of desiderata has been presented by Mr. Bennett,
of books which had belonged to the late Mr. Brown, to the extent
of about 300 items, many of them of particular value to us ; and
we have just received from our respected Fellow, Mr. Cuming,
the gift of all the works, not already in our possession, from his
large collection of conchological publications, perhaps altogether
the most complete in the world — those presented to us amounting
to about 200 volumes. These munificent donations will fill up
many hiatus in our library, and render it very complete in those
departments to which the works particularly belong.

A very interesting addition has been recently made to our col-
lection of Linnean MSS. by the presentation of many original
-letters of Linnaeus formerly belonging to my old friend Dr. Maton,

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XIX

for many years a respected Viee- President of the Society; to
whose niece, Miss AVray of E.yde, we are indebted for this most
acceptable present.

In the Botanical collections we have received from Mr. James
Salter the whole of the Herbarium of British Plants of our lamented
Fellow, Dr. Bell Salter of Eyde ; which, in addition to its being
perhaps one of the most complete British Herbaria ever formed,
possesses a peculiar value from its containing the typical specimens
of his species in the genera Bosa, Buhus^ Saxifraga and others, to
which, as is well known, he had paid especial attention. A com-
plete set of specimens from the great Javan Herbarium of our
venerable and distinguished Fellow, Dr. Horsfield, has also recently
been presented to us, by which our already extensive and highly
valuable Indian collections will be greatly increased in interest and
importance. These have already passed through the hands of our
Foreign Member, Professor Miquel of Amsterdam, now engaged on
a Flora of Java, by whom they have been named.

Before I conclude, it may perhaps be expected that I should
allude to a subject which has excited a good deal of anxiety, and,
at one time, some alarm in the minds of the Fellows of the
Societies which meet in this mansion — I mean the proposed erec-
tion of buildings for various objects connected with Science and
Art on the area of the ground belonging to this place. It was of
course to be expected, and greatly to be desired, that so advan-
tageous a site should not be left unoccupied whilst there were so
many Societies and Institutions connected with intellectual pur-
suits which were wholly unprovided with an independent local
habitation, or were but inconveniently and uncertainly placed .
Some have to obtain accommodation' for themselves and at their
own expense ; and even those which enjoy the privilege of meeting
in apartments provided by the Grovernment, are wholly severed
from those kindred institutions, a near approximation of which
would be so mutually beneficial. It will be recollected that tlie
movement which some years since originated in the anxiety of a
number of Fellows of the Eoyal and other Societies to obtain
a juxtaposition of the Chartered Societies which represented
departments of Science, terminated in our obtaining from the
Government the present advantageous position for the three
bodies now occupying Burlington House. Still the plan was but
imperfect, and we have always anticipated the probable appro-
priation of the whole site to the great object of bringing into one

b2

XX PROCEEDINGS OF THE

focus all the principal institutions connected with Literature,
Science, and Art, with a grandeur and completeness worthy of the
nation.

Still it was matter of serious concern in what manner it should
be carried out. Whether the whole space should be appropriated
to this " holy alliance," or whether they should be locally associated
with offices of mere Grovernment business, — whether the nature
and position of the buildings should be so arranged as to allow
the present noble erection to remain, and thus its present occu-
pants to retain their place within it undisturbed, or whether it
would be necessary, in carrying out the final plans of the archi-
tect, to level with the ground a building so handsome, so sub-
stantial, and so well adapted to its present purpose. Supposing
the latter alternative to be decided upon, there sprung up the
important question whether the new buildings were to be com-
pleted and ready for our permanent occupation before we should
have to quit the tenure of our present abode. Although it is not
in my power to enter into any detail on the plan and arrange-
ments of the architects appointed by the Government, I have
great satisfaction in being able to state confidently that there is
every disposition on their part to meet our wishes in the most
effective and liberal manner. There will be no disturbance of the
Societies in these present apartments until the new ones are fit
for their reception. Our own accommodation will, there is every
reason to anticipate, be even more complete than at present ; and
I trust that our proximity to the Boyal Society, from which both
have derived so much comfort, and I trust mutual accommodation
and advantage, will still be provided for.

Gentlemen, I will not detain you longer. "With an increasing
revenue, with enlarged means of carrying out our mission, with a
list of Eellows more numerous, and I trust and believe more
energetic in the cause of Science than ever, I feel that I have a
right to conclude this address with the feeling of deep gratitude
for the past, of sincere congratulation on our present condition,
and of the brightest hope for our future prospects.

OBITUAEY NOTICES.

The Secretary then read the following notices of deceased
Fellows, Foreign MemherSj and Associates : —

William John Broderip, Esq., was born in Bristol, November
21st, 1789. His father was an eminent medical practitioner in

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXI

that sea-port, and his collections of shells and corals afforded the
child some of his earliest and favourite playthings. A schoolboy
at the Eev. S. Sayer's academy, one of the amusements of the
vacations was the arrangement and the study of the species of the
paternal museum ; so that when young Broderip proceeded to
Oxford, to be matriculated at Oriel College, he took with him, in
addition to that basis of sound classical knowledge, in forming
which Sayer had so high a reputation, a larger amount of zoolo-
gical knowledge than perhaps any member of the learned Univer-
sity at that time possessed.

Dr. Buckland, who then (1809) was Eellow and Tutor of Corpus
Christi College, wrote of Broderip, in a letter now in his son's
possession, " In my earlier years of residence at Oxford I took
my first lesson in field geology in a walk to Shotover Hill with
Mr. "William John Broderip, of Oriel, whose early knowledge of
conchology enabled him to speak scientifically on the fossil shells
in the Oxford oolite formation, and of the fossil shells and sponges
of the greensand of the Vale of Pusey near Devizes, as to which
he had been instructed by the E-ector of Pusey, Mr. Townsend,
the friend and fellow-labourer of Mr. Wm. Smith, the father of
English geology. The fruits of my first walk with Mr. Broderip
formed the nucleus of my collection for my own cabinet."

The value of an early cultivation of Natural History has rarely
been exemplified in a more striking degree than in the conse-
quences of this collision of congenial minds, and in the splendid
results which may be attributed to the stimulus which the special
knowledge of the undergraduate gave to the Fellow of Corpus,
who subsequently became the famous Professor of Greology in the
University of Oxford.

The son and biographer of Dr. Buckland has remarked that
" in after years Mr. Broderip was associated with Dr. Buckland on
the closest terms of family friendship and intimacy ; and he ren-
dered him the greatest assistance in his scientific labours, more
especially in the revisal of the earlier editions of his ' Bridgewater
Treatise.' "

Mr. Broderip, besides his proficiency in the classical and dia-
lectic studies of Oxford, of which the influence is manifested in
his subsequent writings, attended the anatomical lectures of Sir
Christopher Pegge, and the chemical and mineralogical lectures of
Dr. Kidd.

After taking the degree of B. A. he proceeded to London, entered
at the Inner Temple, and commenced the study of the law in the

XXU PROCEEDINGS OF THE

cliamberS of Grodfrey Sykes, having as fellow-students, Patterson
and Coleridge, who were subsequently raised to the Bench. In
1817 Mr. Broderip was called to the Bar, and selected the Western
Circuit. He soon became favourably known as a diligent pro-
secutor of the dry and difficult studies of his profession. He
published an edition of * Callis on Sewers,' which has become a
law classic ; and, in conjunction with Mr. Bingham, the present
metropolitan magistrate, he brought out three volumes of " Law
Eeports." Lord Sidmouth, in 1822, appointed Mr. Broderip ma-
gistrate at the Thames Police Office.

The arduous duties of police magistrate were performed by
Mr. Broderip at that office, and subsequently at the Westminster
Court, during thirty-four years, with a combination of sound legal
knowledge, firmness, good sense, kindly consideration, and com-
passionate mercy in every admissible case, which established his
reputation as one of the best magistrates of which this vast metro-
polis has had the advantage, and which gained for him the con-
fidence and esteem of each successive Minister for the Home
Department.

The first seat of his judicial labours was in the midst of that
mighty fleet which brings to the port of London the treasures and
rarities of the world. Mr. Broderip's early fondness for Natural
History was here revived, and he availed himself of his environ-
ment to begin the formation of those collections of natural objects
which had been the source of the cherished pleasures of his
childhood.

The conchological cabinet of Mr. Broderip soon became classical ;
and there were few among the foreign Professors resorting to
London who did not avail themselves of Broderip^s urbanity and
liberality, to visit and inspect the treasures which were accumu-
lated in his chambers in Gray's Inn. This collection was ulti-
mately purchased by the British Museum.

Mr. Broderip was elected Fellow of the Linnean Society in
1824, of the Geological Society in 1825, and of the Eoyal Society
in 1828. He cooperated zealously with Sir Stamford Eaffles, Sir
Humphry Davy, Joseph Sabine, and Vigors in the formation of
the Zoological Society, of which he was one of the original Eel-
lows and Members of Council. He accepted the office of Secretary
of the Geological Society, and performed the arduous duties of
that office, conjointly with Murchison, to the year 1830. In a
note to the writer. Sir Eoderick testifies to Mr. Broderip's labours
of that period : " My coadjutor preserved the liicidus ordo of our

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXIU

meetings, made our ' Abstracts,' and was, in truth, the Naturalist
of the Society."

To the ' Transactions of the G-eological Society ' (2nd series,
vol. V, p. 171), Mr. Broderip contributed a Paper " On some Fossil
Crustacea and Radiata found at Lyme Begis in Dorsetshire."
His description of " The Jaw of a Fossil Mammiferous Animal
found in the Stonesfield Slate," is published in the third volume
of the ' Zoological Journal.' To the same periodical Mr. Broderip
communicated " Observations upon the Volvooo glohator,'' " On the
Manners of a live Toucan exhibited in this country," " On the
Utility of preserving Facts relative to the Habits of Animals,
with additions to two Memoirs in ' White's Natural History of
Selborne,' " " On the mode in which the Boa Constrictor takes its
Prey," " On the Habits and Structure of Faguri and other Crus-
tacea," a " Notice on the Jfe messorius,^^ together with several
valuable conchological articles. The chief bulk of Mr. Broderip's
original writings on Malacology was consigned to the * Proceed-
ings ' and '■ Transactions ' of the Zoological Society. I may refer
to the Indexes of those collections and publications, and to the
*■ Bibliographia Zoologiae et Greologise,' published by the Eay Society,
for the titles of these numerous and valuable memoirs.

Few naturalists have more closely observed — none perhaps have
more graphically and pleasingly described — the habits of animals.
Mr. Broderip's " Account of the Manners of a tame Beaver," one
of the pets that tenanted his chambers, published in the work
entitled ' The Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoological Society '
(vol. i. p. 167), affords a favourable example of his tact as an
observer and power as a writer. Had circumstances permitted,
he would have been a Field Naturalist second only to Gilbert
White. When his friend Professor Owen became, through Royal
favour, the tenant of one of the lodges in Richmond Park,
Broderip would spend there much time in close observation of
zoological phenomena afforded by the garden and the wooded
vicinity of Sheen Gate. A note announcing the commencement
of nidification in the adjacent rookery, or the arrival of a migra-
tory song-bird, would immediately bring the retired Police Magi-
strate to Richmond Park. Many references to facts so observed
are made in those delightful combinations of profound and quaint
learning with direct and close observation of nature which were
contributed by Broderip to the ' New Monthly Magazine ' and to
* Frazer's Magazine,' and which he afterwards collected and re-
printed in the volumes entitled ' Zoological Recreations ' (8vo,

XXIV PKOCEEDINGS OF THE

1847), and 'Leaves from the Note-book of a Naturalist' (8vo,
1851).

Mr. Broderip was ever ready to aid a brother Naturalist. His
collections, his rare zoological library, his pure classical taste and
varied accomplishments, made the assistance he was able to give
most valuable. We find it freely acknowledged in the early
editions of Sir C. Lyell's ' Principles of Geology,' in the ' British
rishes * of Yarrell, in the ' Silurian System ' of Murchison, and
the ' Bridgewater Treatise' of Buckland. Broderip communicated
a most valuable " Table of the Situations and Depths at which
recent Genera of Marine and Estuary Shells have been observed,"
to the Appendix of De la Beche's ' E-esearches in Theoretical
Geology,' and, in conjunction with Captain King, " Descriptions
of the Cirripedia, Conchifera, and MoUusca collected during the
Voyage of H.M.S. Adventure and Beagle, 182G-30" (Zoological
Journal).

To the ' Quarterly Eeview' Mr. Broderip contributed articles
on the Zoological Gardens, on the Vine, on the Cetacea and
Whale-fisheries, on the Writings of Captain Basil Hall, on the
Bridgewater Treatise of Dr. Buckland, &c. But the main bulk
of this indefatigable student's zoological writings are contained
in the ' Penny Cyclopaedia,' viz. from Ast to the end, including
the whole of the articles relating to " Mammals," " Birds," " Rep-
tiles," "Crustacea," " Mollusca," "Conchifera," " Cirrigrada,"
" Pulmograda," &c., " Buftbn," "Brisson," &c., and "Zoology."

At the latter period of his career Mr. Broderip was elected
"Bencher" and "Treasurer" of Gray's Inn, and to him was
confided the especial charge of the library of that ancient and
lionourable Society.

An attack of deafness, which resisted all the remedies applied,
led Mr. Broderip to resign his office as Magistrate at the West-
minster Police Court in 1856. His strict conscientiousness being
equalled by a most delicate consideration for the feelings of others,
he withdrew from much of that society of which the peculiar
charms of his conversation and extensive and varied knowledge
had made him an ornament and cherished member. His visits
were now restricted to a very few of his oldest and most con-
fidential friends, and he pursued his literary occupation with
redoubled assiduity. His last publication, " On the Shark," ap-
peared in the March Number of ' Frazer's Magazine.' It was tlie
" first part" of an article on that subject, and bears all the marks
of a mind in full intellectual vigour. On Saturday the 26th of

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXV

February, 1859, Mr. Broderip dined alone, at his chambers, re-
turned to his favourite occupation in the evening, and retired to
rest, leaving some sheets of his neat and fair MS. on his writing-
table. He became unwell in the night, but did not consider him-
self so ill as to require medical aid ; when it was obtained in the
course of the following day, the symptoms of a fatal serous
apoplexy had supervened, and he expired on the night of the
27th of February, aged 70.

Sir Arthur Brooke de Capell Broolce, Bart., M.A., was bom in
Bolton Street, May Fair, in the year 1791, and was educated at
Magdalen College, Oxford, where he took his degree of Bachelor
of Arts in 1810. In the same year he entered the army, and
took the rank of Major in 1846. In 1823 he became a Fellow of
the Linnean and of the Hoyal Societies, and subsequently also of
the Geological. He died on the 6th of last December, at his seat,
Oakley Hall, near Kettering, Northamptonshire, in the 68th
year of his age.

In offering a brief sketch of the career of the greatest Botanist
of the age, who for half a century formed the glory and ornament
of our Society, our attention is chiefly arrested by his intense
devotion to his favourite study, and by the calm, reflecting, and
philosophical spirit which he brought to bear upon its pursuit, the
combination of which qualities were alone sufficient to raise him,
by his own unassisted efforts, to the highest position in the world
of Science. Bohert Brown, Esq., D.C.L., was the second and
only surviving son of the Eev. James Brown, A.M., Episcopalian
Minister of Montrose, by Helen, daughter of the Eev. Eobert
Taylor, and was born in that town on the 21st of December, 1773.
Several generations of his maternal ancestors were, like his father,
ministers of the Scottish Episcopalian Church, and from them he
appears to have inherited a strong attachment to logical and meta-
physical studies, the effects of which are so strikingly manifested
in the philosophical character of his botanical investigations. At
an early age he was sent to the Grammar-school of his native
town, where among his contemporaries was a boy of kindred
talents, the late Mr. James Mill, with whom he maintained
through life an uninterrupted intimacy. In 1787 he was entered
at Marischal College, Aberdeen, where he immediately obtained
a Eamsay bursary in Philosophy ; and about two years afterwards,
on his father quitting Montrose to reside in Edinburgh, he was
removed to the University of that city, in which he continued his
studies for several years, but without taking a degree, although

XXVI PROCEEDINGS OE THE

destined for the medical profession. At this early period the
strong inclination of his mind to the study of Botany gained for
him the favourable notice of the amiable Professor of Natural
History, Dr. "Walker; and he was induced, in the year 1791
(being then in the eighteenth year of his age), to lay before the
Natural History Society, of which he was a member, his earliest
Paper, containing an enumeration of such plants as had been dis-
covered in North Britain subsequent to the publication of Light-
foot's ' Flora Scotica,' with critical notes and observations. Al-
though this Paper, like most of those read before the Society, was
not intended for publication, it led to the communication of his
specimens and observations to Dr. Withering, who was then en-
gaged in the preparation of the second edition of his ' Arrange-
ment of British Plants,' and laid the foundation of a warm and
intimate friendship between them. In 1795, soon after the embodi-
ment of the Pifeshire Regiment of Fencible Infantry, he obtained
in it the double commission of Ensign and Assistant- Surgeon, and
proceeded with it to the North of Ireland, in various parts of
which he was stationed until the summer of 1798, when he was
detached to England on recruiting service. Fortunately for him-
self and for science, this service enabled him to pass several
months, during this and the succeeding year, in London, where
he availed himself to the utmost of the library and collections of
Sir Joseph Banks, from whom his already established botanical
reputation obtained for him a cordial reception. In 1799 he re-
turned to his regimental duties in Ireland, from which he was
finally recalled, in December of the following year, by a letter
from Sir Joseph Banks, proposing for his acceptance the post of
Naturalist in the Expedition for surveying the coasts of New
Holland, then fitting out under the command of Captain Flinders.
Within two days of the receipt of this letter, which placed within
his reach the so-much coveted opportunity of devoting himself
entirely to his favourite pursuit, he quitted the regiment and the
military service; and in the summer of 1801 he embarked at
Portsmouth, full of ardour and confident of success. His absence
from England lasted more than four years, during which the
southern, eastern, and northern coasts of New Holland, and the
southern part of Van Diemen's Land, were thoroughly explored.
In the month of October 1805 he arrived in Liverpool with a col-
lection of dried plants amounting to nearly 4000 species, a large
proportion of which were not only new to science, but exhi-
bited new and extraordinary combinations of character and habit.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. JXVU

Immediately on hia arrival in England, he was appointed Librarian
of the Linnean Society, of which he had been elected an Associate
in 1798. During his voyage he had been indefatigable in de-
scribing with the minutest accuracy the whole of the materials
which he had collected, and in the accumulation of a vast store of
facts and observations in relation to their structure and affinities,
as well as to all the most important points in the anatomy and
physiology of plants in general. The new views which were thus
opened to him on a multitude of botanical subjects, he was en-
abled, by his position at the Linnean Society, and by the free and
unrestricted access which was liberally accorded to him to the
treasures of the Banksian Library and Herbarium, to enlarge and
to perfect, and to lay them before the world in a series of masterly
publications, which at once stamped upon him the character of the
greatest and most philosophical botanist that England had ever
produced. In 1810 appeared the first volume of his ' Prodromus
Florae Novae HoUandiae et Insulae Van Diemen,' which was re-
ceived by all the more profound botanists of this country and of
the continent as the work of a mind thoroughly imbued with the
principles of the Natural System, and giving to that system, which
had hitherto found little favour out of France, a wider and a firmer
basis. This important work, together with his Memoirs on Pro-
teacece and Asclepiadece, which immediately followed, and his * Ge-
neral Eemarks, G-eographical and Systematical, on the Botany of
Terra Australia,' appended to the ' Narrative of Captain Flinders' s
Voyage,' published in 1814, by displaying in the most instructive
form the superior advantages of the Natural System, whether in
the monographic description of separate families, or in the com-
parison of the families with each other and with the entire mass
of vegetation, gave new life to that system, and speedily led to its
universal adoption. A series of Memoirs followed, chiefly in the
Transactions of the Linnean Society, or in the appendices to vari-
ous books of travel and survey, which gave fuller and more com-
plete development to his views on almost every department of
botanical science, and induced the illustrious Humboldt not only
to confer upon him the title of " Botanicorum facile Princeps,"
but also to salute him with the more comprehensive and expressive
designation conveyed in the dedication of the ' Synopsis Plan-
tarum Orbis Novi,' "Boberto Brownio, Britanniarum Glorias
atque Ornamento, totam Botanices Scientiam ingenio mirifico
complectenti." At the close of the year 1810, on the death of his
old and intimate friend, the laborious, accurate and learned Dry-

XXVlll PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ander, he succeeded to the office of Librarian to Sir Joseph Banks,
who (on his death in 1820) bequeathed to him for life the use and
enjoyment of his library and collections. These were subse-
quently, in 1827, with Mr. Brown's assent, and in conformity with
the provisions of Sir Joseph's will, transferred to the British Mu-
seum ; and from this latter date to his death, a period of upwards
of thirty years, he continued to fill the office of Keeper of the
Botanical Collections in the National Establishment. Soon after
the death of Sir Joseph Banks he had resigned the Librarianship
of the Linnean Society, of which he then became a Fellow ; and
having been for many years one of its Vice-Presidents, was at last
prevailed upon, in 1849, to allow himself to be elected President.
This office he retained till 1853. He became a Pellow of the
Boyal Society in 1811, and was several times elected into the
Council. In 1839 he received its highest honour in the Copley
Medal, presented to him " for his discoveries during a series of
years on the subject of vegetable impregnation." In the mean-
time honours and titles had flowed in upon him from all quarters ;
and nearly every scientific Society both at home and abroad felt
itself honoured by enrolling his name in the list of its Members.
In 1832, the University of Oxford conferred upon him, in con-
junction with Dalton, Faraday, and Brewster, the honorary degree
of D.C.L. In the succeeding year he was elected one of the
eight Foreign Associates of the Academy of Sciences of the Insti-
tute of France, his name being selected from a list including those
of nine other savans of world-wide reputation, nearly every one of
whom has since been elected to the same distinguished honour.
During the administration of Sir Eobert Peel, he received, in re-
cognition of his great eminence in botanical science, a pension on
the Civil List of £200 per annum. The King of Prussia subse-
quently decorated him with the cross of the highest Prussian
Civil Order, " Pour le Merite."

Among the more important of his Memoirs above referred to,
may be mentioned his Papers on Composites, on Bqfflesia, and on
the Fecundation of Orcliidece and Ascle/piadecB, in the Linnean
Transactions ; the botanical appendices to the Yoyages or Travels
of Tuckey, Parry, Franklin, Abel, King, and Denham ; his Papers
on Active Molecules, and on the plurality of Embryos in Conifer ce,
and his contributions to Wallich's ' Plantae Asiaticae,' and to Hors-
field's ' Plantae Javanicse.' Of his later publications, the most
remarkable are his "Botanical Appendix to Captain Sturt's Expe-
dition into Central Australia," published in 1849; and his Me-

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXIX

moir " On Triplosporite, an undescribed Fossil Fruit," published
in the Linnean Transactions in 1851. The pervading and distin-
guishing character of all these writings is to be found in the com-
bination of the minutest accuracy of detail with the most compre-
hensive generalization. No theory is propounded which does not
rest for its foundation on the most circumspect investigation of
all attainable facts. In perusing them, we are first struck with
the evident completeness of the investigation, and next with the
wonderful sagacity with which the ascertained facts are brought to
bear upon the question at issue. And these distinguishing quali-
ties are equally obvious throughout the wide range of objects
treated of, whether in the anatomy, the physiology, the classifica-
tion, the description, the distribution, or the affinities of plants,
and in the examination both of recent and fossil structures. Among
the most important anatomical and physiological subjects of which
they treat, particular mention is due to the discovery of the
nucleus of the vegetable cell, and of the circumscribed circulation
on the walls of particular cells ; the development of the stamina,
together with the mode of fecundation, in Asclepiadece and Or-
chidece\ the development of the pollen and of the ovulum in
Phsenogamous plants, with the peculiarities of the latter in Coni-
fercB and Cyeadecs, and the bearing of these facts upon the general
subject of impregnation ; the origin and development of the spores
of Mosses ; and the discovery of the peculiar motions which take
place in the "active molecules" of matter when seen suspended
in a fluid under the microscope. Of structural investigations,
the most important are those which establish the relation of a
flower to the axis from which it is derived, and of the parts of a
flower to each other, as regards both position and number ; the
analogy between stamina and pistilla ; the neuration of the corolla
of CompositcB, their aestivation and inflorescence ; and the struc-
ture of the stems of Cycadece, both recent and fossil. To the study
of fossil botany Mr. Brown was always strongly attached, and with
a view to its prosecution he formed an extensive and valuable col-
lection of fossil woods, which he has bequeathed under certain
conditions to the British Museum. His collections in other de-
partments were also considerable, and his library very extensive.

In private life Mr. Brown's character was thoroughly estimable.
Shrinking, with instinctive modesty, from all public employments,
whether professional or otherwise, which appeared to involve any-
thing like display, he was sometimes thought, by those who knew
him little, to be cold, distant, and reserved ; while those who were

XXX PROCEEDINGS OF THE

admitted to the privilege of his intimacy bear unanimous testi-
mony to his unvarying kindness of heart, the genial warmth of his
feelings, and the pure benevolence of his disposition. To a mind
stored with anecdote he united a strong sense of humour, and a
happy facility in its expression, which rendered him a most de-
lightful companion. And when to these qualities we add his per-
fect simple-mindedness, his unswerving devotion to truth, and that
singular uprightness of judgment, which rendered him on all diffi-
cult occasions a most invaluable counsellor, we shall easily per-
ceive how it was that he became so warmly endeared to the hearts
of his friends. From the death of Sir Joseph Banks, who be-
queathed to him his house in Soho Square, he continued to occupy
that portion of it which opened upon Dean Street ; and it was in
the library of that illustrious man, the scene of his labours for
sixty years, surrounded by his books and by his collections, that
he breathed his last, on the 10th of June in the present year, and
in the eighty-fifth year of his age.

John Cator, JSsq., of Beckenham Place, in the county of Kent,
is referred to by Mr. Lambert as connected with Natural History
by his uncle's marriage with the daughter of Peter CoUinson, and
the consequent possession of those MS. Notes on Botanical sub-
jects, by CoUinson, which Mr. Lambert made the foundation of a
Paper in the tenth volume of our * Transactions,' and which the
late Mr. Dillwyn subsequently printed separately under the title
of ' Hortus CoUinsonianus ' 8vo : Swansea, 1843. Mr. Cator be-
came a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1811, and died at his
house at Beckenham on the 20th of August, 1858, at the age
of 76.

Richard Chambers, Esq., was born in London, in 1784. He
was educated for the profession of a schoolmaster, and for many
years had one of the largest private schools in the metropolis.
Early in life he evinced a fondness for the study of natural history.
He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1822, and con-
tinued so to the close of his life, making occasional communica-
tions to the Society, besides being the author of ' An Introduction
to the Study of Botany,' Lond. 16mo, 1847, and of many scattered
Papers on kindred subjects in different periodicals. He was also
one of the first members of the Zoological Society, having been
one of the Zoological Club — the parent of that Society. As a
teacher, he contributed largely to the cause of popular education.
He was associated with Earl Stanhope and Lord Brougham in the
first endeavours to establish schools for all, and the present system

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXI

of National Education owed much to the warm approval of his
system by the Government Commissioners, after several official
visits and lengthened communications. Mr. Chambers was the
author of many works connected with education ; he was an early
member of the Society of Arts, an enthusiastic admirer of the fine
arts, occasionally a public critic on the subject, and formed a
choice collection of works by British artists. Besides his per-
sonal friends and relatives, some thousands of pupils, many now
rising in the ranks of literature, science, and the arts, will recall
with pleasure the instructions they received from his amply stored
mind, his enthusiastic love of nature, his high moral precepts and
example, his genial kindliness, and his energetic endeavours to sow
and foster the seeds of all worthy knowledge. The last ten years
of his life were passed in retirement, and he died at Balderton, in
Nottinghamshire, Dec. 20th, 1858, in the 74th year of his age.

John Samuel Gaskoin, JEsq., was born at Bagshot in Surrey in
September 1790, and received his education at a private school.
At the age of sixteen he became a house-pupil of the Marylebone
Infirmary, and subsequently attended the necessary lectures,
together with the hospital practice of St. George's, St. Bartholo-
mew's, and the "Westminster Lying-in Hospital. In 1816 he went
to Paris, where he remained about two years, still prosecuting his
medical studies. On his return to London he established himself
in practice, and in 1823 he was appointed Surgeon in Ordinary to
King George the Fourth at Brighton, and in 1830 received a
similar appointment to King William the Fourth. He was for
many years Surgeon to Her Majesty's Theatre, Consulting Sur-
geon to the London Infirmary for Diseases of the Skin, and Ho-
norary Surgeon to the Royal Freemason's Institution for Female
Children. His attachment to Natural History, and especially to
Conchology, led him to form a considerable collection of shells,
which was particularly rich in the species of Cyprcea^ Marginella,
and Cohmhella ; and several Papers " On New Species of Cyprcea "
in the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' bear witness to
the extent both of his collections and of his scientific knowledge
of them. He became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1853,
and, as a frequent attendant at our meetings, was well known to a
large number of our members as an amiable man of large informa-
tion, and a very agreeable companion. In the Zoological Societj^
and at the Art Union he also took an active part. He died sud-
denly of disease of the heart, at his house in Clarges Street, May
Fair, while engaged in writing down the description of some shells

XXXll PROCEEDINGS OF THE

in his cabinet, on the evening of the 5th of October, 1858, in the
69th year of his age.

Thomas Charles Harrison, Esq., was the son of William Har-
rison, Esq., Q.C., a respected Fellow of our Society, of whom a
short obituary notice is contained in the Anniversary Proceedings
for 1842. The son, who became a Fellow of the Linnean Society
in 1821, was placed by his father in the Treasury, of which he was
Counsel, and became Principal Clerk in that department of the
public service, after the murder of Mr. Drummond. He became
F.E.S. in 1845, was a frequent attendant at our meetings, and,
besides an inclination for Natural History, had a considerable
taste for the fine arts, and had formed a valuable collection of
paintings. He died on the 2nd of May, 1858, at the age of 65.

Rohert George Holland, Esq., M.D., became a Licentiate of the
Society of Apothecaries in 1817, and a Fellow of the College of
Physicians in Edinburgh in 1838. In the same year he was
elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society. He practised for many
years as a Physician at Sheffield, and died on the 18th of No-
vember, 1857, at Hornsey Lane, near London.

The Bev. John Howson, M.A., was born at Giggleswick, near
Settle in Yorkshire, in 1787, and was educated in the Grrammar-
school of that place, of which he himself was afterwards Second
Master for the long period of forty-five years. This is the school
at which the celebrated Archdeacon Paley was educated ; and the
Archdeacon's father was Head Master when Mr. Howson' s studies
began there. Giggleswick is close to the great Craven fault in
the West Biding. Mr. Howson was an ardent lover of nature
in all her aspects ; and many were the rambles which he used to
take with his pupils over a district peculiarly rich in botanical
treasures. He became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1822,
and died at Giggleswick on the 23rd of January in the present
year, at the age of 72.

Sir Henri/ John Lambert, Bart., was bom on the 5th of Au-
gust, 1792, and in 1803 succeeded his father in the baronetcy.
In 1820 he became a Fellow of the Linnean Society, and was also
a Fellow of the Horticultural. He died at his seat, Aston Hall,
Tetsworth, in the county of Oxford, on the 17th of December
last, in the 67th year of his age.

Edward Moore, Esq., M.D., was the youngest son of Joseph
Moore, Esq., of Plymouth, and was born in that town in the year
1794. He was principally educated at the Grammar-school at
Plympton, and commenced his medical studies at Honiton. In

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXIU

1815 he was admitted a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons
ill London; in 1827 M.D. of the University of Edinburgh; and
in 1828 he became a Fellow of the Linnean Society. He was for
many years surgeon of the North Devon Militia, and was one of
the founders of the Plymouth Infirmary for Diseases of the Eye,
of which he continued for thirty -three years to act, first as surgeon,
and afterwards as physician, and to which he bequeathed a con-
siderable legacy. The Plymouth Athenaeum also owed much to
his exertions : he was for many years actively employed as its
Secretary, and was also a Vice-President, and for a time President.
Here he lectured repeatedly on a great variety of scientific sub-
jects. Up to the last he continued to devote his attention to its
Museum as Curator of the Greological Collection, the arrangement
of which was among his latest acts. He attached himself also
more especially to the study of zoology in several of its depart-
ments, and contributed numerous papers to scientific periodicals
on zoological and geological subjects. Those enumerated in the
' Bibliographia Greologiae et Zoologiae ' of the Eay Society are as
follows : —

1. On a new British Fish. — Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. vol. i. p. 17.

2. On the Birds of Devonshire.— JJic?. pp. 113, 176, 227, 319^

361.

3. On the Change of Plumage in the Gruillemot. — Ihid. p. 607.

4. On the occurrence of the Teredo navalis and Limnoria tere-

hrans in Plymouth Harbour. — Ihid. vol. ii. p. 206.

5. Notice on the Pilot-fish {Naucrates ductor), — Ann. Sf Mag.

Nat. Hist. vol. v^iii. p. 316.

6. Catalogue of the Malacostracous Crustacea of South Devon. —

Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. vol. ii. p. 284.

7. On the Discovery of Organic E-emains in a raised Beach in the

Limestone Cliff under the Hoe at Plymouth. — JRep. Brit.
Assoc. 1841, Sect. p. 62, &c.

In the pursuit of these various branches of study, he was in fre-
quent correspondence with Yarrell, De la Beche, Buckland and
others, to whom he communicated many important facts. For
the last four years of his life he was a Magistrate of his native
town ; and the estimation in which he was there held may be
judged from the fact that his funeral was escorted by a numerous
attendance of all the public bodies, the Members of the Medical
Society, the Literary Institution, &c. He died at his residence in
Athenaeum Terrace, on the 17th of July, 1858, at the age of 64.

The Bight Hon, Frederick John Bohinson^ first Earl of Ripon,

LINN. PROC. c

XXXIV PROCEEDINaS OF THE

was the younger son of Thomas second Lord Grantham, and was
born in London, on the 30th of October, 1782. From Harrow,
where be was contemporary with Peel, Aberdeen, Palmerston,
and Byron, he proceeded to St. John's College, Cambridge, where
he graduated as M.A. in 1 802. In 1804 he became Private Secre-
tary to his relative Lord Hardwicke, then Lord Lieutenant of
Ireland ; and from this time forward filled a variety of difierent
offices in successive Administrations, until on the death of Can-
ning in 1827, he became for a short time Prime Minister. On
the formation of the Ministry of Earl G-rey in 1830, he again re-
turned to office, and continued, with brief intervals of retirement,
to fill various cabinet offices, until the close of Sir Eobert Peel's
Administration in 1846, when he finally retired into private life.
His Lordship married in 1814 Lady Sarah Hobart, only daughter
of the late Earl of Buckinghamshire, by whom he leaves one only
surviving child, Greorge Erederick Samuel, the present Earl, also
a respected Eellow of our Society, of the Council of which he has
been an active member. The late Earl became Eellow of the
Linnean Society in 1852, and died on the 28th of January in the
present year, at his seat at Putney Heath, in the 77th year of his
age.

Three years ago it was my duty to record the death of an old
and valued Eellow of the Society, the late Mr. Thomas Salter, of
Poole, in Dorsetshire, and to offer a slight tribute of respect to
his memory. I have now to add to our list of deaths for the
present year the name of his eldest son, Thomas Bell Salter, Esq.,
M.D., of Byde, in the Isle of Wight, an amiable and accomplished
man, a distinguished medical practitioner, an able naturalist, and
nearly connected with u^ as the sister's son of our excellent
President. He was a Doctor of Medicine of the University of
Edinburgh, Licentiate of the Eoyal College of Surgeons of that
City, Member of the Eoyal College of Surgeons of England, and
for twenty years practised at Eyde, where he was one of the ori-
ginal promoters of the Infirmary, to which he gave his gratuitous
services up to the time of his death. In early life he commenced
the formation of a Herbarium both of British and Eoreign Plants,
which became of considerable extent, and which his brother. Dr.
James Salter, E.L.S., has since his death liberally presented to the
Linnean Society. This herbarium, among other valuable plants,
is particularly rich in the forms of the genus Bub us, on which Dr.
Bell Salter particularly w^orked, and in regard to which he was
regarded as the highest authority. His papers on Botanical sub-

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXV

jects are chiefly contained in the ' Phytologist,' and in the ' Bota-
nical Grazette,' and the following is a list of them, as far as they
are known to me : —

1. A Note on the "Weymouth Stations of Lathy r us Nissolia and

Salicornia radicans. — JPhytologist, vol. i. p. 866.

2. On the effects of Cultivation on Hyacinthtts non-scriptus. —

Fhyf. vol. i. p. 988.

3. Three days' botanizing at Selborne. — Phyt. vol. i. p. 1132.

4. Note on the Filia^-foemina as a Tree-fern. — JPhyt. vol. i.

p. 1141.

5. Observations on the genus Bulus. — Phyt. ii. pp. 87, 97, 131,

198.

6. On the yellow juice of (Enanthe crocata. — Fhyt. ii. p. 116.

7. Remarks on the Calamintha sylvatica of Bromfield. — PTiyt. ii.

p. 171.

8. On the meaning of the word recurvus. — Phyt. ii. p. 200.

9. On the fertility of certain Hybrids. Eead before the Isle of

Wight Philosophical Society. — Phyt. ii. p. 737.

10. Effects of the mildness of the present Season (the Winter of
1852-53).— P%?5. iv. p. 847.

11. A Descriptive Table of British Brambles. — Henfrey's Bota-
nical Gazette, vol. ii. pp. 113, 147.

Of all these the most important, next to his Papers on Buhi,
are his observations on hybrids, the fertility of which he tested in
the genera MpiloUum and Geirni, through numerous generations.
On the death of his friend and neighbour Dr. Bromfield, he was
requested, in conjunction with Sir W. J. Hooker, to undertake
the publication of the elaborate materials collected by that la-
mented Botanist for a Plora of the Isle of Wight, which was pub-
lished in 1856, by their joint care, under the title of ' Plora Yec-
tensis.' In this work he naturallj^ took great interest, having
for ten or twelve years worked side by side with Dr. Bromfield,
and he added much to its value by his own observations. Dr. Bell
Salter became a Pellow of the Linnean Society in 1837, he was
married only in the February of last year, and died on the 30th
of September last, at the age of 44, at the house of his brother-in-
law, Dr. Lake, of Southampton, after a very short illness. " A
more kind or generous spirit," says the writer of a notice in a
local paper, " never breathed ; while his vast erudition threw a
charm round his society for the like of which we shall have long
to look in vain."

Benjamin Cruttall Pierce Seaman, Esq., of Eotherby and Hoby

c2

XXXVl . PROCEEDINGS OF THE

in the county of Leicester, was elected a Eellow of the Linnean
Society in 1821, and died at his house in Upper Gower Street,
London, on the 13th of June, 1858, at the age of 63.

Major Edmund Sheppa/rd, B.A., entered the service in 1806,
became Lieutenant in 1808, and served at "Walcheren in the fol-
lowing year. From 1814 to 1816 he served in Canada, and was
present at several actions. In 1821 he became a Fellow of the
Linnean Society ; in 1825 he received his commission as Captain,
and in 1838 that of Major ; and in 1840 he retired upon half-pay.
He died on the 6th of November last, at his residence, Eutland
House, Kingston-upon-Thames, at the age of 68.

The Bev. Edward Tagart, F.S.A., EG.S., was born at Bristol
in 1804 ; he was educated at the school of Mr. Evans in that city,
and subsequently at the Grrammar-school, Bath, where he mani-
fested great aptitude for learning. His parents giving him the
choice of a vocation in life, he fixed upon the Ministry, and at
the age of 17 was placed at Manchester College, York, the most
eminent theological school in the Unitarian connexion, then con-
ducted by Mr. "Wellbeloved and Mr. Kenrick — names well known
to all classical scholars. Having there completed his education,
at the early age of 20 he went to Norwich, and was chosen pastor
of the congregation then assembling in the Octagon, one of the
oldest and most important in the Presbyterian denomination.
Some of the most beautiful of the hymns used there were con-
tributed by the late Sir James E. Smith, President of our Society.
Sir James frequently attended Mr. Tagart's ministrations ; and the
acquaintance thus established ripened into friendship. In 1828
Mr. Tagart removed to London and took charge of a congrega-
tion in York Street, St. James's. Supported and strengthened
by his efforts, they built for him the chapel in Little Portland
Street, where he laboured to the end of his days; and in the
religious body to which he belonged no name was more widely
known or highly esteemed. He devoted himself zealously to his
pastoral duties ; and among his hearers were many eminent scien-
tific men. Nor was his influence confined to his own denomina-
tion ; for his position brought him, politically and socially, into
contact with distinguished men of all churches. His pursuits
naturally partook of a literary rather than a scientific character ;
but he contributed some papers to the ' Zoologist.' He was also
the author of several works, chiefly biographical ; but he parti-
cularly devoted himself to the study of Moral Philosophy, and
was an ardent disciple of Locke, whose school he vindicated in a

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOK. XXXVll

work published in 1855, entitled " Locke's Writings and Philo-
sophy." Mr. Tagart was for many years a Fellow of the Society
of Antiquaries and of the Geological Society ; but of late he most
delighted in the meetings of the Linnean, of which he was elected
a Fellow in 1852. Without contributing much to our publica-
tions or taking any prominent part in our discussions, he was con-
stant in his attendance, and thus became well known to us all ;
and his loss will be deeply felt by many of us, to whom he was
personally endeared by his genial character and his highly culti-
vated mind. His views were liberal and enlarged ; and he mani-
fested at all times an earnest zeal for the diffusion of science.
Returning from Hungary (on a visit undertaken at the instance
of the British and Foreign Unitarian Association) he was seized
with an aguish fever, and died suddenly at Brussels, on the 12th
of October last, in the 55th year of his age.

Richard Taylor, JEsq., was born on the 18th of May, 1781, at
Norwich. He was the second son (of a family of seven) of John
Taylor, wool-comber, and Susan Cooke, and great-grandson of
Dr. John Taylor, the author of the celebrated ' Hebrew Concord-
ance.' His education was received at a day-school in Norwich,
kept by the Eev. John Houghton, whom he describes as an ex-
cellent grammarian and a severe disciplinarian. Under this able
tutor and his son, he made early and considerable progress in
classical learning, and also acquired some knowledge of chemistry
and other branches of natural philosophy. It seems to have been
the wish of the master that his pupil should proceed to the High
School of Glasgow (where he had himself received his education),
and there qualify himself for the ministry; but other counsels
prevailed, and, principally at the suggestion of Sir James Edward
Smith, the founder of the Linnean Society, and a very intimate
friend of his parents, he was induced to adopt the profession of a
printer — a profession to which he became ardently attached. On
Sir James Smith's recommendation, he was apprenticed to Mr.
Davis of Chancery Lane, London, a printer of eminence, from
whose press issued many scientific works of importance. During
this period of his life, his leisure hours seem to have been em-
ployed in the study not only of the classics, but also of the
mediaeval Latin and Italian authors, especially the poets, of whose
writings he formed a curious collection.* From these, his " old
dumps" as he was wont to call them, he derived great pleasure
to the last moments of his life. He also became a proficient
scholar in French, Flemish, Anglo-Saxon, and several of the

XXXVIU PEOOEEDINGS OF THE

kindred Teutonic dialects, — a proficiency which afterwards proved
of eminent utility in his professional career, by far the greater
number of the Anglo-Saxon works, and works connected with
that branch of literature, published in London during the last
forty years, having issued from his press.

On the expiration of his apprenticeship, he carried on business
for a short time in Chancery Lane, in partnership with a Mr.
Wilks; but on his birthday in the year 1803, at the age of
twenty-two, he established himself, in partnership with his father,
in Blackhorse Court, Fleet Street, from whence he soon after
removed to Shoe Lane, and subsequently to E.ed Lion Court.
His press speedily became the medium through which nearly all
the more important works in scientific natural history were
ushered into the world ; and the careful accuracy by which all its
productions were distinguished led to a rapid extension of its use.
It was immediately adopted by the Linnean Society ; the Eoyal
Society and many other learned bodies succeeded ; individual
members naturally followed the example of the Societies to which
they belonged ; and the same valuable qualities which had rendered
it so acceptable to men of science were equally appreciated by
those engaged in other pursuits. The beautiful editions of the
Classics which proceeded from it, soon rendered his favourite
device (the lamp receiving oil, with its motto of " Alere flammam")
as familiar to all who had received a classical education in Eng-
land as it had been from the beginning to the world of science.
It would be tedious to enumerate even the more important of
these works ; but there is one in all respects so remarkable as to
deserve especial mention. This is the facsimile of the Psalms
from the Codex Alexandrinus, edited by the Eev. H. H. Baber,
" at whose chambers in the British Museum," says Mr. Taylor in
his Diary, under date of the 11th Nov. 1811, " I have collated the
proofs of the first and second sheets with the Codex letter by
letter, and I intend, if possible, to do the same for all the rest."
A more striking proof could not be adduced of his strict attention
to the accuracy of his press, and of his persevering devotion even
to the minutest duties of his profession. It was by such means,
aided by his high moral worth, that he nobly sustained the credit
of the profession to which his abilities were devoted, and de-
servedly acquired the friendship, esteem, and confidence of the
large circle of eminent men with whom it brought him into con-
stant and familiar intercourse.

In the year 1807 he became a Fellow of the Linnean Society,

LINNEi-N SOCIETY OE LONDON. XXXII

and at the anniversary of 1810 he was elected Under-Secretary,
an office which he retained for nearly half a century, and in which
he earned for himself the cordial esteem and good-will of every
member of the Society. In his Diary, under date of the anniver-
sary of 1849, he notes that he had " served with M<^Leay, Bicheno,
Dr. Boott, and Mr. Bennett, under the successive presidencies of
the founder Sir J. E. Smith (the intimate and dear friend of my
parents and my wai^n friend), of the Earl of Derby, the Duke of
Somerset, and my excellent friend Dr. Stanley, Bishop of Nor-
wich." To the names of the Presidents he might subsequently
have added those of Mr. Brown and Mr. Bell ; and he must have
felt, though he was too modest himself to note it down, how
highly he was esteemed by them all for his strict sense of honour,
the amiability of his disposition, and his entire devotion to the
interests of the Society.

Among the numerous other learned bodies of which he was a
member, the Society of Antiquaries, the Astronomical Society,
and the Philological were those in which he took the deepest
interest. He also attached himself from its commencement to
the British Association for the Advancement of Science, nearly all
the meetings of which, while his health permitted, he regularly
attended. At these pleasant gatherings of the scientific world, in
the society of his numerous friends and of those whose names
were most distinguished in science, many of the happiest days of
his life were passed.

In 1822, he joined Dr. Tilloch as editor of the * Philosophical
Magazine,' with which Dr. Thomson's ' Annals of Philosophy '
were subsequently incorporated. In 1838 he established the
* Annals of Natural History,' and united with it, in 1841, Loudon
and Charlesworth's ' Magazine of Natural History.' He subse-
quently (at the suggestion and with the assistance of some of the
most eminent members of the British Association) issued several
volumes of a work intended especially to contain papers of a high
order of merit, chiefly translated, under the title of ' Taylor's
Scientific Memoirs.' But his own principal literary labours were
in the field of biblical and philological research. In 1829 he pre-
pared a new edition of Home Tooke's 'Diversions of Purley,'
which he enriched with many valuable notes, and which he re-
edited in 1840. In the same year (1840), Warton's ' History of
English Poetry' having been placed in his hands by Mr. Tegg, the
publisher, he contributed largely, in conjunction with his friends
Sir E. Madden, Benjamin Thorpe, J. M. Kemble, and others, to

xl PEOCEEDINGS OE THE

improve the valuable edition published in 1824 by the late Mr.
Richard Price.

For five-and-thirty years he represented the ward of Farringdon
Without (in which his business premises were situated), in the
Common Council of the City of London, and constantly paid
strict attention to his representative duties. Of all the objects
which came under his cognizance in this capacity there were
none which interested him more deeply than questions connected
with education. He took an active part in the foundation of the
City of London School, and the formation of the Corporation
Library ; and warmly promoted the establishment of University
College and of the University of London. His politics were de-
cidedly liberal ; but his extended intercourse with the world, and
the natural benevolence of his character, inclined him to listen
with the most complete tolerance to the opinions of those who
differed from him ; and he reckoned among his attached friends
many whose political opinions were strongly opposed to his own.

Early in the summer of 1852 his health gave way, and he found
it necessary to withdraw from the excitement of active life. He
settled down at Richmond, and once more gave himself up to
Ovid, Virgil, and his old friends Paulus Manutius, Justus Lipsius,
Ochinus, Fracastorius, &c. Increasing years brought increasing
feebleness ; and the severe weather of November last brought on
an attack of bronchitis, of which he died suddenly on the 1st of
December, in the 78th year of his age.

The Society has to record the loss, at a very advanced age, of
one among the oldest of its members, in the death of Dawson
Turner, Esq., which took place at Brompton on the 20th of June
in the last year. He was born at Grreat Yarmouth, on the 18th
of October, 1775, and was the eldest son of Mr. James Turner,
banker, in that place, by Miss Elizabeth Cotman, of Ormesby,
Norfolk. For his classical attainments Mr. Turner was mainly
indebted to his private tutor, the Rev. Robert Forby, of Forncet,
Norfolk. He entered, indeed, at Pembroke College, Cambridge,
of which his uncle, the Rev. Joseph Turner, Dean of Norwich,
was master ; but instead of continuing his studies at the Uni-
versity, he was called, by the death of his father, to take, at a
very early age, an active part in the well-known bank of Gurneys
and Turner, Grreat Yarmouth. Mr. Turner's love of literature
and of languages, especially Latin and Grreck, Italian and German,
in all of which he was a great proficient, never forsook him ^ and
to these he added, successively, various other pursuits, indicative

LINNEAN SOCIETT OF LONDON. xU

of a highly cultivated mind, and all of which he followed with
much enthusiasm and success. His early residence in the country,
and in a district abounding with wild plants, and the fact of his
tutor's partiality to botany (as testified by Sir James Smith, when
dedicating a new species of Willow {Salix Forhyana) to him),
gave him a taste for Natural History in general, and especially
for collecting and investigating the vegetable productions of the
neighbourhood. This branch he studied with great ardour ; and,
nothing deterred by the difficulty of the subject, after attaining a
competent knowledge of British Phsenogamous plants, he devoted
his attention to the Cryptogamia. Perhaps in consequence of his
residence upon the sea-coast, Mr. Turner was chiefly attracted by
the Algcd ; and there cannot be a doubt that his ' Synopsis of the
British Euci,' published in 1802, contributed largely to encourage
the study of the sea-weeds of our own islands, by the accuracy of
its descriptions, and, being written in a popular form, by the
elegance of the composition.

The ' Synopsis of British Euci ' was quickly followed, in 1804,
and after a tour in Ireland which afforded a rich harvest of
Mosses, by his ' Muscologise Hibernicse Spicilegium,' with 16
coloured plates of new species, the descriptions and preface
written entirely in Latin.

Mr. Turner's third botanical work was prepared in conjunction
with his late intimate friend, Lewis Weston Dillwyn, Esq., of
Swansea, and was entitled " The Botanist's Gruide through England
and Wales," in 2 vols. 8vo: it was the result of many botanical
tours in various counties, and of communications of notes and
specimens from numerous correspondents. His object was now to
undertake a general history of sea-weeds, foreign as well as
British, with coloured figures of all the species, and full descrip-
tions in Latin and English, entitled " Euci, sive Plantarum Euco-
rum Generi a Botanicis ascriptarum Icones, Descriptiones et His-
toria." It was undoubtedly the most distinguished and laboured
of all his publications — commenced in 1808 and concluded in
1819, in four volumes, large quarto and folio, with 258 plates,
many, and those the best of them, from the pencil of his accom-
plished lady, Mrs. Turner. This valuable and highly meritorious
work, unfortunately for botany, and unfortunately for Mr. Turner's
rising fame in that direction, was the la«t he ever published on a
science he fondly loved and continued to love and to talk of with
more pleasure than on any other subject, so long as his declining
faculties permitted liim. He apologizes, in the closing page of

xlii PEOCEEDINOS OF THE

the * Fuci,' for bringing the book to a conclusion in such an im-
perfect state. " It is," he says, " principally attributable to the
more than usual progress made of late years in the knowledge of
this branch of Natural History, which, by the numerous expe-
ditions in quest of science, has been extended to such a degree
that it is difficult to imagine what number of species may ulti-
mately be found; so that, though the present publication has
already far exceeded the limits originally contemplated, it ends
incomplete, leaving the feeling that our knowledge is in its in-
fancy, and that, till more is seen, the point which the author had
principally in view, that of reducing the marine species in general
under natural families, in a well-organized system, cannot be
satisfactorily accomplished. Various attempts have, meanwhile,
been made to bring this interesting tribe of plants under a new
arrangement ; and one in particular, by M. Lamouroux, embracing
a comprehensive view of the subject, is entitled to great credit.
To these, however, the author is not ambitious of adding, but
rather finds satisfaction in taking leave of his readers, with the
consciousness of having laid before them a set of figures upon the
accuracy of which they may rely, and which, as representations of
things that are, will, through every change of human opinions,
retain an undiminished value, while they may serve, in the hands
of some abler and more fortunate successor, as the ground-work
of that which he had hoped to have accomplished himself." Such
successors (and Mr. Turner lived to hail the results of their sy-
stematic labours) have been found in Agardh and Harvey, who
have not failed to record their obligations to the work thus briefly
noticed.

The above-mentioned publications constitute, however, but a
small part of the services rendered to botany by Mr. Turner, as
Sir James Smith's ' English Botany,' and ' Flora Britannica ' and
' English Flora,' and, we may add, the volumes of our own Trans-
actions can testify : he did still more, by encouraging in the
pursuit of science every young Naturalist who came in his way,
welcoming him to his table, assisting him by the use, and often
by presents, of books, and by advice and money, if needed. He
possessed an extensive library, rich in works on the Fine Arts
and Literature, as well as in Botanical publications. He joined
with Mr. Borrer, so well known in our Society, in the preparation
of a work upon Lichens, of which only a small portion was printed,
for private circulation, extending to 167 pages, under the title of
' Lichenographia Britannica,' but which, if continued as it was

LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. xliii

begun, would have reflected great credit on both the individuals
concerned in it. The removal of more than one friend of con-
genial tastes from the vicinity of Yarmouth contributed perhaps to
lessen Mr. Turner's devotion to the study of plants.

But a mind so highly cultivated and endowed as his was, with
a degree of health and strength of physical and intellectual powers
beyond most men, would not suffer him to allow the time which
could be spared from business to pass unemployed. Besides
general literature, he studied and collected pictures, coins, medals,
autographs of sovereigns and distinguished people, antiquities,
county histories (that of his native county, Norfolk, above all),
to an extent which need not be further alluded to here, but which
is fully acknowledged by all who have been interested in such
pursuits. From his earliest career, and for a period of nearly
sixty years, he carried on a most extensive literary and scientific
correspondence, all of which he preserved and arranged chrono-
logically. Could those letters from the numerous and eminent
European botanists of the time be collected together, they would
contribute much information on the state of natural science during
the first twenty years of the present century, including the period
of the last twenty years of the lives of Sir Joseph Banks, and of
the first President of our Society, Sir James Smith. Indeed,
Mr. Turner long meditated, but never accomplished, the publica-
tion of a memoir of our great Maecenas, intending it to comprise
a history of the progress of botany up to the death of that
distinguished man.

Mr. Dawson Turner was in his 83rd year at the time of his
decease : the grave closed over him and E/obert Brown within a
few days of each other, — the one a zealous, and for a while inde-
fatigable, and the last of the botanists of the old or Linnean
school ; the other the most distinguished promoter of the new or
Jussieuan method.

Mr. Turner became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1797,
and had been upwards of 61 years a member at the time of his
decease. The following is a list of his Papers in our ' Trans-
actions : ' —

Calendarium Plantarum Marinarum. — Vol. v. p. 126.

Descriptions of four new species of Fucus. — Vol. vi. p. 125.

Descriptions of four new British Lichens.— Vol. vii. p. 86.

B^emarks upon the Dillenian Herbarium. — Vol. vii. p. 101.

Description of a new species of Lichen. — Vol. viii. p. 260.

Descriptions of eight new British Lichens. — Vol. ix. p. 135.

xliv PROCEEDINGS OF THE

And in conjunction with Mr. James Sowerby,

Catalogue of some of tlie more rare plants observed in a tour
through the Western Counties of England, made in June
1799.— Vol. V. p. 234.

The following Notices relate to the eminently distinguished men
whose places have become vacant in the list of our Foreign
Members : —

Carl Adolph Agardh, Bishop of Carlstad and Knight of the
Polar Star, distinguished as a botanist, a statesman, and a theolo-
gian, was the son of a shopkeeper in the town of Bartad, in the
Swedish province of Halland, where he was born on the 23rd of
January, 1785. He became, in 1799, a student of the University
of Lund, and published his inaugural dissertation, entitled " Cari-
cographia Scanensis," in 1806. In the following year, at the age
of two-and-twenty, he was appointed Professor of Mathematics ;
but his scientific studies continuing to take the direction indicated
by his earliest work, he proceeded to Stockholm, where, under the
superintendence of Swartz, he devoted himself to the study of
Cryptogamic plants. After making a tour through Denmark,
Northern Grermany, and Poland, he returned to Lund, and in 1812
became Professor of Botany and Practical Economy in that Uni-
versity. In 1816 he took holy orders, and was immediately named
pastor of St. Peter's Kloster ; and in the diets of 1817, 1823, and
1834, he sat as deputy for his diocese. In 1821, he undertook a
scientific journey through Denmark, Germany, Holland, and
France ; and in 1827 he travelled through part of Germany and
Italy. During all this period he was actively engaged in the pub-
lication of his botanical labours, especially in reference to the
family oiAlgce, a group of plants which, by his persevering and suc-
cessful investigation, he made peculiarly his own, and the syste-
matic arrangement of which he entirely remodelled. He was
chosen a Member of the Eoyal Academy of Sciences at Stockholm
in 1818 ; in 3 824 he was decorated with the Order of the Polar
Star ; and in 1825 he was called to Stockholm as a member of the
great Committee then formed for the organization of a new system
of public instruction. In 1833, he paid a visit to England, and in
the same year he was elected a Foreign Member of the Linnean
Society. On his elevation to the bishopric of Carlstad in the fol-
lowing year, he resigned his Professorship in the University ; and
from this time forward he almost ceased his botanical labours,
devoting himself chiefly to his public and religious duties. His

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlv

principal botanictal works are his " Dispositio Algarum Suecise,"
Lund, 1810-12; "Algarum Decades i.-iv.", Lundae, 1812-15;
" Synopsis Algarum Scandinaviae," Lundse, 1817 ; " Aphorismi
Botanici," Lundse, 1817-25 ; " Icones Algarum Ineditae," Lundae,
1820-22; "Species Algarum rite cognitae," Gryphiae, 2 vols.
1823-28; "Systema Algarum," Lundae, 1824; "Classes Plantarum,"
Lundae, 1825 ; " Icones Algarum Europaearum," Leipzig, 1828-35,
and " Larobok i Botanik," Malmo, 2 vols. 1829-32, the last trans-
lated into German under tlie title of "Lebrbucli der Botanik,"
Kopenbagen, 1831-32. Among the eminent men wbom Sweden
has produced since the days of Linnaeus, Bishop Agardh unques-
tionably takes a very high rank. In investigation he was labo-
rious and accurate, in his views of arrangement careful and clear-
sighted, in his speculations bold and frequently successful. His
writings on mathematics and political economy are not within our
sphere ; but they are spoken of by his countrymen as valuable and
instructive contributions to the sciences to which they relate. Of
his extensive acquirements, of the frankness of his manners, and
the kindliness of his disposition, there are many among us who
retain a vivid recollection. He married Charlotta Lindskog, the
daughter of a tradesman in Lund, and died at Carlstad on the
28th of January last, having just completed his 74th year, leaving
one son, Jacob Georg, who, following in the footsteps of his illus-
trious father, has earned for himself high distinction among the
cultivators of botanical science.

Aim^ Bonpland, the companion and friend of Humboldt, was
born at Eochelle on the 22nd of August, 1773, and was educated
for the medical profession. In the spring of 1798, when Alexander
von Humboldt visited Paris, he found Bonpland, then one of the
most promising students of the Ecole de Medecine and of the
Jardin des Plantes, busily preparing, in company with Michaux,
to take part under Captain Baudin in a Voyage of Discovery to
South America. With this enterprise he eagerly associated him-
self, and soon became warmly and intimately attached to the
companions of his intended voyage, and especially to Bonpland.
The expedition, however, being set aside for want of funds, the two
friends, after a fruitless attempt to join the corps of French savans
then assembled in Egypt, determined to pass the winter together
in Spain, and in January 1799 proceeded to Madrid. Here, through
the intervention of the Saxon minister, they were introduced to
the king, by whose orders every possible facility was afforded them
for prosecuting that extensive journey through the Spanish domi-

xlvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE

nions in Mexico and South America, which now presented itself
to their minds as the most suitable means of satisfying their ardent
desire for scientific travel and research, and on which they embarked
at Corunna in May 1799. It is needless to follow the steps of the
distinguished travellers through this celebrated journey, the im-
mense results of which have been made known in a multitude of
splendid publications, forming the most elaborate and magnificent
series that have ever arisen out of a single undertaking. It may
be sufficient to say that the botanical collections alone, with which
Bonpland chiefly concerned himself, amounted to upwards of
6000 species, and were published partly in the " Plantes Equinoc-
tiales," 2 vols. foL, Paris, 1808-9 ; in the " Monographia Melasto-
macearum," 2 vols, folio, 1806-23 ; and, with the cooperation of
Kunth, in the " Nova G-enera et Species Plantarum Americas
^quinoctialis," 7 vols, folio, Paris 1815-25 ; in a " Synopsis " of
the same work in 4 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1822-25 ; in the " Mimeses
et autres Plantes Legumineuses," fol. Paris, 1819-24; and in the
" Distribution Methodique des Grraminees," 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1835.
The travellers arrived at Bordeaux on their return to Europe in
August 1804, having been absent rather more than five years ; and
for the next twelve years Bonpland resided in or near Paris, busied
in the arrangement of the collections, and in superintending the
various publications connected with them. Soon after his arrival
in Prance he was appointed to the charge of the Botanic Garden
maintained by the Empress Josephine at Malmaison, and published
in connection with it a splendid work, entitled " Description des
Plantes rares cultivees a Navarre et a Malmaison," fol. Paris,
1813-17. On the fall of the Emperor Napoleon, however, his
passion for foreign travel appears to have revived ; and in 1818 he
again quitted Europe, with the title of Professor of Natural History
at Buenos Ayres. Here he did not long continue in a state of
repose, but commenced in 1820 a new journey into the interior,
with a visit to a colony of Indians which he had founded at
Santa Anna on the banks of the River Paraguay, for the purpose of
cultivating the Yerva de Paraguay, or Paraguay Tea, regarded
throughout South America almost in the light of one of the neces-
saries of life. At this place he was seized and made prisoner by
the orders of Dr. Francia, who had founded in Paraguay a singular
dictatorship on the ruins of the Jesuit power in that province, and
who totally destroyed the plantations made by Bonpland, with the
view of securing to himself the monopoly of the cultivation to
which they were devoted. By his orders Bonpland was carried to

LINNEAF SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlvii

Santa Martha, in which place he was restored to partial liberty, and
permitted to act as a kind of garrison-physician to the dictator's
troops. It was not until 1829 that, after the strongest instances,
he was permitted to return to Buenos Ayres, when his friends
warmly welcomed his restoration to liberty, under the hope that
he would immediately return to European society. In this ex-
pectation, however, they were disappointed : it would appear that
his long residence in South America had generated a preference
for his adopted coimtry, in which he remained until his death.
This event took place at St. Erancisco de Borja, a small Brazilian
town on the eastern borders of Entre Hios, at no great distance
from Uruguay, where he had resided since 1831. He died on the
4th of May in the year 1858, in the 85th year of his age, leaving
behind him so high a character, not only as a talented and accom-
plished naturalist, but as an amiable and estimable man, that the
British community at Buenos Ayres determined to erect a suitable
monument to his memory. He was unquestionably one of the
most distinguished men belonging to what Prof, von Martins has
aptly denominated the peripatetic age of botany ; and his death, at
so great a distance both of time and space from the scene and
period of his active labours, warns us strongly how few are the
links that still remain to bind us to that interesting and important
epoch in the history of botanical science.

I had written the last sentence — one as it would almost appear
of melancholy foreboding — on the morning of the day on which the
evening papers brought us the sudden and unexpected intelligence
of the death of Baron Alexander von Humboldt, the friend of
Bobert Brown, the still more intimate friend of Bonpland, and the
oldest survivor of that generation of inquirers into nature, who
commencing their investigations before the close of the last century,
have continued them through more than half of the present. This
event completing the muster-roll of illustrious names of whom
death has deprived us during the past year, has come upon us so
suddenly and so recently that I must entreat the pardon of the
Society if I fail to pay a fitting tribute of respect to the memory
of one so eminently distinguished, not only in the sciences which
we especially cultivate, but in every science connected w^ith the
great and comprehensive study of nature in its widest sense. To
attempt, within the short space of time which I could command, to
give the merest outline of his labours and of his merits, would be
in the highest degree presumptuous. I feel too, that the task of
doing justice to the character of so great a man will naturally fall

xlviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE

to hands far abler than my own ; and to those hands I cheerfully
resign it. I will therefore only add that Alexander von Humboldt
was born at Berlin on the 14th of September, 1769, was elected
one of the eight Foreign Associates of the Academy of Sciences
of the Institute of France, in the place of Cavendish, in 1810,
became a Foreign Member of the Eoyal Society in 1815, and a
Foreign Member of the Linnean Society in 1818, and died at
Berlin on the 6th of May in the present year, in the 90th year of
his age.

Lastly, we have to record the deaths of two of our Asso-
ciates : —

Mr. Samuel Stutchhury was the son of a dealer in mathematical
instruments in the City of London, and early attached himself to
Natural History pursuits. In 1825 he was engaged, in the capa-
city of Natural History collector, to accompany an expedition
fitted out for the purpose of fishing for Pearls in the Pacific
Ocean, and soon after his return became Curator of the Bristol
Philosophical Institution, which office he retained for many years.
In 1842 or 1843 he went out to New Holland with a geological
appointment, and returned about two years ago, bringing with
him considerable collections in various departments of Natural
History. He was elected an Associate of the Linnean Society in
1828, and contributed two Papers to our 'Transactions;' one
entitled " An Account of the Mode of Grrowth of Young Corals
of the genus Fungia,^^ vol. xvi. p. 493 ; and the other, a " Descrip-
tion of a new species of the genus ChamcBleon,'^ vol. xvii. p. 361.
Besides these, he Was author of the six following Papers : — 1. " On
two new genera of Testaceous Mollusca," Zool. Journ. v. p. 95 ;

2. "On Cypracassis,'' Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. i. pp. 214, 470;

3. " On a new fossil Avicula,^^ Ibid. ii. p. 163 ; 4. " On a new
genus of Fossil Bivalve Shells {JPachyodon)'' Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. viii. p. 481 ; 5. " On a new Sponge from Barbadoes {Bacty-
localyx pumiceus), Proc. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 86 ; 6. " On a new species
of Plesiosaurus in the Museum of the Bristol Institution," Journal
of the Geological Society, ii. p. 411. Of the last-named Society he
was a Fellow. He returned from Australia in dilapidated health,
and died at Bristol on the 12th of February in the present year,
at the age of 61.

Of Mr. Thomas Turner, of Eton College, I only know that lie
was elected in 1832, and died in the autumn of 1858,

LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlix

At the Election which subsequently took place, Thomas Bell,
Esq., was re-elected President ; Erancis Eoott, Esq., M.D., Trea-
surer ; John Joseph Bennett, Esq., Secretary ; and George Busk,
Esq., Under- (Zoological) Secretary. The following five Eellows
were elected into the Council in the room of others going out : viz.,
Erederick Currey, Esq., E.R.S. ; Prof. Grant, E.E.S. ; Thomas
Corbyn Janson, Esq. ; Prof. Lindley, E.E.S. ; and Sir Charles
Lyell, E.E.S.

The President nominated George Bentham, Esq., Erancis Boott,
Esq., M.D. ; Eichard Owen, Esq., D.C.L. ; and "William "Wilson
Saunders, Esq., Yice-Presidents for the ensuing year.

Among the presents announced, was that of an extensive series
of conchological works not previously existing in the Society's
Library, presented by Hugh Cuming, Esq., E.L.S., to whom the
special thanks of the Society were directed to be offered for his
valuable present.

June 2nd, 1859.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

"William Camps, Esq., M.D., was elected a Eellow.

Eead, first, " Notes on SomaUiim ; " by George Bentham, Esq.,
y.P.L.S. (See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. iv. p. 31.)

Eead, secondly, a " Eevision of JDalhergiecB ',^^ by George Ben-
tham, Esq., y.P.L.S. (See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. iv. p. .)

Eead, thirdly, a Letter from Charles Knight, Esq., E.L.S., " On
the Common Slug of New Zealand." (See "Transactions," vol.
xxii. p. •)

Eead, fourthly, a " Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects collected
by Mr. A. E. "Wallace at Makessar in the Island of Celebes ; "
by Francis "Walker, Esq., E.L.S. (See " Zoological Proceedings,"
vol. iv. p. 90.)

Eead, fifthly, a second Letter from Mr. Charles Barter on the
Vegetation of Western Africa, addressed to Sir W. J. Hooker,
E.E.S., E.L.S. (See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. iv. p. 23.)

LINN. PROC.

1 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.

June 16th, 1859.
Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Edward Bradford, Esq. ; the Venerable Archdeacon Hale ;
M. H. Lackersteen, Esq., M.D. ; J. T. Llewelyn, Esq. ; Dr. Q-eorge
Eolleston ; and David Williams, Esq., were elected Eellows.

The special thanks of the Society were ordered to be given to
the President for his present of a valuable series of physiological
works, not previously in the Society's Library.

Read, first, a " Revised Synopsis of the Distomidce ; " by T.
Spencer Cobbold, Esq., M.D., F.L.S. (See " Zoological Proceed-
ings," vol. iv. p. .)

Eead, secondly, a Memoir " On the structure of the Pitcher in
the genus Nepenthes ; with the description of several new species
from Borneo;" by Joseph Hooker, Esq., M.D., E.R.S., E.L.S.
(See " Transactions," vol. xxii. p. .)

Eead, thirdly, a " Synopsis of the Indian species of Impatiens ; "
by J. D. Hooker, Esq., M.D., E.R.S., F.L.S. (See "Botanical
Proceedings," vol. iv. p. .)

Eead, fourthly, a " Description of a New Genus of Balanopho-
recd;^^ by Dr. Hooker. (See " Transactions," vol. xxii. p. .)

Eead, fifthly, a " Description of the genus Fropiera of Bouton ;"
by Dr. Hooker. (See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. iv. p. .)

Eead, sixthly, Notes " On Leopoldinia Piassaha, "Wallace ; " by
Eichard Spruce, Esq. Communicated by Greorge Bentham, Esq.,
V.P.L.S. (See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. iv. p. 58.)

Eead, seventhly, a Notice " On the cultivation of the Cocoa-nut
in Ceylon; " by the Eev. Thomas Foulkes, in a letter to Sir W.
J. Hooker, F.E.S., F.L.S.

Eead, eighthly, a Memoir " On the Embryogeny of Endogens ; "
by Benjamin Clarke, Esq., F.L.S. (See " Transactions," vol. xxii.

p. •)■

Eead, ninthly, " Miscellaneous Notes on Various Plants ; " by
Benjamin Clarke, Esq., F.L.S. (See " Transactions," vol. xxii.

p. .)

Eead, tenthly, a " Memoir " On East Indian Salices ; " by Prof.
N. J. Andersson. Communicated by Joseph Hooker, Esq., M.D.,
F.E.S., F.L.S. See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. iv. p. 39.)

ADDITIONS

TO THE

LIBRARY OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY,

RECEIYED FEOM JULY 1, 1858, TO JUNE 30, 1859.

[^Conti/ntied from Vol. HI. page Ixxi.]

Titles. Donoes.

Academies and Societies.
Amsterdam ; —

Kon. Akademie van Wetenscbappen.

Verhandelingen, deel 4-6. Amsterdam, 1857-58, 4to.
Yerslagen en Mededeelingen. Afdeeling Natuurhunde,
deel 7. Ih. 1857-58, 8vo.

Afdeel. Letterhunde, deel 3. Ih. 1857-58, 8vo.

Jaarboek voor 1857. Ih. 8vo.

Catalogus van de Boekerii der Akademie, deel 1, st. 1. Ih.
1857, 8vo. The Academy.

K. Zoologisch G-enootschap, "Natura Artis Magistra."
Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 7*^^ Aflevering. 1858, 4to.

The Society.
Basel : — Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen, Theil 2,
Heft 1. Basel, 1858, 8vo. The Society.

Batavia: — Bataviaasch Genootschap van Knnsten en Weten-
schappen.
Verhandelingen ; deel 26. Batavia, 1854-57, 4to.
Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde;
deel 6. Ih. 1856-57, 8vo. The Society.

Berlin : —

Konigl. Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Abhandlungen aus dem Jahre 1857. Berlin, 1858, 4to.
Monatsbericht, von Januar — Dec.185 8. Ih. 1858-59, 8vo.

The Academy.
Meteorologiscbes Institut. Uebersicbt der Witterung in
Nordl. Deutschland. Jahrg. 1855-58. Berlin, 4to.

The E. Acad, of Sciences, Berlin.
d2

lii ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

Titles. Donors.

Academies and Societies (contimwd).
Berlin (continued) : —

Verein zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues in den K. Preuss-
ischen Staaten. Verhandlungen, Neue Eeihe, Jahrg. 5,
Heft 1-3, and Jahrg. 6, Heft 1. Berlin, 1857-58, 8vo.

The Society.

Berwickshire Naturalists' Club. Proceedings, vol. 4, no. 2.

London, 1858 , 8vo. The Club.

Bonn : — Naturhistorischer Verein. Yerhandlungen, Jahrg. 14,

Heft 2 & 3, and Jahrg. 15. Bonn, 1857-58, 8vo.
Boston : — The Association.

American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Proceedings, vol. 3, sheets 32-52, and vol. 4, nos. 1-11.
Boston and Cambridge, 1857-58, 8vo. The Academy.
Society of Natural History.

Journal, vol. 6, no. 4. Boston, 1857, 8vo.
. Proceedings, vol. 6, sheets 11-22. lb. 1857-58, 8vo.

The Society.
Breslau : — Imperial Academy " Naturae Curiosorum."

Nova Acta, vol. 26. Yratislaviae et Bonnae, 1857-58, 4to.
Yerzeichniss der Mitglieder der Akademie. lb. 1858, 8vo.

The Academy.
Calcutta : — Asiatic Society. Journal, vol. 1 (wanting nos. 4,
5, & 9), vol. 2 (wanting nos. 16 & 17), and vols. 3-8. Cal-
cutta, 1832-39, 8vo.

W. W; Saunders, Esq., F.E.S., Y.P.L.S.

_- . . Yols. 9-13 ; vols. 24-26, and vol. 27, nos. 1-4.

lb. 1840-58, 8vo. The Society.

Cambridge : — Philosophical Society. Transactions, vol. 10,

part 1. Cambridge, 1858, 4to. The Society.

Canada : — Geological Survey. Eeport on its progress, for 1857.

Toronto, 1858, 8vo. Sir W. E. Logan ?

Cherbourg: — Societe Imp. des Sciences Naturelles. Memoires,

tome 5. Paris, 1858, 8vo. The Society.

Copenhagen : — Kongl. Danske Yidenskabernes Selskab. Over-

sigt i aar. 1857. Kjobenhavn, 8vo. The Society.

Cornwall : — E.. Cornwall Polytechnic Society. Annual Eeport

(25th). Falmouth, 1857, 8vo. The Society.

Dublin :—

Geological Society. Journal, vol. 8. pt. 1. Dublin, 1858, 8vo.

The Society.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. liii

Titles. Donors.

Academies and Societies {continited).
Dublin (continued) : —

Royal Dublin Society. Journal, nos. 9-13. Dublin, 1858-
59, 8vo. The Society.

University Zoological and Botanical Association. Proceed-
ings, vol. 1, pt. 1. Dublin, 1858, 8vo. The Association.
Edinburgh : —
Botanical Society.

Transactions, vol. 1, part 3 ; vols. 2, 3, 4, & 5 ; and vol. 6,

part 1. Edinburgh, 1844-58, 8vo.
Annual Eeports, 6, 7, & 8. lb. 1844, 8vo.
Proceedings for the years 1855 & 56. lb. 8vo.

The Society.

Eoyal Society. Proceedings, no. 48. Edinburgh, 1857-58,

8vo. The Society.

Erankfurt-a.-M. : — Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gresell-

schaft. Band 2, Heft 2. Erankfurt-a.-M., 1858, 4to.

The Society.

Geneva: — Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle. Me-

moires, tome 14, partie 2. Greneve, 1858, 4to. The Society.

Giessen: — Oberhessische Gresellschaft fiir Natur- und Heil-

kunde. Bericht 7. Giessen, 1859, 8vo. The Society.

Gottingen : — Konigl. Gesellschaft der "Wissenschaften. Nach-

richten von 1857 und 1858. Gottingen, 8vo.

The Society.
Lausanne : — Societe Yaudoise des Sciences Naturelles.

Bulletin, tome 3, no. 26 ; tome 5, no. 42, and tome 6, no. 43.

Lausanne, 1858, 8vo.
Catalogue de sa Bibliotheque. lb. 1858, 8vo.

The Society.

Leeds: — Philosophical and Literary Society. Eeport (38th).

Leeds, 1858, 8vo. The Society.

Ley den : — Nederlandsche Entomologishe Yereeniging. Tijd-

schrift voor Entomologie ; onder Eedactie van Prof. J. van

der Hoeven, &c., deel 1, and deel 2, ail. 1 & 2. 'Sgraven-

hage en Leiden, 1857-58, 8vo. The Society.

Liverpool : — Literary and Philosophical Society, Proceedings,

no. 12. Liverpool, 1858, 8vo. The Society.

London : —

Admiralty. Eeport on the Teneriffe Astronomical Experi-
ment of 1856. By Prof. C. P. Smyth. London, 1838, 4to.
The Lords Commissioners or the Admiralty.

liv ADDITIONS TO THE LIBEART.

Titles. Donoes.

Academies and Societies (continued).
London {continued) : —
Art-Union.

Eeport of the Council for 1858 : with a List of the Members.

London, 1858, 8vo.

Ahnanack for 1859. lb. 12mo. The Abt-Union.

British Association. Eeport of the 27th Meeting. London,

1858, 8vo. The Association.

British Pomological Society. Transactions, nos. 1-3. London,

1855-57, 8vo. The Society.

Entomological Society. Transactions. New Series, vol. 4,

parts 5-9, and vol. 5, part 1. London, 1857-59, 8vo.

The Society.
Geological Society. Quarterly Journal, vol. 14, parts 3 & 4,
and vol. 15, parts 1, 2. London, 1858-59, 8vo.

The Society.
Medical and Chirurgical Society.

Transactions, vol. 41. London, 1858, 8vo.
Proceedings, vol, 2, no. 2, and vol. 3, no. 1. Ih. 1858-59, 8vo.

The Society.
Microscopical Society : — v. Journals.
Pharmaceutical Society : — v. Jov/rnals.
Eoyal Society.

Philosophical Transactions, vol. 147, part 3, and vol. 148,

parts 1 «fe 2. London, 1858-59, 4to.
Proceedings, nos. 32-34. Ih. 1858-59, 8vo.
List of the Members, Nov. 30, 1858. Ih. 4to.

The Society.

Eoyal Agricultural Society. Journal, vol. 19. London, 1858,

8vo. The Society.

Eoyal Geographical Society. Proceedings, vol. 2, nos. 3-6,

and vol. 3, nos. 1-3. London, 1858-59, 8vo.

The Society.
Eoyal Institution.

Lectures on Education, delivered at the E. I. London,

1855, 8vo.
List of the Members, &c. ; with the Eeport of the Visitors

for 1857. Ih 1858, 8vo.
Notices of the Meetings, part 8. Ih. 1858, 8vo.

The Institution.

Society of Arts. Journal, nos. 293-344. London, 1858-59,

Svo. The Society.

additions to the libkary. iv

Titles. Donors.

Academies and Societies (continued).
London (continued) : —

University of London. E-eport of a Committee appointed to
consider the propriety of establishing a Degree or Degrees
in Science. London, 1858, 8vo. The University.

Zoological Society.

Transactions, vol. 4, pt. 5. London, 1858, 4to.
Proceedings, nos. 350-62. lb. 1858, 8vo.

Illustrations to ditto for 1857. lb, 8vo.

New Series, parts 1-3. lb. 1858, 8vo.

List of the Members, for 1858. lb. 8vo. The Society.
Lyons : —

Academic des Sciences, &c. Memoires, Nouv. Serie. Classe

des Sciences, tomes 6 & 7. Lyon, 1856-57, 8vo ; and Classe

des Lettres, tomes 5 & 6. lb. 1856-58, 8vo. The Academt.

Societe d' Agriculture, &c. Annales des Sciences Physiques

et Naturelles. 2^ serie, tome 8, and 3® ser., tome 1. Lyon,

1856-57, 8vo. The Society.

Societe Linneenne. Annales, Nouv. Serie, tomes 3 & 4. Lyon,

1856-57, 8vo. The Society.

Madras : — Literary Society. Madras Journal of Literature and

Science. New Series, vols. 1-3. Madras, 1856-58, 8vo.

The Society, through Dr. Cleghorn, F.L.S.

Malvern : — Naturalists' Eield Club. Transactions, part 2.

Malvern, 1858, 8vo. The Club.

Manchester : — Literary and Philosophical Society.

Memoirs. Second Series, vol. 15, part 1. London, 1858, 8vo.
Proceedings, nos. 1-14. lb. 1857-58, 8vo. The Society.
Missouri : — University. Geological Survey.

Annual Keports, 1 and 2, by G-. C. Swallow, State Geolo-
gist. Jefferson City, 1855, 8vo. The University.
Moscow : — Societe Imp. des Naturalistes. Bulletin, t. 30, nos.
2-4, and t. 31, no. 1. Moscou, 1857-8, 8vo. The Society.
Munich : — Konigl. Bayerische Akademie der "Wissenschaften.
Abhandlungen, Band 8, Abth. 2. Miinchen, 1858, 4to.
Gelehrte Anzeigen, Band 45-47. lb. 1857-58, 4to.
Festrede iiber Johannes Miiller, von Dr. T. L. W. Bis-
choff. lb. 1858, 4to. The Academy.
Netherlands, Entomological Society of: v. Ley den.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne : — Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club, vol.
3, part 4, and vol. 5, part 1. Newcastle-upon-Tyne,
1858, 8vo. The Club.

Ivi ADDITIONS TO THE LIBKAKT.

Titles. Donoes.

Academies and Societies {continued).

Ohio :— Board of Agriculture, Aiinual Beport (llth). Columbus,

1857, 8vo. The Board of Eegei^ts.
Oxford and Cambridge: — Entomological Societies. Accen-
tuated List of tbe British Lepidoptera. London, 1858,
8vo. The Publisher ?

Paris : — Societe Botanique. Bulletin, tome 5, nos. 2-9. Paris,

1858, 8vo. The Society.
Petersburg : — Acad^mie Imp. des Sciences. Comptes rendus,

1856-57. St. Petersbourg, 1857-58, 8vo.

The Academy.
Pfalz : — PoUichia ; Naturhistorisclier Verein. Jahresbericht 15.
Landau in der Pfalz, 1857. The Association.

Philadelphia : —
Academy of Natural Sciences.

Journal. New Series, vol. 4, part 1. Philadelphia, 185$,

fol.
Proceedings for 1858 ; sheets 7-20. Xb. 8vo.

The Academy.

American Philosophical Society. Proceedings, vol. 6, nos.

57 & 58. Philadelphia, 8vo. The Society.

St. Louis, Missouri : — Academy of Science. Transactions, vol. 1,

no. 2. St. Louis, 1858, 8vo. The Academy.

Stettin : Entomologischer Verein.

Entomologische Zeitung, Jahrg. 19. Stettin, 1858, 8vo.
Linnsea Entomologica. Band 13. Leipzig, 1859, 8vo.

The Association.
Stockholm : — Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademien.

Handlingar. Ny Foljd, Band 1, Haftet 2. Stockholm,

1858, 4to.
Ofversigt, Arg. 14. Ih. 1858, 8vo.

Kongl. Svenska Pregatten ' Eugenics ' Eesa omkring

Jorden, under Befal af C. A. Virgin, 1851-53.— Hiift

1-5. Stockholm, 1857-58, 4to. The Academy.

Strasburg: — Societe d'Histoire Naturelle. Memoires, tomes

2-4. Paris, 1835-53, 4to. The Society.

Turin : E. Accademia delle Scienze. Memorie, Serie 2, tomo

17. Torino, 1858, 4to. The Academy.

Victoria : —

Pharmaceutical Society. Quarterly Journal, vol. 1, nos. 2-4.
Melbourne, 1858, 8vo. De. P. Mullee, F.L.S.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBBARY. Ivii

Titles. Donobs.

Academies and Societies {continued).
Victoria (continued) : —

Philosophical Society. Transactions, vol. 1. Ih. 1855, 8vo.
Philosophical Institute. Transactions, vol. 1, & vol. 2, parts
1 & 2. IK 1857-58, 8vo. Db. F. Mulleb, F.L.S.

Victorian Institute for the Advancement of Science. Trans-
actions, &c. for 1854-55. 11. 1855, 8vo.

Db. F. MiJLLEB, E.L.S.
Vienna : —

Kaiserl. Akademie der "Wissenschaften.

Denkschriften, Mathem.-naturw. Classe, Band 14. "Wien,

1858, 4to.
Sitzungsberichte. Mathem.-Nat. Classe, Band 24, Heft 3 ;
Band 25, 26, 27, Heft 1 ; Band 28 & 29, and 30, Heft
1. Ih. 1857-8, 8vo.
Almanach. Jahrg. 8. Ih. 1858, 8vo.
Pestrede, von Dr. T. G-. von Karajan, Oct. 29, 1857. Ih.
8vo. The Academy.

K. K. Centralanstalt fur Meteorologie und Erd-Magnetis-
mus ; von Karl Kreil. Band 5. Wien, 1858, 4to.

The Acad, op Sciences, Vienna.
K^. K. Geologische Eeichsanstalt. Jahrbiicher, Jahrgang 8,
nos. 2-4, and Jahrg. 9, nos. 1-4. "Wien, 1857-58, 8vo.

The Institute.
Wiener Museum der Naturgeschichte. Annalen, Band
1 & 2. Wien, 1835-40, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Washington : — Smithsonian Institution.

Baird (S. F.) Catalogue of the N. American Mammals in

the Museum of the S. I. Washington, 1857, 4to.
Osten Socken (E.) Catalogue of the Diptera of JN". Ame-
rica. Washington, 1858, 8vo.
Henry (Jos.) Meteorology in connexion with Agriculture.
Washington, 1858, 8vo.

The Institution.
Wiirzburg : — Physikalisch-medicinische G-esellschaft. Verhand-
lungen, Band 9, Heft 1-3. Wiirzburg, 1858-59, 8vo.

The Society.

Ziirich : — Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Vierteljahrsschrift :

redigirt von Dr. E. Wolf. Jahrg. 2, & J. 3, Heft 1 & 2.

Ziirich, 1857-58, 8vo. The Society.

Iviii ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

Titles. Donors.

Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire Naturelle des Zoo-
phytes, par Lamouroux. Paris, 1824, 4to.

H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

Histoire Naturelle des Vers ; par Bruguiere,

Lamarck, &c., tomes 2 & 3. Ih. 1830-32, 4to.

H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.
Tableau Encyclopedique et Methodique, &c. Vers, Co-
quilles, &c. ; par Bruguiere, tomes, 1-3. Ih. 1827, 4to.

H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.
Memorial on Decimal Weights, presented to the Et. Hon.
B. Disraeli, M.P., March 19, 1859. London, 1859, 8vo.

J. Yates, Esq., F.R. & L.S.

Adams (C. B.) Contributions to Conchology, vol. 1. New York,

1849-52, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

. Catalogue of Shells from Panama. Ih. 1852, 4to.

H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.
Adams (H. & A.) Genera of Eecent MoUusca, vols. 1-3. London,

1858, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Agardh (C. A.) Larobok i Botanik. Afdel. 1. Malmo, 1829-30,

8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Icones Algarum ineditse. Ed. nova. Lundae, 1846, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Agardh (J. G-.) Eecensio specierum generis Pteridis. Lundae,

1839, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Algae Maris Mediterranei et Adriatici. Parisiis, 1842, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
In systemate Algarum hodierna adversaria. Lundae, 1845,

Svo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

" De Cellula Yegetabili, fibrillis tenuissimis contexta. Lundae,

1852, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Albers (J. C.) Die Heliceen, &c. Berlin, 1850, 8vo.

Malacographia Maderensis. Ih. 1854, 4to.

H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.
Allemao (F. F.) Plantas novas do Brasil. Bio de Janeiro,

1844-49, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

AUman (G-. J.) Monograph of the freshwater Polyzoa, British

and Foreign. London, 1856, fol. E. Kippist, Libr. L.S.

Ambrosi (F.) Flora del Tirolo Meridionale, vol. 2, punt 2, 8vo.

The Author.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. lix

Titles. Donors.

Amici (Gr. B.) Descrizione di alcune specie di Chara. 4to. Mo-

dena, 1827. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Andersson (N. J.) Salices Boreali-AmericansB. Cambridge, Mass.,

1858, 8vo. Dr. Asa Gray, F.M.L.S.

Anton (H. E.) Verzeichniss der Concliylien in seiner Sammlung.

Halle, 1839, 4to. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Bache ( ) Eeport of the Superintendent of the Coast Survey for

1856. Washington, 1856, 4to. Prof. Bache.

Bailey (J. W.) American Bacillaria, pts. 1-3. (Amer. Joum. of

Sc. and Arts, vols. 41-43). 1841-42, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq.
Baird (W.) Natural History of British Entomostraca. London,

1850, 8vo. E. Kippist, Libr. L.S.
Barclay (J.) Inquiry into the Opinions, ancient and modern, con-
cerning Life and Organization. Edinburgh, 1822, 8vo.

T. Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.
Barneoud (F. M.) Monographie des Cruciferes du Chili. (Extr.
du ' Flora Chilena' de C. Gay.) Paris, 1845, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
— Monographie generale des Plantaginees. Ih. 1845, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Barry (M.) On the Nucleus of the Animal and Vegetable

" CeU." Edinburgh, 1847, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

* Ueber die schraubenformige BeschafFenheit der Elementar-

fasern der Muskeln, &c. ; uebersetzt von Prof. Purkinje. Berlin,

1851, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq. Sec. L.S.
Bartling (F. T.) and Wendland (H, L.), Diosmese descriptse et

illustratse. Gottingae, 1824, 8vo. J. »T. Bennett, Esq.

Basiner (T. F. J.) Enumeratio Monographica Specierum generis

Hedysari. Petropoli, 1846, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Beck (H.) Index MoUuscorum prsesentis sevi Mussei..,Christiani

Frederici. Hafniae, 1837, 4to. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Bischoff (G. W.) Bemerkungen liber die Lebermoose : vorziiglich

...Marchantieen und Eiccieen. (Ex. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur.,

vol. 17.) 1835, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Blainville (H. M. D. de) Manuel de Malacologie et de Conchy-

liologie. Paris, 1825, 8vo.

Planches. Ih. 1827, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Cours de Physiologic, generale et comparee, tomes 1-3.

Ih. 1829, 8vo. T. Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.

Blake (W. P.) Observations on the Physical Geography, &c., of

the Coast of California. 1855, 4to. Prof. Bache.

Ix ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRAiiy.

Titles. Dokoes.

Blasius (G.) Miscellanea Anatomica. Amstelodami, 1673, 8vo.

T. Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.

Zootomiae, seu Anatomes variorum Animalium, pars 1. Ih.

1676, 8vo. T. Bell, Esq., Pres., L.S.

Blumenbach (J. F.) Elements of Physiology ; translated by John
Elliotson, M.D. 4th edition. London, 1828, 8vo.

T. Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.
Boissier (E.) et Eeuter (Gr.) Diagnoses Plantarum novarum His-
panicarum. Grenevse, 1842, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq. Sec. L.S.

Bongard (G-. H.) and Meyer (C. A.), Yerzeichniss der im J. 1838

am Saisang-Nor und am Irtysch gesammelten Pflanzen. St.

Petersburg, 1841, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Bouchard- Chantereaux ( ) Catalogue des Mollusques Marins...

sur les cotes du Boulonnais. 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Bourguignat (J. E.) Catalogue raisonne des Mollusques receuillis

par M. E. de Saulcy. Paris, 1853, 4to. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

Amenites Malacologiques, tome 1. Ih. 1856, 8vo.

H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.
Bowdich (T.) Elements of Cpnchology, part 2. Paris, 1822, 8vo.

H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.
Boys (Gul.) Testacea minuta rariora. London, 1784, 4to.

H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.
Braun"(A.) Betrachtungen liber die Erscheinung der Yerjungung
in der Natur. Leipzig, 1851, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Braun (A.), Klotzsch, &c. Species novse et minus cognitse Horti

E. Bot. Berolinensis. 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

. Appendix specierum novarum, &c., quae in horto E.

Bot. Berolinensi coluntur. 1853, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Breidenstein (W.) Mikroskopische Pflanzenbilder. Darmstadt,

1856, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Brongniart (A.) Memoire sur la famille des Bruniacees. Paris,

1826, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Cambessedes (J.) Monographic du genre Spiraea. Paris, 1824,

8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Enumeratio Plantarum quas in Insulis Balearibus coUegit.

Ih. 1827, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Memoire sur les Ternstroemiacees et Guttiferes. Ih. 1828,

4to. J, J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

ADDITIOTfS TO THE LIBEABT. Ixi

Titles. Donors.

Cambessedes (J.) Description d'un genre nouveau de la fam. des
G-eraniacees. (Mem. du Mus., tome 18.) 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Note sur deux genres nouveaux...des Sapindacees. (N. Ann.

Mus. d'Hist. Nat., t. 3.) 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Carpenter (P. P.) Catalogue of the Eeigen Collection of Mazatlan
Mollusca in the British Museum. "Warrington, 1855-57, 8vo.

H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Carpenter (W. B.) Vegetable Physiology and Systematic Botany;
edited by E. Lankester, M.D., E.E.S., F.L.S. London, 1858,
8vo. The Editor.

Cams (C. Gr.) Traite elementaire d'anatomie comparee, traduit
de I'allemand, par A. J. L. Jourdan. Tomes 1-3. Paris, 1835,
8vo. T. Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.

Casaretto (J.) Novarum stirpium Brasiliensium decades. Genuse,
1842, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Caspary (J. X. E.) Diss, inaug. de Nectariis. ElverfeldsB, 1848,
4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Cassini (H.) Opuscules Phytologiques. 3 tomes. Paris, 1826-34,
8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Cesati (V.) Saggio su la Geografia Botanica e su la Flora della
Lombardia. Milano, 1844, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Chavannes (E.) Monographic des Antirrhinees. Paris, 1833, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Chenu (J. .C) Bibliotheque Conchyliologique, tomes 1--4. (Dono-
van, Martin, Leach, Conrad, Say, Montague, &c.) Paris, 1845^6,
8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

(Transactions de la Societe Linneenne de Londres).

Ih. 1845, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Lemons elementaires sur I'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux.

ConcJiyliologie. Ih. 1847, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Chevalier (C.) Des Microscopes at de leur usage. Paris, 1839,
8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Chitty ( ) Contributions to Conchology. 1853, 8vo.

H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Choisy (J. D.) Convolvulacese Orientales et qusedam Australasicae.

4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

De Convolvulaceis dissertatio 3 {Cuscutd). 1841, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L S.

Note sur les Convolvulacees du Bresil. Geneve, 1844, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Ixii ADDITIONS TO THE LIBJBART.

Titles. Donors.

Choisy (J. D.) Considerations sur la famille des Nyctaginees.

1848, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Description des Guttiferes de I'lnde et d'Amerique. 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Memoire sur les families des Ternstrcemiacees et Camel-

liacees. Greneve, 1855, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Cobbold (T. S.) Article " Euminantia," from the Cyclopaedia of

Anatomy and Physiology. 8vo. The Authob.

CoUingwood (C.) Inaugural Address on the scope and tendency

of Botanical Study. London, 1858, 8vo. The Authoe.

Conrad (T. A.) American Marine Conchology. Philadelphia,

1831, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

New Freshwater Shells of the United States. Ih. 1834, 8vo.

H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Monograph of the Family of Unionidse of N. America. Ih.

1836, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Cosson (E.) and G-ermain (E.) Observations sur quelques plantes
, critiques des environs de Paris. Paris, 1840, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Costa (O. Gr.) Eisultamenti del viaggio per le Coste deU' Adri-
atico e del lonio, &c. Napoli, 1843, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Crawfurd (J.) China and its Trade. Leeds, 1858, 8vo.

Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society.
Curtis (J.) Farm Insects, part 1. Glasgow, 1857, 8vo.

The Author.

Dana (J. D.) Review of Marcou's ' G-eology of North America.'

1858, 8vo. The Author.

Daudin (F. M.) Histoire Naturelle...des E;eptiles, tomes 1-8.

Paris, an X.-XL, 8vo. T. Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.

Davy (Sir H.) Six Discourses, delivered before the Roj^al Society,

at their Anniversary Meetings, in 1820-26. London, 1827, 4to.

The Koyal Society.
Decaisne (J.) Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur la
Garance. Bruxelles, 1837, 4to

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Memoire sur la famille des Lardizabalees. (Archives du

Mus., tome 1.) Paris, 1839, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Plantes de I'Arabie Heureuse. {Ih. tome 2.) Ih. 1839, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRART. Ixiii

Titles. Donors.

Decaisne (J.) Memoire sur le developpement du Pollen, de
r Ovule, &c., du Gui {Viscum alhum). Bruxelles, 1840, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

DeCandolle (A. P.) Memoire sur quelques genres nouveaux de la

faraille des Buttneriacees. (Mem. du Mus., tome 10.) 1823,

4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Memoires sur la famille des Legumineuses. (Liv. 1-8.) Paris,

1825-6, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Eevue de la famille des Lythraires. Greneve, 1826, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Eevue de la famille des Portulacees. (M§m. Soc. Hist. Nat.

Paris, tome 4.) 1827, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Organographie Yegetale. 2 tomes. Paris, 1827, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Eevue de la famille des Cactees. II. 1829, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

; Memore sur la famille des Loranthacees. Ih. 1830, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Physiologic Yegetale. Tome 1. Ih. 1832, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Memoire sur la famille des Yalerianees. Ih. 1832, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Memoire su la famille des Myrtacees. Geneve, 1842, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

DeCandolle (A. P. & Alph.) Monstruosites Yegetales. 1" fasc.

Neuchatel, 1841, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

DeCandolle (A. P.) & Sprengel (K.) Grundziige der Wissen-

schaftlichen Pflanzenkunde. Leipzig, 1820, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

DeCandolle (Alph.) Monographic des Campanulees. Paris, 1830,

4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Introduction a I'etude de la Botanique. 2 tomes. Paris,

1835. 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

De Haan (J.) MonographisB Ammoniteorum et Goniatiteorum

specimen. Lugd. Batav., 1825. 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

De Kay (J. E.) Zoology of New York, part 5. Mollusca. Albany,

1843, 4to. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

Desfontaines (E.) Choix de Plantes du Corollaire des Instituts

de Tournefort. Paris, 1808, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Catalogus Plantarum Horti Eeg. Parisiensis. Ed. 3. Ih.

1829, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Ixiv ADDITIONS TO THE LTBRAET.

Titles. Donors.

Deshayes (G. P.) Anatomie, &c., du genre Dentale. 1825, 4to.

H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.
Draparnaud (J. P. B.) L'Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques, ter-
restres et fluviatiles, de la France. Paris (An. XIII.), 4to.

H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.
Complement, par A. L. G. Michaud. Verdun, 1831.

H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

Duclos (P. L.) Histoire Naturelle ... de tous les genres de Co-
quilles Univalves Marines. — Monographies des genres Olive et
Colomhelle, Paris, 1835. fol. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

Dunal (E.) Eloge historique de A. P. de Candolle. Montpellier,
1842, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Petit Bouquet Mediterran6en. Ih. 1847, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Introduction au travail de M. E. Eabre, sur la Metamorphose

de 2 ^gilops en Triticum. Ih. 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

: Description de Pinus Salzmanni. Ih. 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Dureau de la Malle ( ) Climatologie de 1' Italic et de TAnda-
lousie. Paris, 1849, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Dyson (D.) Land- and Freshwater Shells ... around Manchester.
Manchester, 1850, 12mo. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Ebel (G-.) Diss. Bot. de Armerise genere. Begiom. Prussor., 1840,
4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Edgeworth (M. P.) Catalogue of Plants found in the Banda Dis-
trict, 1847-49. (Mooltan, 1851.) 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Ehrenberg (C. Gr.) Ueber das Pollen der Asclepiadeen. Berlin,
1831, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Elkan (L.) Tentamen Monographiae generis Papaver. Regio-
monti Boruss., 1839, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Eudlicher (S.) Atakta Botanica : nova genera et species Planta-
rum, descripta et illustrata ; fasc. 1-4. Fol. VindobonsD, 1833-
34. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Stirpium Australasicarum Herbarii Hiigeliani decades 3.

Ih. 1838, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

V. Schott.

Eudlicher (St.) and Fenzl. (Ed.) Sertum Cabulicum, fasc. 1. Vin-
dobouae, 1836, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBEARY. Ixv

Titles. Donoes.

Fabre (E.) et Duual (F.) Observations sur les Maladies regnantea
de la Vigne. Montpellier, 1853, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Fabricius (J. C.) Species Insectorum. Tomi 2. Hamburgi, &c.,

1781, 8vo. T. Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.

Fee (A. L. A.) Flore de Theocrite et des auteurs bucoliques Grecs.

Paris, 1832, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L. S.

Memoire sur le groupe des Phylleriees ; et notamment sur le

genre Erineum. lb. 1834, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Memoire sur I'Ergot du Seigle, &c. 1®"" Memoire. Stras-
bourg, 1843, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Porliera hygrometrica, E. & P. 1858, 8vo. The Author.

Fenzl (E.) Versuch einer Darstellung der Greographiscben Yer-
breitungs- und Yertbeilungs-Verhaltnisse der ... Alsineen in
der Polar region, &c. Wien, 1833, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L. S.

Monograpbie der MoUugineen. 2*^^ Artikel. 1839, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Die Grattung Tetradiclis, Steven. (Linnsea, Bd. 15.) 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S,

Pemptas stirpium no varum Capensium. Halis ad Salam,

1843, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

— Plantarum generum et specierum novarum, decas 1. (Flora,

1843.) 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Ueber die Stellung der Gattung Oxera im natiirlichen Sy-

steme. 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Darstellung und Erlauterung 4...Pflanzen-Gattungen (Car-

podetus, Anisadenia, Cevallia, Bhigozum), &c. 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Nova qu8Bdam genera et species Plantarum Yascularium.

Wien, 1849, fol. J. J, Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Ferguson (W.) Description of tbe Palmyra Palm of Ceylon. Co-
lombo, 1850, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Ferussac (J. B. L. de) Histoire Naturelle des MoUusques terres-
tres et fluviatiles. 2 tomes et atlas. Paris, 1819-51, fol.

H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.8.

Filippi (F. de) Lettera sopra I'anatomia e lo sviluppo delle Clep-
sine. Pavia, 1839, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Memoria sullo sviluppo del Gbiozzo d'Acqua Dolce (Gobius

fluviatilis). Milano, 1841, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S,

LTNN. PEOC. e

kvi ADDITIONS TO TUE LIBRARY.

Titles. Donobs.

Fitch (A.) Eeports 1 & 2 on the noxious, &c., Insects of the State

of New York. Albany, 1856, 8vo. The Atjthoe.

Elourens ( ) Eloge historique de Pyramus de Candolle. Paris,

1842, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Forbes (E.) and Hanley (S.) History of British Mollusca. 4 vols.

London, 1853, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Fresenius (Gr.) Beitrage zur Flora von Abyssinien. 4to.

J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Freycinet (L. de.) Voyage autour du Monde, de rUranie et la
Physicienne, in 181 7-20. Partie historique, tome 1 ; & tome 2,
ptie. 1. Paris, 1825-9, 4to.

Atlas historique. Ih. 1825- , fol.

Zoologie, par Quoy & Graimard. Atlas, fol.

Botanique, par Charles G-audichaud. Texte. Paris, 1826, 4to.

Atlas. lb. 1826, fol. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Fritzsche (J.) Beitrage zur Kenntniss des Pollens. Heft 1. Berlin,
&c., 1832, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Diss, inaug. de Plantarum PoUine. Ih. 1833, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Ueber den Pollen der Pflanzen und das PoUenin (Poggend.

Annal., Bd. 32). 1834, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Fuchs (J. N. V.) Gesammelte Schriften : redigirt . . . von Dr. C.
G-. Kaiser. Miinchen, 1856, 4to.

De. von Maetius, F.M.L.S.

Grardner (Gi-.) Eeport on the E. Botanic Garden at Peradenia,

Kandy. Colombo, 1845, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Gasparrini (G.) Nova genera qusB super nonnullis Fici speciebus

struebat. Neapoli, 1844, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Nuove Eicerche sulla struttura dei Cistomi. Ih. 1844, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Eicerche sulla natura del Caprifico, e del Fico. Ih. 1845,

4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Gaudichaud (C.) Voyage de la Bonite. Botanique, fasc. 1.

Paris, fol. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

V. Freycinet.

Gay ( ) Monographic des genres Xeranthemum et Chardinia.
Paris, 1827, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Gerard ( ) De la Zoog^nie et de la distribution des etres orga-
nises a la surface du globe. Paris, 1845, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. Ixvii

Titles. Donors.

Gibson (A.) Ed. Tours for scientific, &c., research, made in Gru-

zerat, &c., in 1787-88, by Dr. Hove. Bombay, 1855, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Godron (D. A.) Elorula Juvenalis. 2^" edition. Nancy, 1854, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Quelques Notes sur la Flore de Montpellier. Besangon,

1854, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Goethe (J. "W. de) Essai sur la Metamorphose des Plantes :

traduit de I'Allemand par M. F. de Gingens-Lassaraz. 8vo.

Geneve, 1829. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Goodsir (J. & H. D. S.) Anatomical and Pathological Observations.

Edinburgh, 1845, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Gould (A. A.) United States Exploring Expedition in 1838-42,

under the command of Capt. H. Wilkes, U.S.N. — MoUuscaand

Shells. Boston, 1852, 4to.

Atlas. Ih. fol. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Gould (J.) Introduction to the Birds of Australia. London, 1848,

8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Grateloup ( ) Memoire sur plusieurs especes de Coquilles, &c.

Bordeaux, 1840, 8vo. H. Ctjmino, Esq., F.L.S.

Gray (A.) Monograph of the N. American species of Ehyncho-

spora. (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., New York, vol. 3.) 1834, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Notes on some Eubiacese collected in the U.S. Exploring

Expedition under Capt. Wilkes. 8vo. The Author.
Genera Florae Americas Boreali-orientalis,illustrata, voU. 1.&2.

Boston & New York, 1848-49, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq.,Sec.L.S.
V. Torrey.

Gray (G. E.) Ed. Notices of Insects that are known to form the
bases of Fungoid Parasites. London, 1858, 4to. The Editor.

Gray (J. E.) Fauna of New Zealand. 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Gris (A.) Eecherches microscopiques sur la Chlorophylle, &c.
Paris, 1857, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Grisebach (A.) Systematische Untersuchungen liber die Vegeta-
tion der Karaiben ; insbesondere der Insel Guadeloupe. Got-
tingen, 1857, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Guerin-Meneville (F. E.) Magasin de Zoologie. Mollusques et
Zoophytes. Paris, 1831-49, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Kevue Zoologique, 1838-48. Ih. 8vo.

2* serie, tomes 1-10. lb. 1849-58, 8vo.

H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

6^2

Ixviii ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRABY.

Titles. Donors.

Gruibourt ( ) Memoire sur les sues astringents connus sous les
noms de Cachou, G-ambie, et Kino. Paris, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Gruillard(A.)Theoriederinflorescence. 1857, 8vo. The Author.

Gussone (G-.) Notizie sulle Isole Linosa, Lampione, e Lampedusa.

1832, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Haldeman (S. S.) Monograph of the Freshwater Univalve Mol-

lusca of the United States. Philadelphia, 1842, 8vo.

H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.
Haller (A.) Opuscula Botanica. Gottingae, 1749, 8vo.

G. W. Grieeith, Esq., M.D., E.L.S.

■ First Lines of Physiology. Edinburgh, 1801, 8vo.

T. Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.
Hallier (E.) De Oycadeis quibusdam fossilibus. Jense, 1858, 8vo.

D. Hanbury, Esq., E.L.S.

Hanley (S.) Catalogue of recent Bivalve Shells. London, 1842-

56, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

' Conchological Miscellany. lb. 1854-8, 4to.

H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

Harris (T, "W".) Treatise on some of the Insects of New England

which are injurious to Vegetation. 2nd edition. Boston, 1852,

8vo. Sir Charles Lyell, E.R. & L.S.

Harting (P.) sur la nature et les causes de la Maladie des Pommes

de Terre en 1845. Amsterdam, 1846, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Hartman (C.) Annotationes de plantis Scandinavicis Herbarii
Linnaeani in Mus. Soc. Lin. Lond. asservati. 1849-51. 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Henderson (E. G-.) Illustrated Bouquet, parts 1-5. London,

1857-58, fol. Messrs. Henderson and Son.

Henfrey (A.) On the transformation of ^Egilops into Wheat.

London, 1858, 8vo. The Author.

On the structure of Eoots. lb. 1859, 8vo. The Author.

Herrmannsen (A. JS".) Indicis Generum Malacozoorum primordia,

voll. 2. Cassellis, 1846-49, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

Herschell (Sir J. E. W.) On Sensorial Vision. Leeds, 1858, 8vo.

Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society.

Hinds (R. B.) Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. " Sulphur,"

vol. 2 : MoUusca. London, 1844, 4to. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

His (C.) Notice sur les Grangers. Paris, 1829, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBEAllY. Ixix

Titles. Donoks.

Hofmeister (W.) Zur Morphologie der Moose. (Bericht der
K. Sachs. G-es, d. Wissensch., 1854.) 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Ueber die Fortpflanzung der Desmideen und Diatomaceen.

{lb. 1857.) 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Neuere Beobachtungen iiber Embryobilduiig der Phanero-

gamen. 1856, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Gefass-Kryptogamen, Ease. 2.

(Farrnkrauter, &c.) Leipzig, 1857, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq. Sec. L.S.
Holmes (F. S.) Remains of Domestic Animals discovered among

Post-pliocene Fossils in S. Carolina. Charleston, S. C, 1858,

8vo. The Authok.

Eooker (W. J.) British Flora, vol. 1. Phaenogamous Plants and

Ferns. 5th edition. London, 1842, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Species Filicum, vol. 2, parts 3 & 4. Ih. 1858, 8vo.

The Publisheb, W. Pamplin, A. L.S.
Beport on the Progress and Condition of the Boyal G-ardens

of Kew, from 1853 to 1859. Ih. 1859, 8vo.

Hee Majesty's Goveenment.
Hooker (W. J.) and Aruott (G. A. W.) Botany of Captain

Beechey's Voyage in H.M.S. ' Blossom,' in 1825-28, parts 1-5.

London, 1830-36, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Hooker (W. J.) and Bauer (F.) Genera Filicum ; or. Illustrations

of the Ferns and other allied genera. London, 1838-42, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Horaninow (P.) Primae Lineae Systematis Naturae. Petropoli,

1834, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Horsfield (T.) and Moore (F.) Catalogue of the Birds in the

Museum of the Hon. East India Company, vol. 2. London,

1856-58, 8vo. The Hon. Couet oe Dieectoes.

Howard (J. E.) and Fitch ("W.) Illustrations of the Nueva Quino-

logia of Pavon, part 1. London, 1859, fol. The Authoe.

Hiigel (C. Freih. v.) Botanisches Archiv, nos. 1 & 2. "Wien, 1837,

8vo. ^ J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Humphreys ( ) Catalogue of Shells. 1823, 8vo.

H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.
Hunter (Gul.) Anatomia Uteri Humani Gravidi; tabulis illus-

trata. Birmingham {Bashcrville), 1774, fol.

De. Alexandee Peioe, F.L.S.

ixx additions to the library.

Titles. Donors.

Hupe (H.) MoUusques receuillis pendant rexpedition dans les

parties centrales de T Amerique du Sud, sous . . . le C*** de Castel-

neau. Paris, 1857, 4to. H. Cuming, Esq., T.L.S.

Irmisch (T.) Beitrage zur vergleichenden Morphologic der Pflan-

zen, Abth. 2 & 3. HaUe, 1856, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Irvine (A.) Illustrated Handbook of British Plants. London,

1858, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Irwin (E. C.) The State and Position of "Western Australia.

London, 1835, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Jacquin (Freih. von) Ueber den Grinkgo. "Wien, 1819, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Jay (J. C.) Catalogue of Shells, 2nd edition. New York, 1836,

8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

3rd edition. lb. 1839, 4to. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

4th edition. lb. 1850, 4to. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

Jonas (J. H.) MoUuskologische Beitrage. 4to.

H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.
Journals : —

Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Parties Zoologique et Bota-
nique, tome 7, no. 6; tomes 8 & 9; and tome 10, nos. 1-3.
Paris, 1857-58, 8vo.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 3rd series, nos. 7-18.
London, 1858-59, 8vo.

The late E. Tatlob, Esq., E.E. & L.S., and

W. Erancis, Esq., Ph.D., E.L.S.

Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte ; von A. E. A. Wiegmann, W. E.

Erichson, &c., Jahrgang 1-9, and 24, Heft 1-4. Berlin,

1835-58, 8vo. Purchased.

Jahrg. 10-23. lb. 1844-57, 8vo.

G-. Busk, Esq., Under Sec. L.S.

Atlantis : a Eegister of Literature and Science, nos. 2 & 3.

London, 1858-59, 8vo. The Editors.

Botanical Magazine ; edited by SirW. J. Hooker, K.H., E.E.S.

and L.S., 3rd series, no. 163-174. London, 1858-59, 8vo.
Canadian Journal of Industry, Science, and Art, New Series,
nos. 19, 20, & 21. Toronto, 1859, 8vo.

The Canadian Institute ?
Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, nos. 27-52 for
1858, and nos. 1-25 for 1859. The Horticultural part edited
by Prof. Lindley. London, fol.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBEAKY. Ixxi

Titles. Donors.

Journals (continued) : —

Ibis : a Magazine of General Ornithology ; edited by P. L.
Sclater, Esq., M.A. Nos. 1 & 2. London, 1859, 8vo.

The Editoe.

Journal de Conehyliologie, par M. Petit de la Saussaye, tomes

1-4. Paris, 1850-53, 8vo. H. Cumin o, Esq., E.L.S.

2e serie, par MM. Fisclier and Bernardi, tomes 1-2. Ih.

1856-57, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Linnaea ; herausgegeben von D. E. L. von Schleehtendal, Band
28, Heft 6 ; and 29, Heft 1-4. HaUe, 1856-57, 8vo.

The Editor.

Literary Gazette. New Series, nos. 1-52. London, 1858-59,

4to. The Publishers.

Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief : onder Eedactie von "W. H.

de Yriese, &c., deel 4, stuk 3. Ley den, 1858, 8vo.

The Editors ?
Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions ; edited by Jacob Bell,
Esq., E.L.S. Nos. 205-216, London, 1858-59, 8vo.

The Pharmaceutical Society.
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 4th Series,
nos. 105-116. London, 1858-59, 8vo.

The late E. Taylor, Esq., E.E. & L.S., and
W. Erancis, Esq., Ph.D., F.L.S.
Phytologist. New Series, nos. 38-51. London, 1858-59, 8vo.

The Publisher.
Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science ; by E. Lankester,
Esq., M.D., and G. Busk, Esq. Nos. 24-27. London, 1858-59,
8vo. The Microscopical Society.

"Walpers. Annales Botanices systematicse, auctore Dr. Carlo
Miiller, torn. 4, and tom. 5, fasc. 1 & 2. Lipsise, 1857-59,
8vo.
Wochenschrift fiir Gartnerei und Pflanzenkunde : herausge-
geben von Dr. Karl Koch und G. A. Fintelmann. Jahrg. 1.
Berlin, 1858, 4to. Bn. K. Koch.

Junghuhn (Fr.) Plantse Junghuhnianae ; enumeratio plantarum
Ins. Javse et Sumatrse ; fasc. 1, 2, & 4. Lugd. Batav., 1851-55,
8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Cankrienia ; ein nieuw Geslacht . . . der Primulaceae. 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Jussieu (A. de) Memoires sur les Eutacees. Paris, 1825, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Ixxii

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

Titles. Donors.

Jussieu (A. de) Cours elementaire de Botanique. 2 parties.

Paris, 1844, 12mo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Taxonomie : coup d'oeil sur Thistoire et les principes des

classifications Botaniques. Ih. 1848, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Ker (J. B.) Iridearum genera; cum ordinis charactere naturali,

specierum enumeratione, &c. Bruxellis, 1827, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., F.L.S.
Kiener (L. C.) Species general et Iconographie des Coquilles

Yivantes. 10 vols. Paris, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

Kirschleger (E.) Essai historique de la Teratologic Yegetale.

Strasbourg, 1845, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Klein (J. Th.) Tentamen methodi Ostracologicse. Lugd. Batav.

1753, 4to. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

Klotzsch (J. E.) Pflanzen-Bastarde und Mischlinge. Berlin,

1854, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Begoniaceen-Grattungen und Arten. Ih. 1855, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Knorr (Gr. W.) Vergniigen der Augen und des Gemiiths ; in

Vorstellung einer Sammlung von Muscheln, &c. Theil 1-6

(in 2). Niirnberg, 1757-72, 4to. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.
Verlustiging der Oogen en van den G-eest. 2 deelen (in 1).

Amsterdam, 1770, 4to. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

Koch (Gr. D. J.) Generum Tribuumque Plantarum TJmbellifera-

rum nova dispositio. (Nov. Acta Acad. Nat. Cur., vol. 12.)

4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Kolliker (A.) Die Lehre von der Thierischen Zelle. 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Krauss (E.) Beitrage zur Flora des Cap- und Natal-Landes. Ee-

gensburg, 1846, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Sudafrikanische MoUusken. Stuttgart, 1848, 4to.

H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.
Kreysig (E. L.) Ueber die Cultur der Zwiebel- und Pracht-Ge-

wachse der Amaryllideen. Berlin, 1836, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Krocker (Herm.) Diss, inaug. de Plantarum Epidermide Obser-

vationes. Yratislavise, 1883, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq. Sec. L.S.
Kiichenmeister (E.) On Animal and Vegetable Parasites of the

Human Body : translated by E. Lankester, M.D., E.E. & L.S.

Yol. 2. London, 1857, 8vo. The Translator.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. Ixxiii

Titles. Donors.

Kunth (C. S.) Synopsis Plantarum quas in itinere ad plagam
TEquinoctialem Orbis Novi collegerunt Al. de Humboldt & Am.
Bonpland. Tomi 4. Parisiis, 1822-25, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Zwei Botaniscbe Abbandlungen. Ih. 1833, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Flora Berolinensis. Tomi 2. Berolini, 1838, 12mo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Kunth (K.) TJeber die Familie der Piperaceen. Halle, 1840,

8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Kiisten, (C. H.) Die Ohrschnecken {Auriculaced) . Niimberg,

1844, 4to. H. CuMiNO, Esq., E.L.S.

Kiitzing (F. T.) Species Algarum. Lipsiae, 1849, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

La Billardiere (J. J.) Sertum Austro-Caledonicum. Partes 2.

Parisiis, 1824-25, fol. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Lamarck (J. B.) Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Yertebres,

tomes 1-7. Paris, 1815-22, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Ed. 2, par. MM. Deshayes et Milne Edwards. Tomes

6-11. Ih. 1835-45, 8vo. H. Cumino, Esq., F.L.S.

Laskey (J.) Account of N. British Testacea. 8vo.

H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.
Lauren ti (J. N.) Specimen medicum ; exhibens Synopsin Eepti-
lium ; c. experimentis circa Yenense, &c. Yiennse, 1768, 8vo.

T. Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.
Lawson (G.) Papers read to the Botanical Society of Edinburgh.
Edinburgh, 1858, 8vo. The Author ?

Lea (Is.) Observations on the genus Unio. Yols. 1-6. Phila-
delphia (1834-57), 4to. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Synopsis of the Family of Naiades. lb. 1852, 4to:

H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.
Leidy (J.) Notices of remains of extinct Yertebrata, from the
Yalley of the Niobrara Eiver. Philadelphia, 1858, 8vo.

The Acad, or Nat. Sc, Philadelphia.
Lestiboudois (Th.) Phyllotaxie anatomique. Paris, 1848, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Leszcyc-Suminski {Graf.) Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der
Farrnkrauter. St. Petersburg, 1850, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Leuckart (F.S.) De Zoophy tis Coralliis, et speciatim degenere Fun-

gia. Friburgi Brisigav., 1841, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Ixxiv ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

Titles. Donors.

Leveille (J. H.) Notice sur le genre Agaric. Paris, 1840, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Liudley (John) Collectanea Botanica. London, 1821, fol.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Outline of the Eirst Principles of Botany. 2nd edition.

London, 1831, 12mo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Genera and Species of Orchideous Plants. Parts 4-7. lb.

1835-40, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Folia Orchidacea. Parts8&9. J6. 1859, 8vo. The Author.

Lindley (J.) & Bauer (E.) G-enera and Species of Orchideous
Plants. Parts 1-4. London, 1830-38, sm. fol.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Link (H. E.) Elementa PhilosophiaB Botanicse. Berolini, 1824,

Svo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Ed. altera. Tomi 2. Ih. 1837, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Icones Anatomico-Botanicse ; fasc. 1-3. Ih. 1837-38, fol.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Icones selectse Anatomico-Botanicae ; fasc. 1-4. Ih. 1839-

42. fol. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Eilicum Species, in Horto E. Botanico Berolinensi cultsB.

Ih. 1841, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S,

— Bemerkungen iiber den Bau der Orchideen. Iste Abh.

(Abh. K. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1849.) 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S,
Linnaeus (0.) Diary and Translations ; and M.S. Letters of Lin-
naeus to Mennander ; with translations of many of them.

Miss Wray.
Lister (M.) De Cochleis, tarn terrestribus quam fluviatilibus,

exoticis. Londini, 1685, sm. 4to. H. Cumino, Esq., F.L.S.
Conchyliorum Bivalvium, &c., exercit. anat. 3. Ih. 1696,

4to. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

Lowe (E. J.) Natural History of Eerns, British and Exotic.

Parts 71-94. London, 1858-59, 8vo. The Author.

Beautiful-leaved Plants, No. 1. Ih. 1859, 8vo. The Author.

Lowe (E. T.) Primitiae Eaunae et Florae Maderae, &c. Cambridge,

1831, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Lubbock (J.) On the Digestive and Nervous Systems of Coccus

Hesperidum. 1858, 8vo. The Author.

Lyell (Sir C.) On Lavas of Mt. Etna formed on steep Slopes, and

on Craters of Elevation. London, 1859, 4to. The Author.

additions to the libeaet. ixxv

Titles. Donors.

M^Gowan ( ) Notice sur T Usage des Perles en Chine ; et sur
leur production, &c. 8vo. The Atjthok?

Mackay (J. T.) Flora Hibernica. Dublin, 1836, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Magendie (F.) Journal de Physiologic, experimentale et patholo-

gique. Tomes 3-6. Paris, 1823-26, 8vo. T.Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.

Marschall a Bieberstein (L. B.) Elora Taurico-Caucasica ; tomus

3. Charkovige, 1819, 8vo. The Author.

Martins (C.) Index Seminum Horti Monspeliensis, anno 1858.

4to. The Author.

Martins (C. P. P. von) Beschreibung einiger neuen Nopaleen.

(Acta Acad. Nat. Cur., vol. 16.) 1832, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Die Eriocaulese, als selbststandige Pflanzen-Pamilie aufge-

stellt und erlautert. {lb. vol. 17.) 1833, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Plora Brasiliensis, vol. 1, pars 1. Stuttg. & Tubingse, 1833,

8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Beitrage zur Kenntniss der G-attung Erythroxylon. (Miin-

chen), 1840, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Mawe (J.) Linnean System of Conchology. London, 1823, 8vo.

H. CuMiNa, Esq., F.L.S.
Meckel (J. F.) Traite general d'anatomie comparee. Tomes 1-6.

Paris, 1828-30, 8vo. T. Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.

Meisner (C. F.) Plantarum Vascularium genera. Lip sia), 1836-43,

fol. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Synopsis ThymelsDarum, Polygonearum, et Begoniarum

Africse Australis. (Linnaea, vol. 14.) 1840, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Meneghini (G.) Cenni suUa Organografia e Fisiologia delle Alghe.

Padova, 1838. 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Menke (C. Th.) Synopsis methodica Molluscorum. Pyrmonti,

1830, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.
Molluscorum Novae Hollandise Specimen. Hannoverse, 1843,

4to. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Menke (K. T.) & PfeiiFer (L.) Zeitschrift fiir Malako-Zoologie.

Jahrg. 1-9. Hannover & Cassel, 1845-53, 8vo.

H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.
Mercklin (C. E. von) Beobachtungen an dem Prothallium der

Farrnkniuter. St. Petersburg, 1850, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Ixxvi ADDITIONS TO THE LIBEAKY.

Titles. Donors.

Merrem (B.) Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien. Marburg,

1820, 8vo. T. Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.

Metteuius (G.) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Ebizocarpeen. Frank-

furt-a-M., 1846, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Meyer (C. A.) Bemerkungeu iiber die Gattungen der Daphna-

ceen ohne perigynische Schuppen. 1843, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Versuch einer Mono graphic der Gattung Ephedra. St.

Petersburg, 1846, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Beitrage zur Pflanzenkunde des Eussischen Eeiches. Lief.

1 & 5. Ih. 1844-48, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Einige Pflanzenmissbildungen. (Bull, phys.-math., 1851.)

8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Meyer (E. H. F.) De Houttuynia atque Saurureis. Eegiomonti,

1827, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Commentarii de Plantis Africse Australioris, vol. 1, fasc.

1 & 2. LipsiaB, 1835-7, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Miquel (P. A. G.) Commentarii Phytographici, fasc. 2. Obs. de

Piperaceis et Melastomaceis. Lugduni Batav., 1840, fol.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Systema Piperacearum. Eoterodami, 1843, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Analecta Botanica Indica. Pars 1 & 3. Amsterdam, 1850

-53, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Cycadesa qusedam Americanse. Ih. 1851, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Mirbel ( ) Eecherches anatomiques, &c., sur le Marchantia

polymorpha. (Mem. de I'lnstit., tome 13.) 1835, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Eecherches sur I'auatomie et la physiologic des... Labi ees.

4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Mohl (H.) TJeber den Bau des Cycadeen-stammes. Miincheu,

1832, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Beitrage zur Anatomic und Physiologic der Gewachse.

Heft 1. Bern, 1834, 4to. J. J. Bennett; Esq., Sec. L.S.

Montagne (C.) Phycologie ; ou, Considerations generales sur 1' or-
ganogenic, &c., des Algues. Paris, 1847, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Notice sur ses travaux scientifiques. 4to. De. Montagne.

Moquin-Tandon (A.) Essai sur les Dcdoublemens, &c., d'organcs

danslesYegetaux, Paris, 1826, 4to. J. J.BENNETT,Esq.,8ec.L.S.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBEABT. Ixxvii

Titles. Do^fons.

Moquin-Tandon (A.) Chenopodearum Monograpliica Enumeratio.

Paris, 1840, 8vo. J. J. Bent^ett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Morch (C. A. L.) Catalogus Couchyliorum quae reliquit Dr.Kierulf.

Hafniae, 1850, 8vo. H. Cumij^g, Esq., E.L.S.
Catalogus Conchyliorum quae reliquit D. Alf. d'Aguirre.

Ih. 1852, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

Morelet (A.) Description des Mollusques du Portugal. Paris,

1845, 8vo. H. Cuming. Esq., E.L.S.

Testacea novissima Insulae Cubanae, &c. Ih. 1849, 8vo.

H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.
Mousson (A.) Die Land- und Siisswasser-MoUusken von Java.

Ziirich, 1849, sm. 4to. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

Miiller (E.) Eirst Greneral Eeport on the Vegetation of Victoria.

Melbourne, 1853, fol. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Eragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. Vol. 1, pp. 1-88. Ih.

1858. 8vo. The Author.

Annual Eeport of the Government Botanist and Director of

the Botanic Grarden, Melbourne. Ih. 1858, fol. The Authoe.

Eeport on the plants collected during Mr. Babbage's expedi-
tion into the N.W. interior of S. Australia in 1858. Melbourne,
1858, fol. The Authoe.

Nageli (K.) Zur Entwickelungs-geschichte des PoUens bei den
Phanerogamen. Ziirich, 1842, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Nees von Esenbeck (C. G-.) Handbuch der Botanik. 2 Bande.
Niirnberg, 1820-21, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Agrostologia Brasiliensis. Stuttgartiae et Tubingae, 1829,

8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Grenera et Species Asterearum. Vratislaviae, 1832, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Naturgeschichte der Europaischen Lebermoose. Bd. 1, 3, & 4.

Ih. 1833-8, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Systema Laurinarum. Berolini, 1836, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
— — — Elorae Africae Australioris lUustrationes Monographicae. 1.
Graminece. Glogaviae, 1841, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Nees ab Esenbeck (C. G.) & Martins (C. E. P.) Eraxinellae : Plan-

tarum Eamilia Naturalis. (Acta Acad. Nat. Cur., vol. 11.) 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Ixxviii ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

Titles. DoifORS.

Nolte (E. F.) Botanische Bemerkungen iiber Stratiotes und
Sagittaria. Kopenhagen, 1825, 4<to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Norman (J . M.) Quelques observations de Morphologie Y egetale.

Christiania, 1857, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Nylander (W.) Synopsis methodica Lichenum omnium liucusque

cognitorum. Ease. 1. Parisiis, 1858, 8vo.

J. D. Hooker, Esq., M.D., E.E. & L.S.

Expositio synoptica Pyrenocarpeorum. Andecavis, 1858, 8vo.

J. D. Hooker, Esq., M.D., E.E. & L.S.
Owen (E.) On the Archetype and Homologies of the Vertebrate
Skeleton. London, 184!8,*8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Paoli (D.) Eicerche sul Moto Molecolare de' Solidi. Eirenze,
1840, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Parker (W. K.) & Jones (T. E.) On the Nomenclature of the
Eoraminifera. 1859, 8vo. The Authors.
Parlatore (E.) Elora Italiana, vol. 1, & vol. 2, pt. 2. 8vo. Eirenze,
1850-57. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Yiaggio alia Catena del Monte Bianco e al Gran San Ber-
nardo, lb. 1850, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Memoire sur le Papyrus des Anciens, et sur le Papyrus de

Sicile. Paris, 1853, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Nuovi generi e nuove specie di Piante Monocotyledoni.

Eirenze, 1854, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Perry (G.) Conchology. London, 1811, fol.

H. CiTMiNO, Esq., E.L.S.
Pfeiffer (C.) Naturgeschichte deutscher Land- und Siisswasser-
MoUusken, Abth. 1-3. Weimar, 1821-8, 4to.

H. Cfmino, Esq., F.L.S.

Pfeiffer (L.) Kritisches Eegister in Martini und Chemnitz Konchy-

lien-Cabinet. Cassel, 1840, 8vo. H. Cumino, Esq., E.L.S.

Symbolse ad Historiam Heliceorum. lb. 1841, 8vo.

H. Cfming, Esq., E.L.S.

Die gedeckelten Lungenschnecken. (Helicinacea et Cyclo-

stomacea.) Niirnberg, 1846, 4to. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.
Monographia Heliceorum viventium, voU. 1-3. Lipsi83,

1848-53, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.
— Monographia Pneumopomorum viventium. Casselis, 1852,
8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.
. Supplem. 1. lb. 1858, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. Ixxix

Titles. Donors.

Pfeiffer (L.) Monographia Auriculaceorum viventium. Casselis,
1856, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Pliilippi (E. A.) Enumeratio Molluscorum SicilisB. — Vol. 1, Bero-
liiii, 1836, 4to.— Vol. 2, Halis Saxonum, 1844, 4to.

H. Cumin a, Esq., F.L.S.

Die Kreiselschnecken oder Trochoiden. (Gattungen Turbo,

Trochus, &c.) Nilrnberg, 1846, 4to. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer oder wenig gekann-

ter Conchylien. Band. 1-3. Cassel, 1845-51, 4to.

H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Handbucb der Concbyliologie und Malaco-zoologie. Halle,

1853, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Planchon (J. E.) De la concordance entre les formes, la structure,

les affinites des plantes, et leurs propriet6s medicinales. Mont-

pellier, 1851, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Poech (Jos.) Enumeratio Plantarum hucusque cognitarum Insulie

Cypri. Vindobonse, 1842, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Poey (F.) Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de la Isla de Cuba,

tomo 1. Habana, 1851, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Porter (Eev. J. S.) On the Metrical Systems of "Weights and

Measures. London, 1859, 8vo. Jas. Yates, Esq., F.E. & L.S.

Pouchet (F. A.) Theorie positive de la fecondation des Mammi-

feres. Paris, 1842, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Eaifeneau-Delile ( ) Centurie de plantes d'Afrique, recueillies

par M. Cailliaud. Paris, 1826. 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Eafinesque (C. S.) Monograph of fluviatile Bivalve Shells of the

Eiver Ohio. Philadelphia, 1832, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Easpail ( ) Memoire concernant I'ouverture que Grew a decrite

'..sur le Test des graines ; et Notice sur le genre Pontederia.

(Mem. du Mus., tome 14.) 1827, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq. Sec. L.S.

Eeeve (L.) Conchologia Iconica : Monographs of the genera Ca-

lyptrsea, Columbella, Crenatula, Crucibulum, Janthina, Litho-

domus, Littorina, Malleus, Meta, Modiola, Mytilus, Pedum,

Perna, Pinna, Trochita, Umbrella, and Vulsella. London,

1857-58, 4to. The Author.

Eeinhardt (J. T.) & Prosch (V.) On Sciadephorus Miilleri. Kjo-

benhavn, 1846, 4to. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Eemy (E. J.) Monografia delas Compuestas de Chili. Paris, 1849,

8vo. (Laminas, Ih. 1848, 4to.) J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

ixxx additioifs to the libeart.

Titles. Donoes.

Kemy (E. J.) Observations sur les Composees de laPlore du Chili.

(Ann. Sc. Nat., tome 12.) 1849,8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Richard (A.) Nouveaux elemens de Botanique. Paris, 1819, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Botanique Medicale. 2 tomes. Ih. 1823, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Tentamen Elorse Abyssinicae. Vol. 2. Ih. 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Icones. Ih. fol. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Monographic des Orchidees des lies de Erance et de Bour-

bon. Ih. 1828, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

E-ichard (L. C.) De Orchideis europseis annotationes. Parisiis,

1817, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Eichard (L. C. & Ach.) Memoires sur les Coniferes. Stuttgard,

1826, fol. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Bitter (C.) Ueber die Geographische Yerbreitung des Zucker-

rohrs. Berlin, 1840, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Roeper (J.) Elora Mecklenburgs, Theil 1. Rostock, 1843, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Eondot (N.) Notice du Yert de Chine et de la teinture en vert
chez les Chinois. Paris, 1858, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Roper (F. C. S.) Observations on the Diatomacese of the Thames.

1854, 8vo. The Author.

Notes on New Specix:^ and Yarieties of British DiatomacesB.

8vo. The Author.

On the genus Biddulphia and its affinities. 1858, 8vo.

The Author.
Rossmassler (E. A.) Iconographie der Land- und Siisswasser-
MoUusken, Heft. 1-12. Dresden, 1835-44, 8vo.

H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.
Royle (J. E.) On the Mustard-tree and Hyssop of Scripture.
(Journ. R. Asiat. Soc.) 1844, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Rupprecht (F. J.) Bambuseae. Petropoli, 1839, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Saint Hilaire (Aug. de) Histoire des Plantes les plus remarqua-

bles du Bresil et du Paraguay. Livr. 1-3. Paris, 1824, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Yoyage dans le District des Diamans et sur le littoral du

Bresil. 2 tomes. Ih. 1833, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

additions to the library, ixxxl

Titles. Donors,

Saint Hilaire (Aug. de) & Moquin-Tandon (Alpli.) 1^ Memoire

sur les Polygalees. (Mem. du Mus., tome 17.) 1828, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Saint Hilaire (Greof.) Cours de THistoire JSTaturelle des Mammi-

feres. Paris, 1829, 8vo. T. Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.

8avi (Paolo) Sulla Salvinia natans. (Bibl. Ital., tomo 20.) Mi-

lano, 8vo, J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Continuazione delle Bioerche suUa Eecondazione della Sal-
vinia natans. 1834, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Sul Citrus Hystrix e sul C. salicifolia. (Atti Accad. Georg.

di Eirenze, vol. 15.) 1837, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S,
Say (Th.) American Conchoiogy. New Harmony, 1830, 8vo.

H. CUMIN&, Esq., E.L.S.
Scheeffer (J. C.) Erste Yersucbe mit Schnecken. itegensburg,

1768, 4to, H. CrMiNG, Esq., E.L.S.

Schauer (J. C.) Monographia Myrtacearum Xerocarpicarum.

Sect, 1. Chamaelauciearum. (Acta Acad. Nat, Cur,, voL 19,

suppl. 2.) 1841, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S,

Schembri (Ant.) Catalogo Ornitologico del gruppo di Malta.

Malta, 1843, 8vo. J. J, Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Scbimper (W. P.) Versucb einer Entwickelungsgeschicbte der

Torf-moose (Sphagnum). Stuttgart, 1858, fol. The Author,
Scbleiden (M. J.) Ueber Bildung des Eicbens und Entstebung

des Embryos bei den Phanerogamen. (Acta Acad. Nat. Cur.,

vol. 19.) 1837, 4to, J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec, L.S,
Beitrage zur Anatomic der Cacteen. St. Petersburg (1839),

4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S,

Progr, de notione folii et caulis. Jense, 1849, 4to,

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Scbleiden (M. J.) & Nageli (Carl) Zeitscbrift fiir Wissenscbaft-

licbe Botanik. Heft 1-4. Zuricb, 1844-7, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Scbleiden (M, J.) & Vogel (Tb.) Beitrage zur Entwickelungs-

gescbicbte der Bliitbentbeile bei den Leguminosen. (Acta Acad.

Nat, Cur., vol. 19.) 1838, 4to. J. J, Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Ueber das Albumen, insbesondere der Leguminosen,

(lb., vol, 19.) 1842, 4to, J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S,

Schneider (J. Gr.) Erster Beytrag zur Naturgeschichte der Scbild-

kroten, Leipzig, 1787, 8vo. T. Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.

Historia Ampbibiorum, Ease. 1 & 2. Jense, 1799-1801, 8vo.

T. Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.

LINN. PROO. /'

Ixxxii ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

Titles. Donors.

Schott (H.) & Endlicher (S.) Meletemata Botanica. Fasc. 1.

Yindobonae, 1832, fol. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Schroeter (J. S.) Einleitung in die Conchy lien-keniitniss,nachLinne.

Btinde 1-3. Halle, 1783-6, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.
Schwaegrichen (F.) Species Muscorum Erondosorum. Pars 1.

Berolini, 1830, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Seemann (B.) Eeise um die Welt ; und drei Eahrten der K.

Brit. Eregatte 'Herald' nach dem N. Polarmeere in 1845-51.

2 Bande. Hannover, 1853, 8vo. The Author.
Die Volksnamen der Amerikanischen Pflanzen. Ih. 1851,

8vo. The Author.

Die in Europa eingefuhrten Acacien. Ih. 1852, 8vo.

The Author.
Popular History of the Palms and their AlKes. London,

1856, 12mo. The Author.

Siebold (P. E. von) & Hoffmann (J.) Ueber den Botanischen

Ursprung des Sternanises. Leiden, 1837, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Siebold (P. E. de) & Zuccarini (J. G.) Plantarum quas in Japonia

collegit Dr. de Siebold genera nova. Ease. 1. (Abh. Acad.

Wiss. Miinch., Bd. 3.) 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Smyth (P.) Beport on the Teneriffe Astronomical Experiment of

1856. London, 1858, 4to.

The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.
Sonnini (C. S.) & Latreille (P. A.) Histoiie Naturelle des Eeptiles.

Tomes 1-4. Paris, An X. 12mo. T. Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.
Sowerby (Gr.B.) Catalogue (priced) of the Shells contained in the

Collection of the late Earl of Tankerville. London, 1825, 8vo.

T. Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.

Conchological Manual. 2nd edition. Ih. 1842, 8vo.

H. CuMiNO, Esq., E.L.S.

Thesaurus Conchyliorum. Part 19. Ih. 1859, 8vo.

Sowerby (J. E.) & Johnson (C. P.) British Wild Flowers. Parts

1-7. Ih. 1858-9, 8vo. J. E. Sowerby, Esq.

Spix (J. B. de) & Wagner (J. A.) Testacea fluviatilia Brasiliae.

Monachii, 1827, 4to. H. Cuming, Esq.,F.L.S.

Spruce (E.) The Musci and Hepaticse of the Pyrenees. (Trans.

Bot. Soc. Ed., vol. 3.) 1849, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Stainton (H. T.) <fec. Natural History of the Tineina. Vol. 3. Lon-
don, 1858, 8vo. The Author.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBBART. Ixxxiii

Titles. Donoes.

Staiutou (H. T.) Ed. Entomologist's Annual for 1859. lb. 1859,

12mo. The Editoe.

Steven (C.) Monographia Pedieularis. (Acta Soc. Caes. Nat.

Scrutat., torn. 6.) 1822, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Suminski, v. Leszczyc-^ummski.

Swainson (W.) Zoological Illustrations. 2ud series. 3 vols.
(Birds, Insects, and Shells). London, 1832-3, 8vo.

H. Cfmino, Esq., F.L.S.

Botanical Eeport on Victoria. Melbourne, 1853, fol.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Swallow (J. C.) The Eocks of Kansas. St. Louis, 1858, 8vo.

The Authoe.
Descriptions of new Fossils from the Coal-Measures of Mis-
souri and Kansas. Ih. 1858, 8vo. - The Authoe.
Tenore (M.) Memoria sopra una specie di Squadro, &c. 1809,
8vo. The Authoe.

Suir Acero di Lobel. 1823, 4to. The Authoe.

Sopra due piante esotiche (Thuja pyramidalis et Dracaena

Boerhaavii). 1824, 4to. The Authoe.

SuUe sue peregrinazioni botaniche nella Provincia di Napoli

nel 1825, &c. 1825, 4to. The Authoe.
SuUe specie e varieta di Crochi della Flora Napolitana.

Napoli, 1826, 4to. The Authoe.

Sopra tre nuove specie di piante racolte nel viaggio fatto in

Preglia in 1827. 1827, 4to. The Authoe.
Essai sur la Geographic physique et botanique du Eoyaume

de Naples. Naples, 1827, Svo. The Authoe.

Memoria sul Pruno Cocumiglia di Calabria. Ih. 1828, 4to.

The Authoe.

Sopra diverse specie del genere Musa. Ih. 1 830, 4to.

The Authoe.
Se la voce TJlva denotasse presso gli Antichi la generalita

deUe piante aquatiche, &c. Ih. 1831, 4to. The Authoe.
Bagguagli di alcune peregrinazioni in diversi luoghi di Na-

poli e di Terra di Lavoro, in 1832. 8vo. The Authoe.

Memoria su di una nuova Felce e su varie altre specie.

Napoli, 1832, 4to. The Authoe.

— SuUe varie specie e varieta di Cotone coltivate nel Eegno di
Napoli. Ih. 1839, 4to. The Authoe.

— Sul Garofolo aereo (Tillandsia) . Ih. 1842, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
/2

Ixxxiv ADDITIONS TO THE LIBEAIlT.

Titles. Donoes.

Tenore (M.) Eicerche sulF Arancio fdtifero. Modena, 1843, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Catalogo del E. Orto Botanico di Napoli. Napoli, 1845,

4to. The Authoe,

Sopra alcune specie di Cipressi. Modena, 1853, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Due lettere, con alcune notizie suU' Isola d' Ischia. Napoli,

1858, 8vo. The Afthoe.

Terver ( ) Catalogue des Mollusques... observes au Nord de

TAfrique. Paris, 1839, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., E.L.S.

Thuret (Gr.) Sur les organes locomoteurs des spores des Algue&.

(Ann. Sc. Nat. 1843.) 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Thwaites (Q-. H. K.) Eeport on the Eoyal Botanic Gardens

at Peradenia. Colombo, 1856, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Thwaites (Gr. H. K.) & Hooker (J. D.) Enumeratio Plantarum

Zeylani8&. Parti. London, 1858, 8vo. TnEArTHOES?

Tiedemann (E.) Zoologie : zu seinen Yorlesungen entworfen.

Band 1. Landsbut, 1808, 8vo. T. Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.

— Anatomic du Cerveau ; traduit par A. J. L. Jourdan. Paris,

1823, 8vo. T. Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.
Traite complet de Physiologic de I'Homme ; trad, par A. J.L.

Jourdan. Ih. 1831, 8vo. T. Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.

Tiedemann (E.) & Gmelin (L.) Eecherches ... sur la Digestion,

consideree dans les quatre classes d' Animaux Yertebres. Paris,

1826-7, 8vo. T. Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.

Tineo (V.) Plantarum rariorum Sicilise. Ease. 1 & 2. Panormi,

1846, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Torrey (J.) Plantae Eremontianse. Washington, 1853, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S,

Observations on the Batis maritima, L. Ih. 1853, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
On the Darlingtonia calif ornica, a new Pitcher-plant. lb.

1853, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Torrey (J.) & Gray (A.) Elora of North America. Vol. 1, &

Vol. 2, parts 1-3. New York, 1838-43, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Trattinnick (L.) Genera nova Plantarum. Ease. 1. Yiennae,

1825, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Treviranus (L. C.) Symbolse Phytologicte. Ease. 1. Gottingae,

1831, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBEART. IxXXV

Titles. Donors.

Treviranus (L. C.) Die Anwendung des Holzschnittes zur Bild-

lichen Darstellung von Pflanzen. Leipzig, 1855, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L^S.
Trevisan (Y . B. A.) Saggio di una Monografia delle Alghe Coc-

cotalle. Padova, 1848, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Trinius (C.B.) Enndamenta Agrostographise. Viennae, 1820, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Trinius (C. B.) & Euprecht (E. J.) Species Graminum Stipace-

orum. Petropoli, 1842, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Tulasne (L. E.) Monographia Podostemacearum. Parisiis, 1852,

4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Memoire pour servir a I'histoire organographique, &c., des

Lichenes. Paris, 1852, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Memoire sur I'Ergot des Glumacees. (Ann. Sc. Nat.,

1853.) 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Nouvelles etudes d'Embryogenie Vegetale. {lb. 1855.) 870.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Monographia Monimiacearum. Parisiis, 1855, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Turczaninow (N.) Elora Baicalensi-Daliurica. Pars 1. Mosquae,

1842-5, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Turner (D.) Memoir of Joseph Arnold, M.D. Ipswich, 1849,

4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Turpin (J. P. P.) Observations sur la famille des Cactees. Paris,

1830, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Turpin (P. J. E.) Organographie Vegetale. Observations sur

quelques Vegetaux Microscopiques, &c. (Mem. du Mus. d'Hist.

Nat., tom. 14.) Paris, 1827, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S»
Observations Microscopiques sur I'organisation

tissulaire, &c., de la Truffe comestible. (75., tom. 15.) 1827,

4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Observations sur les Corps propagateurs ve-

getaux, &c. {Ih., tom. 16.) 1828, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S»
Observations sur quelques productions marines,... considerees

comme des Animalcules. {Ih., tom. 15.) 1827, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Aper9u organographique sur le nombre deux. {Ih., tom. 16.)

1828, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Organographie microscopique, &c. des Yegetaux. Sur Tori-

gine, &c., du Tissu celliilaire. {Ih., tom. 18.) 1829, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Ixxxvi ADDITIONS TO THE LIBEAEY.

Titles. Donoes.

Turpin (P. J. E.) Memoire sur F organisation... des tubercules du

Solanum tuberosum et de I'Helianthus tuberosus. {Ih., torn. 19.)

1830, 4to. J. J. Eefnett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Notice sur les Usurpations vegetales. 1833, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Examen d'une Monstruosite sur I'inflorescence du Saule

Marceau. Paris, 1833, 8vo. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Memoire de Nosologic Vegetale. (Mem. de Sav. Etr.,

tom. 6.) 1835, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Observations gener. sur 1' Organogenic et la Physiologic des

Yegetaux. (Mem. de I'lnstitut, tom. 14.) Paris, 1835, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

— Memoire sur... les tissus cellul aires de la Pomme et de la
Poire. (75., tom. 17.) 1838, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

— Memoire sur la cause, &c. de la Fermentation alcoolique et
aceteuse. (7&.,tom.l7.) 1838, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Eecherches microscopiques sur divers Laits de Vaclies...af-

fectees de la maladie../ Cocote.' (J5., tom. 17.) 1839, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Observations sur un organe nouveau...le JBiforine. 1836,

4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Esquisse d'Organographie Vegetale. Paris, 1837, fol.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Turton (W.) Manual of Land and Ereshwater Shells. New edit.

by J..E. Gray. London, 1840, 8vo. H. Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.

Conchylia Dithyra Insularum Britannicarum. lb. 1848, 4to.

H.Cuming, Esq., F.L.S.
linger (F.) Ueber Krystallbildungen in dem Pflanzenzellen. 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Parasitischen Pflanzen. 1*^'

Theil. 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

DTrville (J.) Flore des lies Malouines. Paris, 1825, 8vo.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Viguier (L. Gr. A.) Histoire naturelle, medicale, &c., des Pavots
et des Argemones. Montpellier, 1814, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Visiani (Rob. de) Illustrazione delle piante nuove o rare dell' Orto

Botanico di Padova. Memoria 1 & 3. Padova e Venezia, 1840-

56, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Del Metodo . . . che si usano nell' Orto Bot. di Padova per

la cultura . . . della Vaniglia. Venezia, 1844, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRAET. IxXXvii

Titles. Donoes.

Viviani (D.) Delia struttura degli organi elementari nelle piante,
&c. Geneva, 1831, 8vo. Tavole, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Wagler (J.) Natiirliches System der Amphibien. Miincheii, &c.,

1830, 8vo. T. Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.

"Wallich (N.) Descriptions of two new species of Sarcolobus, and

of some other Indian Plants. (Asiat. E-es., vol. 12.) 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Watson (H. C.) Cybele Britannica. 4 vols. London, 1847-59,
8vo. The Atjthoe.

Weddell (H. A.) Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas : ou Mono-
graphic du genre Cinchona. Paris, 1849, fol.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Chloris Andina. Vol. 2, livr. 2. Paris, 1855, 4to.

The Author.
Weiss (Ad.) Studien aus der Natur. Troppau, 1858, 8vo.

The Atjthoe.

Ueber ein neues Yorkommen der Spaltoffnungen, &c. 1857,

8vo. The Authoe.

Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Spaltoffnungen. 1857, 8vo.

The Atjthoe.
Ueber die Entwickelungsgeschichte, &c., der handformigen

Auswiichse an den Blattem, &c. von Gireoudia manicata,

Klotzsch. 1858, 8vo. The Atjthoe.

West (T.) On some conditions of the Cell-wall in the Petals of

Flowers. 8vo. The Atjthoe.

Wood (W.) & Hanley (S.) Index Testaceologicus. London,

1856, 8vo. H. CuMiNO, Esq., E.L.S.

Woodarch (C.) Introduction to . . . Conchology. London, 1820,

8vo. H. Ctjmino, Esq., E.L.S.

Wydler (H.) Essai monographique sur le genre Scrofularia.

Geneve, 1828, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Yates (J.) On the Mining Operations of the Eomans in Britain.

Taunton, 1859, 8vo. The Afthoe.

Zuccarini (J. G.) Monographic der Amerikanischen OxaHs-

arten. Miinchen, 1825, 4to. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.
Ueber einige Pflanzen aus den Gattungen Agave und Four-

croya. (Acta Acad. Nat. Cur., vol. 16.) 1833, 4to.

J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Ixxxviii

DONATIONS

TO THE

MUSEUM OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY,

{^Continued from vol. \\\. page bdi.]

Donations. Donors.

An extensive Collection of Dried Plants, formed in Java in the

years 1802-18, by the late Thomas Horsfield, Esq., M.D., F.L.S.

The Hon. Cottiit of Dieectoes op the E. I. Company.

An extensive Collection of Australian and Tasmanian Plants,

formed by Dr. F. Miiller. De. Eeedinand Mullee, E.L.S.

Dried Plants selected from the Collections made by the late H. S,

Eox, Esq., in Brazil and Buenos Ayres.

C. J. E. BuNBUET, Esq., F.L.S.
The Herbarium of the late Dr. T. Bell Salter, E.L.S., of Eyde,
Isle of Wight. S. J. A. Saltee, Esq., M.B., E.L.S.

The valuable Collection of British Algce formed by the late Mrs.
G-riffith of Torquay. The Subsceibees.

A Collection of British Mosses, chiefly from N. Wales and Derby-
shire, formed by Wm. Valentine, Esq., E.L.S.

N. B. Waed, Esq., E.E.S. & L.S.
A Collection of British Algcs^ formed by Dr. Cocks of Plymouth,

The Subsceibees.

Cones of Araucaria Bidwilli and Pinus Lambertiana ; Capsule of

Uncaria procvmbens, &c. J. J. Bennett, Esq., Sec. L.S.

Miniature of John Hedwig, M.D., Professor of Botany at Leipzig ;

set in a ring, which was forwarded by his son, in 1802, to Sir

James E. Smith.

Eeancis Boott, Esq., M.D., V.P. and Treas. L.S.
Miniature, by Wageman, of the late Mr. James Dickson, E.L.S.

The late E. Chambees, Esq., E.L.S.

JOURNAL OF THE PROCEEDINGS

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

On tlie dermal armour of Jacare and Caiman, witli notes on the
Specific and Greneric Characters of recent Crocodilia. By T.
H. Hfxlet, Esq., P.E.S., P.L.S., Prof, of Nat. History,
Grov. School of Mines.

[Read Feb. I7tli, 1859.]

In the course of a recent investigation into the nature of the singu-
lar extinct reptile, Stagonolepis, I was led to inquire somewhat
minutely into the character of the exoskeleton, or dermal armour,
of the existing Crocodilia. To my surprise, I found that very little
detailed information on this subject was to be obtained from the
standard repertories of Comparative Anatomy, or even from the
special monographs on Crocodilian structure and classification ;
but I was still more astonished to discover, among whole genera
of recent Crocodilia, an exoskeleton possessed of characters such as
have been universally supposed to be peculiar to long extinct forms
of the order, and whose existence in any recent species has hitherto,
so far as I can ascertain, been completely overlooked.

The attempt to discover the limits within which this remarkable
exoskeleton is to be found, led me to look, more critically than I
had previously done, into the arrangement and specific characteriza-
tion of the recent Crocodilia. I have thereby arrived at results
which, imperfect as they are, may be of service by leading others to
inquire into the exact characters of species not at present within my

LINN. PBGC. — ZOOLOGY. 1

I PROF. HUXLEY ON TKE SPECIFIC AND GENERIC

reach ; and I therefore propose to preface my account of the pecu-
liarities of the exoskeleton in two of the genera of recent Croco-
diles with some remarks on the classification of the group, and
with a few notes upon the characters of the species and the limits
of the genera.

Everyone is acquainted with the great improvement effected in
this branch of Herpetology by Cuvier, who divided the Crocodiles,
which he regarded as constituting only a single genus, into the
three subgenera Alligatores, Crocodili, and Longirostres. Subse-
quent writers have admitted these highly natural subdivisions ;
but there has been a constant tendency to raise their rank. The
genus Crocodiltis has become the order Croeodilia ; the subgenera
Alligatores, &e., have been elevated into families ; Dr. G-ray has
shown that the Alligatores must be divided into three genera, and
that there are at least two genera of Crocodili ; and, while one of
Cuvier's species of Longirostres has been suppressed, the group
is very generally retained with a changed name {Gavialis), sl
very important addition having been made to it in the Crocodilus
Schlegelii of Miiller and Schlegel.

Unless the considerable materials contained in the British
Museum, the Hunterian collection, the collection of Dr. Grant,
and the Christchurch Museum at Oxford had been freely placed
at my disposal, I should have been wholly unable to acquire the
information contained in the following pages. It is only right,
therefore, that I should take this opportunity of offering my
thanks to my friends Dr. Gray, Prof. Quekett, Dr. Grant, and
Dr. B-oUeston for the many facilities they have liberally afibrded
me.

The recent species of the order Croeodilia are divisible into
three families, which correspond with the original subgenera of
Cuvier, and may be termed the Alligatoridcd, the CrocodilidcB, and
the GavialidcB.

I. In the Alligatoridje the teeth are strong and unequal, and
the posterior ones differ greatly in shape from the anterior. The
anterior pair of mandibular teeth, and the fourth pair (or the so-
called canines) are receivedinto pits in the margins of the premaxilla
and maxilla ; while the mandibular teeth behind these pass inside,
and not between, the maxillary teeth. The mandibular symphysis
does not extend back beyond the level of the fifth tooth, and often
not nearly so far. The line of the premaxillo-maxillary suture on
the palate is straight, or convex forwards. The wide posterior
nares look downwards, and are situated forwards on the palate.

CHARACTERS OF RECENT CROCODILIA. 3

This family embraces three genera, readily distinguishable by
osteological characters — Alligator, Caiman, and Jacare.

Grenus 1. ALLieATOR.

Dental formula, ^^Ei^. 9th maxillary tooth the largest of its
series. The snout is very broad, flattened, and rounded at the
end. There is an indistinct longitudinal inter orbital ridge ; and
there are two short ridges along the line of junction of the pre-
frontal and lachrymal bones. The aperture of the external nares
is divided into two parts, by the prolongation forwards of the nasal
bones. The suprortemporal foss89 are well-marked and open, though
not large. The vomers do not appear in the palate. The feet
are well webbed. The dorsal bony scutes are not articulated
together ; and there are no ventral scutes.

This genus contains only one species, the well-known Alligator
Mississipiemis, or lucitts, which is exclusively North American.

Cuvier (Oss. Poss. ed. 4. vol. ix. p. 211) gives the appearance
of the vomer in the palate as a general character of the Alligator es ;
but this bone is not visible in the palate of any of those Alligatores
which Cuvier would have referred to his A. lucius or A.jpalpebrosus,
and which form the genera Alligator and Caiman as here defined.
The vomers are in fact as slender and delicate as in the Crocodile,
and extend only between the level of the tenth maxillary tooth an-
teriorly and the descending processes of the prefrontal posteriorly.

What may be called the median nares, or the arch formed by
the postero-lateral part of the vomer and the anterior and superior
lamina of the palatine bone on each side (which would constitute
the posterior boundary of the posterior nares, if the palatine and
pterygoid bones gave off no inferior or palatine processes), are
situated nearly on a level with the twelfth tooth, or with the
palato-maxillary suture.

Genus 2. Caimais^.

Dental formula ?^^ (Natterer). The face is without median

or transverse ridges, but it is sharply angulated along a line which
extends from the orbit forwards along the side^ of the snout. The
anterior nasal aperture is undivided in the dry skull. The vomers
do not appear in the palate. The supj'a-temporal fossae are obli-
terated, the circumjacent bones uniting over them. The webs of
the feet are rudimentary. The dorsal scutes are articulated to-
gether by lateral sutures and anterior and posterior facets ; and
there is a ventral shield, consisting of similarly articulated scutes.

1*

4 PEOF. HUXLEY ON THE SPECIFIC AND GENEEIC

Natterer* has described three species of Caiman — C. palpehro-
sus, 0. trigonatus, and C. gibUceps. The Caimans abound chiefly
in tropical South America ; but they are found as far north as
Mexico, a specimen of G. paVpebrosus in Dr. Grant's collection
coming from that country.

Genus 3. Jaoaee.

The snout is broad, and rounded at the endf. Each prefrontal
bone is traversed close to its anterior extremity by the ends of a
strong transverse ridge, which then curve round and pass forwards
on the lachrymal and maxillary bones, to subside opposite the
ninth tooth. The anterior nasal aperture is not divided by bone.
The vomers, separated by a longitudinal suture, appear in the
palate between the premaxillaries and the palatine plates of the
maxillaries. The temporal fossae, though not large, are open. The
webs of the feet are small. The dorsal scutes are articulated
together, as in the preceding genus ; and there are similarly-arti-
culated ventral scutes. There are 18-20 teeth on each side, above
and below ; and the fourth tooth in the upper jaw is the largest.
The mandibular symphysis extends back nearly to the fifth tooth.
In a skull of Jaca/re (Jissipes ?), 19 inches long, in the British
Museum, I find that part of the vomer which is visible in the
palate to be a rhomboidal plate, somewhat truncated anteriorly, and
rather more than 1|- inch long and 1 inch wide. Its anterior end
comes within |ths of an inch of the posterior margin of the an-
terior palatal foramen. Its posterior margin reaches to the level
of the eighth tooth. The visible portion of each vomer is only its
anterior end, which forms a thick and solid wedge-shaped plate,
broader in front than behind, and articulating by a rough anterior
and outer face with the premaxiUa, by an obliquely ridged pos-
terior and outer face with the maxilla, and by its internal face
with its fellow. Its upper, rounded surface projects but little
into the nasal passage. 2^ inches behind its anterior end, the
posterior and upper extremity of the vomer passes into a thin and
narrow plate of bone, whose plane is at first inclined at an angle
of 45° to that of the anterior part of the bone, but gradually
becomes vertical ; as it does so it deepens, until, 3 inches behind

* " Beitrag zur nalieren Kemitniss der Sudamerikanischen AUigatoren,"
-* Annalen des Wiener Mus.,' Band i.

t According to jSTatterer, the dental formula of J. nigra and J.fissipes is

^!^^^^^, of J. schrops ^-^— !^, of J. vallifrons and J. punctulata , o^.

ig_18' r 20—20' '' ^ 18—18

CHARACTERS OF RECENT CROCODILTA. 5

the anterior extremity, the vomer is a thin vertical plate of bone,
fths of an inch deep, which articulates below with the palatine
plate of tlie maxilla, and, about 1 inch behind this, with the pala-
tine plate of the palatine bone. The upper edge of this plate nowhere
extends to one-third of the height of the nasal chamber. It gives
off a horizontal process outwards, which, gradually increasing
in width, inclines downwards until it comes into contact, first,
with the inner surface of the maxilla, and, f ths of an inch behind
this, with the nasal plate of the palatine bone. In front of its
junction with the maxilla, the horizontal plate of the vomer presents
a long free edge, concave externally ; and this bounds the median
nares internally and posteriorly. Throughout its junction with the
maxilla, the horizontal plate is parallel-sided ; but after it joins the
palatine bone, it gradually narrows posteriorly, in consequence of
the gradual increase in width of the palatine, and ends almost in
a point, 6| inches behind its anterior end. The posterior edge of
the vertical plate is extremely thin, and |-ths of an inch deep. It
articulates with the anterior end of the vertical plate of the ptery-
goid, while the straight inferior edge articulates throughout with
the palatine plate of the palatine bone. The vomers terminate
midway between the median nares and the descending process of
the prefrontal. The median nares are bounded entirely by the
vomer and the maxilla. They correspond with the nasal face of
the palato-maxillary suture, but are rather behind its palatine
face, and they are about on a level with the interval between the
tenth and eleventh teeth. If the anterior edge of the palatine
bone bounded them, they would be a little behind the twelfth
tooth. The posterior nares, 2^ inches wide, by |-ths of an inch
long, look altogether downwards, are completely divided by a bony
septum, and have the form of a rhomboid with its narrowest side
posterior. They are surrounded by a strong raised ridge, incom-
plete only at the anterior and outer angles of the rhomboid.

rive species oi Jacare are enumerated by batterer — J.Jissipes,
J. sclerops, J. nigra, J, punctulata, and J. vallifrons. They have
met with only in South America.

II. In the family of the Crocodilid^ the teeth are usually
strong and very unequal in size, and there is always a considerable
difference between the anterior and the posterior teeth. The two
anterior mandibular teeth are received into pits in the premax-
illa ; but the canines pass into grooves (which may be converted
into fossae) situated at the junction of the premaxilla and maxilla.

6 PEOF. HUXLET ON THE SPECiriC Al^TD GENERIC

The other mandibular teeth are received between the maxillary-
teeth. The symphysis of the lower jaw does not extend beyond
the level of the seventh or the eighth mandibular tooth. The
premaxillo-maxillary suture may be either straight or strongly
convex backwards. The divided vomers do not appear in the
palate. The posterior nares look more or less backwards, and
are transversely elongated. The supra-temporal fossse are always
open, and the feet are distinctly webbed. The dorsal scutes are
not articulated ; and there are no ventral scutes.

Two genera, Crocodilus and Meeistops, are distinguishable in
this family.

Genus 4. Cbocodiltjs.

The teeth are always strong and very unequal, the strongest in
the upper jaw being the tenth. The mandibular symphysis does
not extend beyond the level of the sixth tooth. There are usually
six cervical scutes, in two rows, or forming a rhomb, and separated
by a distinct interval from the tergal scutes. There are 18 or 19
teeth above, and 15 below, on each side.

1. Crocodilus vulgaris.

As Cuvier has remarked, it is extremely difficult to find good
distinctive characters for all the species of this genus. My first
difficidty was to ascertain the precise characters of that species
which has been misnamed vulgaris, inasmuch as I could find
neither in the British Museum, nor in the Museum of the Eoyal
College of Surgeons, any authentic skeleton or skull of this, the
so-called Nilotic Crocodile. This difficulty subsisted up to the
time that the chief statements contained in the present essay were
laid before the Linnean Society ; but since then I have been en-
abled, by Dr. Grray's permission, to examine the skull of a small
stuffed specimen, brought to this country from Egypt by Sir
Gardner Wilkinson, and to study the splendid entire skeleton of a
Crocodilus vulgaris in the Christchui'ch Museum at Oxford, pre-
sented to that Institution by the gentlemen who shot it on the Nile,
and set up with great care under the auspices of my friend Dr.
Bolleston, Lee's Eeader in Anatomy and Curator of the Museum.
Fortunately the entire skin has been preserved ; so that this is the
most complete record of the hard parts of any individual crocodile
with which I am acquainted, besides being, so far as I am aware,
the only authentic entire skeleton of Crocodilus vulgaris in this

CHAEACTEES OF KECENT CEOCODILIA. 7

country. I subjoin the chief points of interest which I noted in
my brief examination of this valuable specimen : — ■

Inches.

The total length of the skeleton is 114

skull 16

Between the outer edges of the posterior ends of

the quadrate bones 8f

Prom the snout to the middle of the canine notch. . . 2f
Transverse diameter of snout opposite 10th tooth ... 4|-

Long axis of orbit 2|

Short axis of orbit If

Interorbital space opposite the middle of the orbit If

Anterior edge of the orbit from end of snout 10^

Syncipital* area in length, about 2^

„ „ in breadth anteriorly 3|-

M „ „ posteriorly 4

Supra-temporal fossae, wide f

» long 11

Least width of parietal -^

Total length of mandible 20|

Its greatest depth 3

Length of cervical region (or anterior 8 vertebrse) . . . 10|

„ dorso-lumbar region 27

„ sacral „ S\

Length of humerus 7-J

„ ulna 5|

„ fore foot, extreme length 6

„ femur 8^

„ tibia 6

„ hind foot, extreme length 9|

From the above measurements it will be seen that the skull is
somewhat slender. Behind the canine groove it widens to the
tenth tooth, which is 5f inches behind the end of the snout. It
retains about the same diameter to the twelfth tooth, and then
slowly widens again, — a sudden increase in size, to the extent of
half-an-inch, taking place opposite the posterior margin of the
orbit, owing to the ilanging-out of the jugal. On the whole,
however, there is a slow and even idcrease in breadth, from the

* By this term I denote that squarish flat area bounded by the postfrontal
and squamosal bones laterally, by the occiput posteriorly, and by a line joining
the outer angles of the postfrontals anteriorly.

8 PEOF. HTJXLET OS THE SPECITIC AND GENERIC

canine groove to the ends of the ossa quadrata. The nasal
aperture is pyriform, its wider end being forwards, and its narrow
posterior extremity, into which the pointed ends of the nasal bones
project, attaining the level of the first tooth behind the canine
groove.

On the left side there is only a pit for the reception of the
anterior mandibular tooth, while on the right side this pit is con-
verted into a complete foramen. On the upper face of the skull,
the premaxiUo-maxillary suture runs vertically upwards through
the canine groove, and then passes obliquely backwards to a point
5 inches behind the end of the snout. The anterior part of this
suture lies in a strong ridge, which is continued downwards and
forwards on the premaxilla to the level of the fifth tooth, a groove
separating it from the margin of the nasal aperture. Posteriorly
this ridge dies away, but a curved irregidar elevation, convex
inwards, arises opposite the tenth tooth. It is wholly confined to
the maxilla, not extending on to the nasals.

There is a distinct, rough, irregular elevation, bounded on its
outer side by a sharp groove, which extends back to the orbit, on
the lachrymal bone. The profile of the skull is convex as far as the
posterior boundary of the nostril, and very slightly concave from that
point as far as the twelfth tooth. It then passes back as a straight,
slightly ascending line, only interrupted by the lachrymal ridge, to
the margin of the occiput. The inferior margin of the maxilla is
convex downwards as far as the canine groove, whose lower end
is indicated by a deep sinuation. It then becomes convex again,
the crown of the curve being at the ninth and tenth teeth, and its
posterior end sweeping into a concavity whose summit is at the
twelfth tooth. Behind this the edge of the maxilla is only slightly
convex. The inferior contour of the jugal bone is very concave ;
but the articular end of the quadrate bone descends to the level
of the edge of the ninth alveolus.

The orbits have a sort of heart-shape, their apices being turned
forwards, and their more convex sides inwards.

The supra-temporal fossae are half-moon- shaped, their straight
sides being external and so inclined that, if prolonged, they would
decussate upon a line joining the anterior margins of the orbits.

On the palatine surface of the skull, the premaxiUo-maxillary
suture runs backwards from the canine groove, as far as the level
of the middle of the second alveolus behind the groove (or that of
the seventh tooth), which point it reaches at about the junction
of the middle with the inner third of the palatine plate of the

CHARACTERS OT RECENT CROCODILIA. 9

maxilla. The suture then turns abruptly forwards until it reaches
the level of the anterior margin of the alveolus of the sixth tooth,
when it bends suddenly inwards to meet its fellow. The whole
suture, therefore, has the form of a W. The vomers are com-
pletely hidden.

The posterior nares look downwards and backwards ; their aper-
ture is, from the incompleteness of the septum, single, and has a
transversely elongated crescentic form. It measures 1-J- inch in
width by f ths antero-posteriorly. The basi-sphenoid is seen for
about -|-th of an inch on the base of the skull behind it, bounding
the sides of the eustachian tube. The dental formula is |^^^

15 — 15

The fourth and tenth teeth are largest in the upper jaw, the first
and fourth in the lower. The eight posterior teeth on each side
in the upper jaw, and the five posterior in the lower, have a
marked constriction between the short crown and the fang of the
tooth. There are deep interdental pits for the reception of the
mandibular teeth between the third and fourth, and fourth and
fifth teeth above, and between the succeeding teeth from the
sixth to the thirteenth.

The hyoidean cornua are very strong curved bones, the chord of
whose arc measures B^ inches. They are concave inwards, convex
outwards, concave posteriorly, convex anteriorly ; they are flat-
tened from side to side below, but they end above in subcylin-
drical styloid extremities.

In the ninth vertebra the neurocentral suture passes just above
the base of the parapophysis ; it traverses the parapophysis in the
tenth and eleventh vertebrae, while in the twelfth the parapophysis
suddenly rises to the root of the diapophysis, and the suture lies far
below it. The centra of the dorsal vertebrae, as far as the thirteenth
inclusive, have hypapophyses. The diapophyses of the ninth ver-
tebra pass almost horizontally outwards, but are a good deal in-
clined backwards. In the succeeding vertebrae up to the fourteenth
or fifteenth, the diapophyses are, in addition, inclined upwards, the
upward inclination being most marked in the tenth, eleventh and
twelfth vertebrae. From the fifteenth vertebra onwards, the
transverse processes pass almost directly outwards, without either
upward or backward inclination. The span of the transverse pro-
cesses is greatest in the eighteenth and nineteenth vertebrae, in
which the distance between the extremities of these processes is
7|- inches, a length about equal to that of the longest vertebral rib.

The rib of the ninth vertebra is terminated by a single long and
slender semicartilaginous process which does not unite with the

10 PROF. HtrXLET ON THE SPECIFIC AND GENEEIC

sternum. Each of the vertebral ribsfrom the tenth to the seventeenth
vertebrae inclusively, on the other hand, is united with the sternum,
or its continuation, by two such semicartilaginous costal elements,
which may be respectively termed sternal and lateral. The sternal
elements of the ribs of the tenth and eleventh vertebrae are united
with the sternum proper ; those of the next five vertebrae are con-
nected with its median backward prolongation, while those of the
seventeenth vertebra are attached to the processes into which this
prolongation divides posteriorly.

The sternal costal elements are very broad and flat, and though
the lateral ones are less so, they are wide and expanded. The
lateral costal pieces of the eleventh to the sixteenth vertebrae
inclusively, give attachment to very large and flat, triangular, jpro-
cessus uncinati. Those of the twelfth are 3f inches long and If
inch wide at their widest part. The transverse processes of the
twentieth vertebra bear rudimentary ribs. The centrum of the
thirteenth vertebra is If inch long, and the vertebra is 3f inches
high from the lower edge of the centrum to the summit of the
neural spine. The centra of the vertebrae retain nearly the same
length to the twentieth caudal; but behind this vertebra they
are shorter, as are the anterior dorsal vertebrae. The first caudal
vertebra is provided with two styliform bones, which represent the
chevron bones of the other caudal vertebrae, but are not united
below.

The dorsal scutes have the arrangement which has often been
described. They are separated (except perhaps the median rows)
by integumentary spaces, neither overlapping nor uniting by
sutures ; and there are no ventral scutes.

Among the osteological characters which have been detailed, the
peculiarities of the tergal armour, the proportions of the skull,
combined with the characters of the ridges upon its surface, and
the form of the premaxillo-maxillary suture amply suffice to dia-
gnose this species. Even in the small skull, only 5^ inches long,
lent to me by Dr. Gray, the characteristic features of the species
are weU exhibited, although age appears to give rise to many dif-
ferences. Thus the posterior margin of the external nostrils does
not extend so far back as in the adult, and the facial is smaller in
proportion to the syncipital region, whose anterior and posterior
transverse dimensions are very nearly equal. The orbits are pro-
portionally larger, the interorbital space more excavated ; and the
outer straight margins of the supratemporal fossae are parallel witli
the longitudinal axis of the skull. Still more important difterenceti

CHABACTEES OF EECETfT CEOCODILIA. 11

are visible on the palatine face of the skull. The premaxillo-
maxillaiy suture reaches back, indeed, to the line of the seventh
tooth ; but it forms an even curve whose summit is in the middle
line. The aperture of the posterior nares, again, has a totally dif-
ferent form from that which it assumes in the adult. It is some-
what heart-shaped, with its apex forwards, measures ^ inch long
by T%ths at broadest, and looks altogether downwards, while its
anterior margin is situated far more forward in the palate than
that of the adult.

2. Crocodilus biporcatus.

This, the best-known Crocodile, is a very well-marked species,
characterized (beside the peculiarities of its dermal armour) by a
comparatively slender skull, similar in shape to that of G. vul-
garis, and, like it, without any sudden enlargement immediately
behind the canine groove ; and by the strong ridge which arises
on each lachrymal bone close to the anterior edge of the orbit,
and is continued forwards on to the line of junction of the nasal
and maxillary bones, so that the naso-m axillary suture traverses
the axis of the ridge, and then curves outwards, descending
towards the alveolus of the tenth tooth. The premaxillo-max-
illary suture is W-shaped ; and its salient angles reach backwards
even to the level of the posterior margin of the seventh alveolus.

3. Crocodilus Americanus {acutus, Cuv.)
has the slenderness of snout (even more marked) and the form of
the premaxillo-maxillary suture of the preceding species ; but it is
at once distinguished from this and all other Crocodiles (except
C. rJiomhifer) by the marked longitudinal and transverse convexity
of the middle of the face, which gives the profile a totally different
aspect from that of the other species, which are flat or concave in
this region.

4. Crocodilus Journei
is another unmistakeably distinct and very remarkable species.
The descriptions and figures given by Graves, Eory de St. Vincent,
and Dumeril and Bibron, of the unique specimen of this Crocodile
in the Bordeaux Museum, would alone have compelled me to differ
entirely from the view taken by Dr. Gray of the affinities of this
species. These observers agree in stating that Crocodilus Journei
has six cervical scutes, arranged as in the other Crocodiles, and, as
Graves says, " separated by an interval of four inches " from the
commencement of the tergal scutes, whence it is obviously impos-

12 PROr. HUXLEY ON THE SPECIFIC A.KD GENEEIC

sible that it can be a Mecistops. But, in addition to this, I had
the good fortune to find, among the recent additions to that excel-
lent osteological collection which Dr. Gray has gradually formed
at the British Museum, the skull of a Crocodile obtained from a
dealer in Paris, and labelled by him " Croc, de I'Orinoke." I at
first imagined this Crocodile to be a Mecistops ; but on careful in-
vestigation it turned out to be no other than the skull of a Oroco-
dilus Journei, somewhat larger than the Bordeaux specimen, but,
as the subjoined measurements will prove, agreeing with it in all
its proportions : —

Inches.
Length from end of snout to end of ossa quadrata. . . 22^
Breadth between outer margins of ossa quadrata . . . 9|

at the level of the anterior margins of the

orbits 5|-

at the tenth tooth 3|-

at the end of the snout 2|-

of the interorbital space If

Length of mandibular symphysis . 5

Now Dumeril and Bibron expressly state that the length of the
head of C. Journei equals 2^ times its greatest transverse diameter,
that the width of the jaws at the anterior margins of the orbit
equals one-fourth the length of the head, and that at the tenth
tooth it equals one-sixth the length of the head ; and these are as
nearly as possible, it will be observed, the relations of the same
dimensions in the above list.

In the specimen in the British Museum there are eighteen teeth
on each side above, and fifteen below. The Bordeaux specimen is
stated to have the same dental formula, except that there are six-
teen teeth in the left ramus of the mandible. The fourth and tenth
maxillary teeth are stated by Graves to be as large again as the
others ; and the corresponding alveoli have these proportions to
one another in the British Museum specimen. In fact, there can
be no doubt that this skull is that of a true Crocodiltts Journei.

But its general characters at once prove the close affinity of 0.
Journei with the other true Crocodiles, from which it differs only
in its elongated and gradually tapering skull, and in the more
backward extension of the mandibular symphysis*, which attains
the level of the posterior margin of the sixth tooth.

In this character, and in the extreme slenderness of the snout,

* The greater proportional length of the symphysis is noted by Dumeril and
Bibron.

CHABACTEES OP RECENT CROCODTLIA. 13

there is doubtless an approximation to Mecistops ; but Crocodiltis
Journei is sharply separated from that genus by the characters
of its teeth, and by those of its dermal armour.

5. Crocodiltts homhifrons (^palustris?) .

All the species of Crocodilus which I have hitherto mentioned
have, in common, the backward curvature of the premaxillo-maxillary
suture to the l^vel of the seventh tooth. Eut there is a species of
Crocodile, about whose proper specific name I am by no means
clear, in which this suture passes straight across the palate, or may
even be a little convex forwards.

And not only do the skulls of this species exhibit this approxi-
mation to those of the AlligatoridcB, but they resemble them still
further in their rounded snouts, their great width immediately
behind the canine groove, and in the fact that, in young speci-
mens, one or the other canine may be received into a pit instead
of into a groove*.

In the Hunterian Collection there are seven skulls, varying in
length from 6\ inches up to 16 inches, in none of which does the
crown of the premaxillo-maxillary suture extend beyond a line
joining the sixth pair of teeth. In all there are two short ridges
(convergent in young specimens, nearly parallel in old ones) upon
the lachrymal bones, which end before reaching the anterior limits
of those bones. They all have an oblique ridge on the upper jaw
above the tenth tooth ; and the snout attains the width which it
has opposite this tooth immediately behind the canine groove.
In the British Museum there are five middle-sized skulls with the
same characters ; but two of these have a pit on one side of the
upper jaw, and a groove on the other, and one has something
between a pit and a groove on each side.

Dr. Gray, has in his ' Catalogue f,' mentioned the peculiar trans-
verse disposition of the premaxillo-maxillary suture in his Croco-

* In a skull of this species 14?^ inches long, in the British Museum, the
voma*8 are completely excluded from the palate, and their anterior ends do not
extend for an eighth of an inch beyond the palatine part of the palato-maxillary
sutxire, which Hes on a level with the anterior margin of the twelfth alveolus.
Each vomer is 2f inches long, and presents the same general form as that of
Jacare ; only the anterior division is but a very small, flat and thin plate, not a
quarter of an inch long. The boundary of the median nares is formed in equal
proportions by the vomer and the palatine, and is opposite the fom-teenth tooth.
The hinder end of the vomer articulates with the end of the descending pro-
cess of the prefrontal.

t ' Catalogue of the Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisbsenians in the Col-
lection of the British Museum,' 1844, p. 59.

14 PROF. HUXLEY ON THE SPECIFIC AND GENERIC

dilm homhifroiis ; and on examining the two crania thus named in
the British Museum collection, one of which is 20 and the other
21 inches long, I can discover no distinguishing character be-
tween them and those already described. There can be no doubt
then, I think, that these constant and well-marked characters,
exhibited by fourteen skulls which vary in length from 5i to
21 inches, prove the existence of a distinct species of Crocodile,
which I would provisionally term homhifrons.

I believe that this species has been constantly confounded
with hiporcatus, from which it may be at once distinguished by
the direction of the premaxillo-maxillary suture, and by the shape
of the snout behind the canine groove. I have found these dis-
tinctions to hold good at all ages ; but the last-mentioned differ-
ence is far more marked in middle-aged than in either young or
old specimens.

All the skulls named Crocodilus palustris which I have seen are
referable either to G. liporcatus or to C. homhifrons. With respect
to the C. palustris of Lesson and Dumeril and Bibron, the latter
authors consider it to be only a variety of C vulgaris. Their descrip-
tion would, however, apply very well to C. homhifrons, as I have de-
fined it above ; and they expressly state (' Erp. Generale,' t, iii.
p. 113) that all their specimens (twelve in number and varying in
length from 30 centimetres to more than 3 metres) came from the
East Indies or the Seychelle Islands. Now, Dumeril and Bibron
enumerate only three Asiatic Crocodiles — C. hiporcatus, C. palus-
tris, and C. galeatus, the last of which was only known to them
by description ; so that aU the numerous Asiatic crocodiles which
passed through their hands belonged either to C. hiporcatus or C.
palustris. On the other hand, all the skulls of crocodiles from Asia
which I have met with (amounting to at least twenty) are either
those of C, hiporcatus or of the species which I have called horn-
hifrons\ so that I suspect the latter title will turn out to be a
synonym oi palustris.

6. Crocodilus rhomhifer.

I have not been able to obtain any skull of this species, which,
according to Cuvier's account and figures (' Oss. Eossiles,' t. ix.
p. 102), resembles C. Americanus in the great convexity of its
nasal region, but differs from it in the greater breadth of the skull,
and in the strong converging preorbital ridges, which appear to be
limited to the lachrymal bones. If the figures are to be trusted,
however, there are other very important distinctive characters

CHjLBAOTERS OF EECENT CROCODTLIA, / 15

about the eranium of this species ; for Cuvier's, fig. 2/ pi. 3\f^ which ^
gives a view of the palate, shows the premaxillo-maxillarj suture
forming a nearly straight transverse line.

There remain several species of Crocodilus whose skulls I have
not been able to examine, and of which no sufficient descriptions
exist. Of these, (7.) C.galeatus and (8.) C. Gravesii (planirostris)
would appear to be very distinct forms. (9.) C. marffinattcs is con-
sidered by Dumeril and Bibron to be only a variety of C. vulgaris ;
and they take the same view of (10.) Crocodilus suchus. Professor
Owen, however, has figured the cranium of an Egyptian mummy
under this name ('Monograph on the Eeptilia of the London Clay,*
Pal. Soc, 1850). In the under- view of this skull (tab. i. fig. 2), the
junction of the premaxilla and the maxilla in the palate seems to
be broken away ; but on the left side, the palatine process of the
maxilla is entire, as far as the level of the anterior margin of the
sixth tooth, and there is not a trace of a suture behind this point.
Are there, then, two or more species of Crocodile in Egypt, as
Geofiroy St.-Hilaire supposed ?

With regard to the distribution of the species of Crocodilus, G.
vulgaris, C marginatus, and C. sucTius (?) appear to be exclusively
African ; all the crocodiles from other parts of the Eastern hemi-
sphere, which I have met with, belong, as I have stated above,
either to C. hi^^orcatus or C hombifro'ns, both of which species are
found in the Granges. Crocodilus galeatus appears to be peculiar
to Siam. Crocodilus Americanus and C. rJiomlifer are undoubt-
edly American. C Journei has been supposed to be African ; but
such positive evidence as exists tends rather to prove it to be an
American species. Thus Bory de St. Vincent states that the
Bordeaux specimen is " suspected to have come from America; "
and, as I have said, the skull in the British Museum is labelled
^' from the Orinoko."

Crocodilus Gravesii {planirostris) is supposed by Bory de St.
Vincent to have been brought from the Congo ; but its real origin
is not known.

G-enus 5. Mecistops.

The cranium is elongated, and the snout slender and Gavial-like.
There are eighteen slender and subequal teeth above, and fifteen
below, on each side. The mandibular * symphysis extends back to
the level of the seventh tooth. The cervical scutes are arranged
in two transverse rows, each of which contains two scutes ; and
there is no space left between the posterior row and the tergal series.

16 PROP. HTJXLET ON THE SPECIFIC AND GENERIC

This excellent genus, as established by Dr. Gray, includes Cuvier's
Crocodilus cataphractus (wbich Dr. Gray considers to be the young
of a species whose full-grown form was discovered by Mr. Bennett
in West Africa), Crocodilus Journei and Crocodilus Schlegelii.
As I have endeavoured to show, however, C. Journei is a true
crocodile ; and, as I shall point out below, Miiller and Schlegel
have satisfactorily proved C. ScJilegelii to be a Gavial. Conse-
quently Mecistops is at present represented by only one species,
which must be called M. cataphracfm if M. Bennettii of Gray is
really the adult of the form which Cuvier described.

III. In the family of the Gavialid^, the snout is always very
long and slender ; the teeth are for the most part slender, sharp-
edged, and subequal. The two anterior mandibular teeth pass into
grooves, one of which lies on each side of a beak-like prominence
of the premaxiUse, which carries the two anterior upper teeth.
The canines are received into grooves. The mandibular symphysis
extends back to at least the fourteenth tooth, and is partly formed
by the junction of the splenial bones. The premaxillo-maxillary
suture is always strongly convex backwards. The posterior nares
are situated more forward than in the Grocodili. The temporal
fossae are large. The feet are strongly webbed. The dorsal scutes
are not articulated ; and there are no ventral scutes.

I distinguish two genera in this family, Bhynchosuchu^ and
Oavialis.

Genus 6. Ehtnchosuohits.

There are twenty teeth above, and eighteen or nineteen below,
on each side ; the mandibular symphysis extends to the fifteenth
tooth. The posterior teeth of the upper jaw, and almost all those
of the lower jaw, are received into interdental pits ; the orbital
margins are not raised ; and the premaxillse are hardly at all ex-
panded. The premaxillo-maxillary suture does not reach the third
tooth behind the notch.

I propose the name Bhynchosuchus to indicate that generic type
which is at present represented by the solitary species called by
Miiller and Schlegel Crocodilus {Gavialis) ScMegelii, and ad-
mirably described and figured by them in their essay, ' Over de
Krokodilen van der Indischen Archipel,' in the ' Verhandelingen
over de natuurlijke Gesch. der Nederl. overzee. Bezittingen,'
1839-1844. Under the title Crocodilus (Gavialis) Schlegelii
(p. 18), they say — " The Gavial from Borneo, when compared with

CHARACTERS OF RECENT CROCODILTA. 17

the Indian one, is principally distinguished by the following
characters : —

"1. By its stronger form and better developed limbs.

" 2. By its much less slender head and snout, which last does
not narrow so suddenly in front of the eyes as in G. Gangeticus.

" 3. By the smaller number of teeth, of which there are twenty
above and eighteen below on each side, while G. Gangeticus has
5g or ^ ; furthermore, the teeth are stouter, less curved, and less
sharp, and are disposed more perpendicularly, and the ninth
tooth of the upper jaw (reckoning from the front) is considerably
larger and stronger than the others ; whence it follows that, just
as in the true Crocodiles, the snout at the level of this tooth ex-
hibits a lateral projection.

" 4. By the shorter symphysis of the under jaw.

" 5. By the absence of the swollen nasal prominence (neus-
klep), which characterizes the Gangetic Gavial.

" 6. By the less expanded form of the tabular upper surface of
the hinder part of the skull.

" 7. By the very slight production of the edges of the orbit.

" 8. By the large eyes.

" 9. By the presence of a number of small nuchal shields,
while G. Gangeticus has but one pair.

" 10. By the strongly developed keels of the dorsal scutes.

" 11. By the much larger scales on the under parts and on
the legs of the animal.

" 12. By the different colours with which it is variegated."

These authors further point out that the vomers appear for a
small space in the posterior part of the palate, that the opercular
or splenial bones join in the symphysis of the lower jaw, and that
the cervical and dorsal scutes form one continuous shield ; and they
represent the two anterior mandibular teeth passing in grooves on
either side of the end of the premaxilla. In fact, they fully and
completely establish the fact that their new species belongs to the
Longirostres of Cuvier, or to the Gavials of later writers.

Under these circumstances, it is somewhat surprising to find
the deliberate conclusions of these careful investigators set aside

in the following brief passage : —

«

" This Bornean species (0. Schlegelii) was, in fact, originally
described as a new species of Gavial ; but the nasal bones, as in
the fossil from Sheppey, figured in t. ii. 15, extend to the hinder

LINN. PEOC. — ZOOLOGY. 2

18 PROr. HUXLEY ON THE SPECIFIC AND GENERIC

border of the external uostril." — Owen, Fossil Beptilia of the
London Clay, Crocodilia, p. 15 : 1850.

Miiller and Schlegel give remarkably clear and beautiful figures
of the skull of their Gravial ; and these show at once that the nasal
bones do not " reach the hinder border of the external nostril,"
but meet the premaxillaries at a point very distant from that
border, viz. opposite the ninth tooth. Even did the nasal
bones reach the posterior boundary of the nostril, such a cha-
racter would not outweigh those derived from the relations and
number of the teeth, the structure and extent of the mandibular
symphysis, and the disposition of the dermal scutes, — all of which
are so clearly and definitely set forth by Miiller and Schlegel, that
it seems difficult to understand how any one who had consulted
the original memoir could have overlooked them.

It was possible, however, that Miiller and Schlegel, notwith-
standing their great opportunities, might have erred in their
statements ; and I therefore gladly seized the opportunity of test-
ing their description by comparing it with an authentic skull of
the species in question, from New Guinea, in the collection of
the British Museum.

I have found the statement of Miiller and Schlegel minutely
accurate in almost all points ; and there cannot be the slightest
doubt, not only that the Schlegelian crocodile is one of the Ga-
vialidce, but that it forms a distinct generic type in that family,
as different from Gavialis as Caiman is from Jacare, or Mecistops
from Crocodilus.

The following are the most important measurements of the skull
of IthynchosucJius ScJilegelii in the British Museum collection : —

Inches.
Length from the end of the premaxilla to that of

OS quadratum 23

Breadth from outer edge of one os quadratum to that

of the other 8|

Breadth across the face in front of the orbits 4

„ at the 9th tooth 2

„ at the 5th tooth li

„ at the 3rd tooth IJ

„ of the beak-like curved process which carries

the two anterior teeth 1

Mean width of lower jaw from symphysis to ex-

. tremity IJ

CHARACTEES OF RECENT CROCODILIA. 19

Inches.

Length 12

No tooth measures transversely more than -^q

The face is very smooth ; but a slight longitudinal groove runs
down on each side from the anterior margin of the orbit for about
two inches. Anteriorly to this point the snout retains a nearly
even diameter as far as the ninth tooth, in front of which it sud^
denly narrows a little, retaining nearly the same dimensions to the
fourth tooth, where it widens a very little, and then suddenly
narrows to the terminal beak. The lower jaw does not expand at
all at its extremity. The nasals join the premaxillaries opposite
the ninth tooth, and the splenial bones, in the lower jaw, end op-
posite the tenth mandibular tooth, as the figures of Miiller and
Schlegel show. The vomers appear between the inner edges of the
palatines posteriorly, as a thin bony band If inch long by J inch
wide, which tapers at each end and is divided by a longitudinal
suture. The ninth tooth of the upper jaw is stronger than the rest.

The only point in which the description of Miiller and Schlegel
seems to me to be incomplete* is with regard to the disposition of
the teeth. They say — " The teeth of C. Schlegeliiy as regards
their form and development, more nearly resemble those of the
true Crocodiles ; but in the way in which the teeth of the two
jaws are opposed, there is the most complete resemblance between
our species and the Grangetic Gavial, — both which species differ
from all other crocodiles in the circumstance that when the mouth
is shut, all the teeth of the under jaw project outside the lateral
margin of the upper jaw" Q. c. p. 22).

What I find is this : — The anterior teeth of both the upper jaw
and the mandible are long, slender, sharp-edged, and slightly
curved. The posterior eleven, on each side, in the upper jaw, are
short, straight, conical, and constricted below their crowns. There
are deep interdental pits between the ten posterior mandibular
teeth, into which the opposed teeth of the maxilla are received
when the jaws are closed. All the mandibular teeth, except the
two anterior and the fourth pair, pass into like pits in the upper
jaw. The anterior eight teeth on each side of the upper jaw pass
straight down outside the lower jaw. In the Grangetic Gravial the
relations of the teeth of the two jaws appear to me, as I shall
state below, to be very different.

* Or it is possible that the Rhynchosuchm from New Gruinea, which I have
examined, is specifically distinct from the Bornean form.

2*

20 PROF. HUXLEY OS THE SPECIFIC AND GENERIC

Bhynchosuchus Schlegelii inhabits the inland lakes of Borneo,
and is found in New Guinea.

Grenus 7. Gavialis.

There are twenty-seven or twenty-eight teeth in the upper, and
twenty-five or twenty-six in the lower jaw. The mandibular sym-
physis extends to the twenty-third or twenty-fourth tooth. The
lateral teeth of both jaws are, all but the very hindmost, directed
obliquely downwards (or upwards), forwards or outwards, and are
not received into interdental pits. The anterior margins of the
orbits are raised. The premaxillaB and the end of the mandible
are greatly expanded. The premaxillo-maxillary suture reaches
the level of the fourth tooth behind the canine notch.

The only true Gavialis is the well-known G. Gangeticus from the
East Indies. In this * Gavial,' or ' Garrhial,' the vomers are slender
bones which do not extend further forwards than the level of the
twenty-second or twenty-first tooth, and have but a very short
and slender representative of the anterior flattened division of the
bone in Jacare ; posteriorly they extend back to the level of the
descending processes of the prefrontals. In a skull 25 inches
long the vomers have a length of about 4 inches, extending as
they do a little further forward than the palato-maxillary suture.
The median nares are opposite the twenty-fifth tooth.

All the Crocodilia which I have enumerated are provided with
two perfectly distinct kinds of dermal armour, — the one consisting
of plates of horn, produced by a modification of the superficial
layer of the epidermis ; the other composed of discs of bone marked
by a peculiar pitted sculpture on their outer surfaces, and deve-
loped within the substance of the dermis. To the former I shall
apply the term " scales ;" the latter are what I have denominated
"scutes."

All recent Crocodilia have both scales and scutes in the dorsal
region of the body, the scutes underlying, and having the same
general form as, the scales. In all, the ventral region of the body
is also covered with scales which have a very definite shape ; but
in no recent Crocodilian which I have examined, save those species
which are included in the genera Caiman and Jacare, are there
any scutes in the ventral region.

Again, in the genera Alligator, Crocodilus, Mecistops, Bhyncho-
suchus, and Gavialis, the edges of the scutes, except those of the
two median longitudinal rows, are hardly ever united by sutures.

CHARACTEES OF EECENT CEOCODILIA. 21

nor do the posterior margins of those in each transverse row overlap
the anterior margins of the succeeding row. At any rate, there is
no flat, bevelled, articular facet on the outer surface of the anterior
margin of a scute, for articulation wdth the inner surface of the
posterior margin of its predecessor. In the genera Caiman and
Jacare, however, the lateral edges of all the scutes of the dorsal
and ventral shields are united by serrated sutures ; and the anterior
end of the outer face of each is provided with a well-marked smooth
facet, which is overlapped by the smooth under-surface of the
scute in front of it.

I first noticed the remarkable structure of the dermal armour
of these Alligatoridcd'm. the skin of a Jacare {sp. incerta), wanting
the end of the tail, but which must have belonged to an animal
between five and six feet in length. It had long been in my pos-
session ; but I had never before had occasion to study its cha-
racters minutely.

The horny scales, which had the appearance of thin tortoise-
shell, could be readily peeled ofi" (especially by the aid of a little
caustic potash) ; and then the white surface of the subjacent
bony scute upon which they were modelled came into view. It
is to be understood, however, that the inner surface of the scale
corresponded only in its general form with the outer surface of
the scute ; for it did not dip into the pits with which the latter
is sculptured. These are in fact filled by the dry dermis which
extends over and encloses the scute, a very thin layer (bearing the
rete mucosum) being interposed between it and the scale ; so that
the pitted sculpture does not come out well until the scutes have
been boiled.

The dorsal scutes are both carinated and angulated. By the
application of the former term, I mean to indicate that, along a
median or submedian longitudinal line, their substance is more
or less elevated, so as, in many cases, to form a very prominent
crest. This crest always subsides before it reaches the anterior
margin of the scute, though it may extend beyond the posterior
margin. Its highest point is alw^ays behind the centre of the
scute, and is devoid of sculpture. The sculpture however seems
to radiate from this point, inasmuch as it consists, on the greater
part of the scute, of distinct pits, which, are usually round towards
the centre, but towards the periphery become ovals with their
long axes directed towards the point in question.

The smooth inner surfaces of the scute shelve towards a depres-
sion which corresponds with the external ridge, under which the

22 PROF. HUXLEY ON THE SPECIFIC AND GENERIC

sides of the scute seem to meet in an angle. This may be called
the ' angulation ' of the scute. From before backwards, the inner
surface of the scute is a little convex. The scute is thickest in the
middle ; posteriorly, it thins off to an edge and overlaps its suc-
cessor ; anteriorly, its outer surface is bevelled off at an acute angle
with the inner, so as to give rise to a smooth shelving surface —
wide from side to side, narrow from before backwards — forming the
' articular facet,' which is overlapped by the inner surface of the
posterior edge of the preceding scute. I have termed this the
* articular facet ;' but it must not be supposed that there is any-
thing like a true joint between the opposed facets of the overlap-
ping and overlapped scutes ; on the contrary, they are at once
separated and connected by the dermal connective tissue.

The posterior margin of the articular facet is separated by a
deep transverse groove, divided by little partitions into as many pits,
from the rest of the sculptured surface ; but there is no trace of
any suture dividing the scute into two portions. The lateral
margins of each scute are united by serrated sutural edges w ith
those which lie next to them in the same transverse row ; so that
each row forms a nearly solid flat bony bar, composed, in the mid-
dle of the back, of as many as ten distinct scutes. The outer edges
of the outermost scutes only, thin off and exhibit no sutural ser-
ration, inasmuch as they are not directly connected with any other
scutes.

The median line of the back corresponds in general with the
suture between the two middle scutes of each transverse row; so
that the scutes are disposed symmetrically on either side of that
line. Furthermore, the anterior part of the inner surface of each
of the two middle scutes is connected by ligament with the extre-
mity of the spinous process of a vertebra ; at least, this is the
case in the dorsal, lumbar, sacral, and anterior caudal regions.

The scutes which protect the ventral side of the body, from
the throat backwards, are four-sided and similar in their orna-
mentation to the dorsal scutes ; but they exhibit neither ridge nor
angulation, their outer and inner surfaces being parallel, and either
nearly flat or evenly curved. Each forms, in fact, a segment of a
large cylinder, inasmuch as the whole ventral shield is convex
transversely, being nearly flat in the middle and much bent up at
the sides. The dorsal shield, taken as a whole, is, on the contrary,
nearly flat. The lateral edges of the ventral scutes interlock
suturally ; and their anterior and posterior edges are overlapped
and overlap, just like the dorsal scutes. The outer edges of the

CHABACTEES OF RECENT CEOCODILIA. Zd

outermost ventral scutes thin off and are not united with any
bony element ; and the ventral, like the dorsal scutes, are usually
arranged symmetrically on either side of the median sutural line.
There may be as many as twenty-two scutes united by their lateral
sutures into a single strong, curved, transverse, bony, bar-like
segment of the ventral armour.

Throughout the neck and body, and as far as the commencement
of the tail, the ends of the dorsal and ventral bony bars, whose
sum may be regarded as a dorsal and a ventral shield respectively,
are separated by an interval of integument, in which only small
scattered scutes are visible. The physiological import of this
arrangement becomes obvious when we consider in what manner
the animal breathes ; and indeed the integumentary interval
answers very precisely to the leather which connects the two
boards of a bellows. Again, though the limbs are themselves
covered with articulated scutes, they are afforded free play upon
the body by this flexible interspace. Immediately behind the
hind legs, the ventral and dorsal shields unite ; and the tail is from
that point surrounded by a succession of bony hoops, each of
which corresponds with a vertebra, the segments of the exoskeleton
answering to those of the endoskeleton.

The most remarkable feature about the ventral scutes, however,
and that in which they differ most widely from the dorsal ones, con-
sists in the fact that each scute is composed of two distinct pieces,
an anterior and a posterior, which unite together by a transverse
serrated suture. The anterior piece or ' semi-scute ' may attain
to three-quarters the length of the posterior, and it has exactly the
same width. The anterior semi-scute bears the articular facet and
the transverse pitted groove, whose posterior wall is just in front
of its hinder edge, or in other words, of the suture, when the two
semi-scutes are united.

Such are the general characters and mode of arrangement of the
dorsal and ventral armour of Jacare. But there remain many
noteworthy peculiarities in the disposition and number of the
components of each band of the armour.

Thus, in the dorsal shield there are two rows of nuchal scutes,
each containing eight separate keeled bony plates ; and of cervical
scutes there are five rows, the two anterior of which contain four
angulated and carinated scutes each, while the three posterior con-
tain only two scutes each. All these scutes, except the anterior
row, have articular facets ; and all those of each row are united
suturally. Of dorsal scutes there are thirty transverse rows up to

24 PROF. HUXLEY ON THE SPECIFIC AND GENEBIQ

the median keel of the tail, which commences with the thirty-first
row. The number of scutes in each row is as follows : —

Eows. Scutes. Rows. Scutes.

1,2,3,4 6 25,26 5

5,6,7,8,9,10,11 10 27,28 4

12,13 8 29,30 4

14, 15 6

16,17,18 4 31,32,33,34..... 5

19 6 The rest of the tail is

20 8 w^anting.

23,24 6

Throughout the dor so-lumbar and sacral regions (i.e. up to the
nineteenth row), the median scutes are hardly keeled at all, while
the outer ones are the more strongly carinate the more external
they lie.

In the caudal region, the second scute from the middle line, in
the twenty-third row, has a strong keel and angulation, which
grows stronger in the corresponding scutes up to the thirtieth
inclusive, until the superior and lateral faces of these scutes, in the
twenty-ninth and thirtieth rows, are inclined to one another at a
right angle and very strongly keeled. I have said that, as a rule,
the median line is occupied by a suture between two median scutes ;
but in the caudal region*, in the twenty-fifth row (which corre-
sponds with the sixth caudal vertebra) the two median scutes are
replaced by one flat scute, so that there is no suture in the middle
line. In the twenty-sixth row there is a similar arrangement, but
the flat scute is smaller ; and in the twenty-seventh no trace of it
is left, so that the strongly keeled lateral scutes meet in the middle
line, which is again occupied by a suture. This continues up to
the thirty-first row, when the median scute reappears as a thin

^JTertical plate, broader below and in front, where it articulates tsrith

ethe median lateral scutes, than above and behind, where it exhibits
a free edge only covered by the horny epidermis. It is thus that
the serrated dorsal crest of the tail is formed. The scutes of the

'Urest exhibit only very small round and distant pits.

?^ The ventral shield begins in the neck just behind the level of

baii i^-::-.: ..- : -. ...;... ::,^ -; :....; : _ ; .. -i:.. ,,-.-

• The second and thii'd cervical rows in Caiman palpehrosus and trigonatus
also contain a median scute, and consequently an odd number of scutes. In
Caiman trigonatus, the third to the ninth supra-caudal rows have each a median
single scute.

CHAKACTEKS OF RECENT CEOCOBILIA. 25

the anterior margins of the orbits : the fifteen anterior rows may
be termed subcervical, as they lie in front of the thorax. In the
first six rows the scutes are very small, and increase in number up
to twelve in a row. In the next six rows there are ten scutes
in a row, and in the last three, twelve. All these rows are sym-
metrically divided by the median line. In the three hinder rows
the inner scutes are longer than the outer ones ; and this is most
markedly the case in the fifteenth row, whose innermost scute is
half as long again as the corresponding one of the preceding row,
and more than three times as long as the outermost of its own
row.

The sixteenth row differs from its predecessors and successors,
and may be termed the axillary row. It is bent upon itself with
an angle open forwards, and is divided into two halves (each of
which contains seven scutes) by the union of the middle scutes of
the fifteenth subcervical with those of the first row of what may
be termed the subdorsal scutes, or those which lie under the
thorax and abdomen. Of subdorsal and subcaudal scutes there
are, up to the broken-ofi" end of the tail, thirty-seven rows, with the
following numbers of scutes : —

Rows.

Scutes.

Rows.

Scutes.

1

12

22

. 18

2

10

23

. 22

3.4,5

12

24

. 22

6,7,8i.a...........

14

25

. 20

■ 10;--!i.ii/. .Jx,»,>.;i>:c- ■*.*Ur

clQ

26—28

. 18

■Jijci ,JMiii-v>iaiiTifi.5.ttiEiai^

i^ykm^j

29—31

•■.^fi'ikk

.^16

ix to -Mi-^Vh. fiifl9V63-Yd

iisiA 4ffi iii

.s:3^-U:

-n-^t^j^i^:

^a 14

Hjifte9«^ll be noticed that there are /,tfar<seTa>cu?e rows of ventral
than of dorsal scutes. On endeavouring to ascertain how this
came about, I observed that the first subdorsal was a good deal
behind the first dorsal row, though the eighth to the twelfth
dorsal corresponded exactly with the eighth to the twelfth ventral
rows. In the anterior part of the body, therefore, there is a clear
general correspondence between the segments of the dorsal and
those of the ventral armour.

In the caudal region, again, I found that the twenty-fourth ven-
tral row, which is the first of the caudal rows not excavated by the

26 PEOr. HUXLEY ON THE SPECIFIC AND GENEEIC

vent, corresponded exactly with the twenty-first dorsal row. It
was clear, therefore, that three ventral rows were interpolated
somewhere between the twelfth and twenty-first dorsal rows ; and
on close examination I found this interpolation to arise from the
doubling of the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth ventral rows.

I have examined Jacare Jlssipes and nigra, Caiman trigonatus,
and C. gihhic&ps, in the British Museum ; and I find, in all, dorsal
and ventral armour having the same essential arrangement as
that just described. A specimen of Caiman palpehrostis about
two feet long, the opportunity of examining which I owe to Dr.
Grant, exhibits the dorsal and ventral shields (whose scutes are in
the main similarly arranged) very beautifully ; and a young Jacare
of about 18 inches in length, for which I am indebted to the kind-
ness of the same gentleman, proves that the scutes are developed
even in specimens of this age. I have no hesitation therefore in
expressing my belief that this singularly complete dermal armour
will be found to be characteristic of all the species of the genera
Caiman and Jacare. On the other hand, I have examined Alli-
gator Mississipiensis, Crocodilus vulgaris, C. biporcatus, G. Ameri-
canus, C. rhombifer, and C. iomhifrons, Mecistops cataphr actus,
and Gavialis Gangeticus, of various ages and sizes, without having
been able to discover a trace of ventral scutes. This is the more
remarkable, as the well-marked ventral and dorsal shields of many
of the ancient Teleosauria would lead one to expect a correspond-
ing exoskeleton (if anywhere) in their nearest allies, the modern
Gavialidce. However, Goniopholis, with its strong armour, is
more like an ordinary Crocodile ; and I have recently discovered
that a true Crocodile in some respects curiously similar to C. hom-
hifrons (C. Hastingsice) was covered with scutes exceedingly like
those of the modern Caiman and Jacare.

In minute structure the bony scutes of Jacare closely re-
semble those of such a fish as a Sturgeon : a middle layer, con-
taining so many canals as to appear almost cancellated in longi-
tudinal or transverse section, is covered externally by a thin, and
internally by a thick, layer composed of bony lamellae, nearly par-
allel to the plane of the scute. E-ound the canals of the middle
layer, the bony lamellae are disposed concentrically, to a greater or
less extent. The lacunae are of very various shapes ; and there are
perhaps as many short as elongated forms. The canals of the
middle layer communicate by large branches with the inner, by
smaller and fewer branches with the outer surface of the scute.

In the young Jacare mentioned above, I found the dermis to be

CHABAOTEES OF EECENT CBOCODILIA. 27

distinguishable into two layers. The more superficial of these is
thin, made up of irregular or formless connective tissue, and con-
tains many ramified pigment-masses. Its smooth outer surface un-
derlies the rete mucosum. Internally, it passes into the second or
deep layer, which consists of successive layers of distinctly fibrous
connective tissue, disposed in definite parallel bundles, and having
a very regular arrangement. Throughout a space corresponding
with the area of each scale, in fact, the bundles of each layer cross
those of the succeeding layer at right angles ; and the successive
tiers of bundles are tied together by short cords disposed perpendi-
cularly to the planes of the tiers. A corresponding arrangement of
the bundles of connective tissue has long been known to obtain
in the dermis of Fishes and Batrachia. At each end of this small
" mat " of connective tissue, the bundles, if I may so say, fray out ;
and at the anterior end, the layers, loosened in texture, bend up-
wards, spreading out at the same time to become continuous with
the fibres of the " mat " in front. In consequence of the matting
under the quadrate surface of each scale, the dermis has a peculiar
facetted aspect, quite apart from any osseous deposit. Where
bony scutes are formed, they appear as very thin perforated plates
in the most superficial portion of the deep layer of the dermis ; so
that there is a single thin layer of dense connective tissue above
them, while below them are all the rest of the denser and deeper
lamellae of the dermis. Through the apertures in this primitive
osseous plate (the rudiment of the middle layer of the future
scute), bundles of connective tissue extend, connecting the deep
with the superjacent lamellae.

If a thin section is made and decalcified with weak acid under
the microscope, the calcareous matter, as it is dissolved away, leaves
an obscurely fibrous matrix of a different aspect from the sur-
rounding connective tissue, and the endoplasts, or nuclei, of this
matrix are seen each to have occupied the centre of a lacuna.

Again, the rudimentary scute lies in the dermis as in a sort of
pocket, the superficial and deep walls of which separate from it
with great ease ; and in good thin sections made through the der-
mis and scute, there seems to be no direct connexion between the
substance of the scute above and below, and the connective tissue
with which it is in contact. Nor could I satisfy myself that the
margins of the scute were continuous with the surrounding bundles
of connective tissue. However, the specimen had been a very
long time in spirit ; and I am unwilling to lay too much stress
upon these observations, which tend to negative the supposition

28 DR. SANDWITH ON THE HABITS OF THE AYE-ATE.

that the scute proceeds from the direct -calcification of the con-
nective tissue of the dermis.

' Gn the other hand, I must remark that horizontal sections of
the scutes have presented oblique parallel fissures, sometimes
crossing one another, which might readily be supposed to corre-
spond with the lines of separation of ossified bundles of connec-
tive tissue.

Note. — During a recent visit to Paris, my friend Mr. Busk
was kind enough to examine the specimens of recent Crocodilia in
the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes, with reference to certain
points to which I requested his attention. Mr. Busk informs me
that there is no doubt about the transverse direction of the pre-
maxillo-maxillary suture in Crocodilus rhomhifer ; and his state-
ments lead me to entertain no question that C. hombifrons is a
synonym of C. palustris.

In the typical specimens of C. marginatus and C. suchus of
Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, the premaxillo-maxillary suture extends back
to the level of the seventh tooth.

Mr. Busk has furthermore pointed out to me the existence of
another American species of Crocodile — C, Morelettii, which has
been described by M. Auguste Dumeril in his " Description des
Beptiles nouveaux ou imparfaitement connus," &c., 'Archives
du Museum,' t. vi. 1852.

This species inhabits lake Flores, in Yucatan ; and it is said by
M. Dumeril to approach C. Americanus, from which it differs in
the proportions of the skull and in the characters of the dermal
armour.

June 2l9t, 1859.

On the Habits of the "Aye- Aye" {Cheiromys madagascariensis ^
L., Cuv.). By the Hon. H. Sandwith, M.D., C.B., Colonial
Secretary of the Mauritius. Communicated by Prof. Owen,

P.E.S., y.p.L.s.

[Read AprH 7tb, 1859.]

" Mauritius, Jan. 27, 1859.
" My deae Me. Owen, — After very great difficulty and much
delay, I have at length obtained a fine healthy male adult Aye- Aye ;
and he is now enjoying himself in a large cage which I have had
constructed for him.

" He is a most interesting little animal ; and from close observa-

DE. SANDWITH ON THE HABITS OF THE AYE- ATE. 29

tion I Lave learnt his habits very correctlj^ On receiving him
from Madagascar, I was told that he ate bananas ; so of course I
fed him on. them, but tried him with other fruit. I found he liked
dates, — ^which was a grand discovery, supposing he be sent alive to
England. Still I thought that those strong rodent teeth, as large
as those of a young Beaver, must have been intended for some
other purpose than that of trying to eat his way out of a cage — the
only use he seemed to make of them, besides masticating soft
fruits. Moreover, he had other peculiarities, — e.g,^ singularly large,
naked ears directed forward, as if for offensive rather than defen-
sive purposes ; then, again, the second finger of the hands is unlike
anything but a monster supernumerary member, it being slender
and long, half the thickness of the other fingers, and resembling
a piece of bent wire. Excepting the head and this finger, he
closely resembles a Lemur,

" Now as he attacked, every night, the woodwork of his cage,
which I was gradually lining with tin, I bethought myself of
tying some sticks over the woodwork, so that he might gnaw
these instead. I had previously put in some large branches for
him to climb upon ; but the others were straight sticks to cover
over the woodwork of his cage, which alone he attacked. It so
happened that the thick sticks I now put into his cage were bored
in all directions by a large and destructive grub called here the
Moutouk. Just at sunset the Aye- Aye crept from under his
blanket, yawned, stretched, and betook himself to his tree, where
his movements are lively and graceful, though by no means so
quick as those of a squirrel. Presently he came to one of the
worm-eaten branches, which he began to examine most attentively ;
and bending forward his ears, and applying his nose close to the
bark, he rapidly tapped the surface with the curious second digit,
as a woodpecker taps a tree, though with much less noise, from
time to time inserting the end of the slender finger into the
worm-holes, as a surgeon would a probe. At length he came to a
part of the branch which evidently gave out an interesting sound,
for he began to tear it with his strong teeth. He rapidly stripped
off the bark, cut into the wood, and exposed the nest of a grub,
which he daintily picked out of its bed with the slender tapping
finger, and conveyed the luscious morsel to his mouth.

" I watched these proceedings with intense interest, and was
much struck with the marvellous adaptation of the creature to its'
habits, shown by his acute hearing, which enables him aptly to
distinguish the different tones emitted from the wood by his gentle

30 MB. S. J. A. SALTER ON THE MOULTING OF THE

tapping; his evidently acute sense of smell, aiding him in his
search ; his secure footsteps on the slender branches, to which he
firmly clung by his quadrumanous members; his strong rodent
teeth, enabling him to tear through the wood ; and lastly by the
curious slender finger, unlike that of any other animal, and which
he used alternately as a pleximeter, a probe, and a scoop.

" But I was yet to learn another peculiarity. I gave him water
to drink in a saucer, on which he stretched out a hand, dipped a
finger into it, and drew it obliquely through his open mouth ; and
this he repeated so rapidly, that the water seemed to flow into his
mouth. After a while he lapped like a cat ; but his first mode of
drinking appeared to me to be his way of reaching water in the
deep clefts of trees.

I am told that the Aye- Aye is an object of veneration at Mada-
gascar, and that if any native touches one, he is sure to die within
the year ; hence the difficulty of obtaining a specimen. I over-
came this scruple by a reward of £10,

" I quite despair of obtaining the bones of the Binornis or Dodo^
though I have made every effort. I shall always be proud to be
of service.

" Believe me, yours very faithfully,

"H. Sandwith."

On the Moulting of the common Lobster {Homarus vulgaris) and
Shore Crab (Carcinus mcenas). By S. James A. Salteb,
M.B., F.L.S., F.a.S.

[Read April 7th, 1859.]

I AM induced to bring this subject before the Linnean Society, on
account of the singularly perfect specimen of the thro wn-off" slough
of a Lobster which I have now an opportunity of exhibiting, and
because the process by which it was shed was witnessed and care-
fully watched by two competent observers — by my friend Mr.
Eobert Cooke, of Scarborough, a Fellow of this Society, and by
the intelligent wife of the Curator of the Scarborough Museum,
in an aquarium in which institution the occurrence took place.

The methods by which certain of the Decapod Crustaceans cast
their old shells in the process of renewal and growth have already
been made the subject of observation and record.

Eeaumur, as early as 1712, and again in 1718, saw and described

COMMON LOBSTER AND SHOBE CHAT?. 31

the sloughing of the common freshwater Crayfish {Astacvs Jiu-
viatilis) .

It was witnessed in the common edible Crab {Cancer Fagurus)
by Mr. Couch, in 1833.

Subsequently the moulting-process was observed by Mr. Gosse,
in the Spinous Spider-crab (Maia Squinado) .

Beyond these three recorded examples, I believe that the actual
operation of moulting in Decapods has never been seen, though
the sloughs of our common Crustacea, and the animals themselves
but recently emerged from their old shells, are familiar to all
marine zoologists.

There is no recorded account of the moulting of the Lobster,
that I have been able to discover.

The Lobster from which the slough was obtained, and whose
operations are the subject of this communication, was an inhabit-
ant of a large marine aquarium in the Museum at Scarborough.
The period was July 1857. The aquarium contained the ordinary
assemblage of sea-shore animals, and a considerable collection of
vegetation, which consisted of Ulva, Fucus, and other common
sea- weeds.

For two days previous to its throwing off the shell, the Lobster
was observed in a very peculiar attitude, and to be very busily en-
gaged. Its abdomen was permanently and stifily erected and
straight ; while the animal, in this rigid attitude, was hard at work
detaching and carrying all the soft sea- weed it could collect to
one end of the aquarium, where it thus accumulated a large mass
of vegetation, which was afterwards destined to become a screen
and protection for its soft body. At the same time, and by the
same means, a clearing was made at the other end of the tank, in
which it had space for the evolutions which were subsequently
necessary for the extrication of its body.

The Lobster remained in the peculiar rigid attitude I have
described, during the entire two days previous to the moult. On
the third day, a crack was observed along the membrane which
unites the dorsal surface of the first abdominal ring with the
carapace ; and when these parts became separated by about half an
inch, the bright-blue membrane of the new shell being plainly
visible beneath, the operation of extricating the abdomen com-
menced. By a strong vibratory actidli of the whole abdomen,
principally in a lateral direction, one segment was, at first, pro-
truded through the split ; and this was followed by an interval of
complete repose, during which the animal remained quite mo-

32 MR. S. J. A. SALTEB ON THE MOULTING OF THE

tionleas. Then, by another vibratory action, the second segment
was extricated ; then followed an interval of repose, when the
third was withdrawn ; and so on till, at last, the entire abdomen,
after having been bent double upon itself, was turned completely
out backwards, and then, elongated and compressed, remained
above and parallel to the empty shell that it had occupied, and
which was still attached to the under surface of the cephalo-thorax.
Hitherto the only orifice of escape consisted in the transverse
splitting of the first abdominal segment from the carapace, on the
dorsal surface. None of the abdominal segments separated from
each other.

Thus far the extrication had commenced at the front of the
abdomen, and had progressed from before backwards. It was now
observed that the carapace had split from behind forwards, the fis-
sure commencing posteriorly at the transverse split between the
carapace and the first abdominal segment, and reaching forwards
to the apex of the rostrum, which, however, it did not absolutely
divide. The two halves of the carapace then separating posteriorly,
the interval between them, together with the original transverse
slit, constituted a trifid opening, through which the rest of the
animal escaped.

The escape of the cephalo-thoracic portion was effected from be-
hind forwards. First the posterior ambulatory legs were loosened
and withdrawn; then followed the next pair; and this process
was continued from behind forwards, pair by pair — the withdrawal
of each pair of legs being followed by an interval of repose. The
limbs were withdrawn very readily from the old shell, slipping out
of it as a leg would from a loose boot. No apparent effort ac-
companied these operations so far.

The extrication of the claws, however, was attended with much
and violent exertion. This consisted of two powerful and sudden
tugs, the soft abdomen of the Lobster pressing by its under surface
upon the upper surface of the empty shell. By this means the
soft chelae were drawn through the narrow joints of the old shell,
exhibiting strong, unmistakeable marks of the violence and pres-
sure to which they had been subjected. The escape of the chelae
from their unyielding incasement was not aided by any splitting
of the old shell, the large soft hands being drawn by compression
through the narrow joints, as a wire is drawn through the con-
tracting holes of a draw-plate.

The efforts for the withdrawal of the chelae were the last, and
succeeded in completely freeing the Lobster from its old case.

COMMON LOBSTER AND SHORE CRAB. 33

Not only the claws, but the parts of the mouth, the antennaB, and
the eyes, were all unsheathed ; and with the last tug the regenerate
Lobster plunged backwards, and entirely escaped, above and be-
hind the now empty shell — its former tenement.

The operation, from first to last, occupied about twenty minutes,
and was performed entirely in view, in that part of the aquarium
wliich the Lobster had cleared of sea-weed.

Immediately after emerging from the old shell, the Lobster, was
much deformed : there was a general elongation of the whole
animal ; but this was most remarkably the case with the claws,
which were quite drawn out of shape. During the few subsequent
hours, both the body and the claws became shorter and much
enlarged. This increase of size did not result from any unfolding
of membrane of the shell previously plicated, as no folds were ob-
servable immediately after the emergence of the animal, but from
a simple distension, apparently from the imbibition, either by
swallowing or by endosmosis, of considerable quantities of water.
The membrane of the new shell was perfectly soft, and of a bright--
blue colour. At first the Lobster was shy and quite inactive^"
retiring to and remaining concealed among the accumulated sea-
weed ; but in a few hours it emerged from its retreat, and moved
freely about the aquarium. The membrane of the new shell re-
mained soft for some days, btit on the seventh it appeared to
have become perfectly calcified. ^

These are the details of the exuviation of the Lobster whose '^
cast-off shell is before the Society. By a happy accident, the*
same observers had an opportunity of witnessing the sloughing
of another Lobster, in the month of November following. The
process was identically the same in every particular ; but it was
observed that the subsequent calcification of the shell did not take
place till after the lapse of about fourteen days, — a circumstance
probably dependent on a lower temperature and a less active
nutrition. These are, I believe, the only two instances in which
the exuviation of the Lobster has been actually witnessed ; but
there exist specimens of sloughs which are entirely in keeping
with this description. In the fish-house of the Zoological Society
of London there are two specimens which were cast in the tanks
there ; and in each there is the same traijsverse splitting of the
carapace from the abdomen, and the longitudinal splitting of the
carapace itself, without any other opening for tlie escape of tlie
animal.

One or two general observations are suggested by the foregoing

LINN. PROC. — ZOOLOGY. 3

34 ON THE MOULTING OF THE COMMON LOBSTER AND SHORE CRAB.

description. In the only examples of the exuviation of macrou-
rous Decapod Crustaceans, there exists a singular diversity in the
process itself. In Astacus, as described by Beaumur, the process
commences with the escape of the cephalothorax ; in Homarus, as
I have now described it, it begins by the emergence of the abdo-
men. In Astacus the carapace is detached and thrown oif bodily
and unbroken, being severed from its attachments with the lateral
portions of the cephalothorax, as is the case in the Brachyura ;
whereas in Homarus the lateral attachments of the carapace
remain, whilst the plate itself is split up the centre. In Astacus,
as is also the case in the Brachyura, the thrown- off slough is uni-
formly left resting on its dorsal surface ; in Homarus the reverse
is uniformly the case. But the most striking dissimilarity is
to be found in the circumstances stated to attend the liberation
of the chelae. Prof. Bell, in the Introduction to his ' History of
the British Stalk-eyed Crustacea,' remarks — " It is impossible to
imagine that the crust of the legs, and especially of the great
claws of the larger species, could be cast off, unless it were
susceptible of being longitudinally split" (p. 35), and he then
proceeds to give the account detailed by Beaumur of the longi-
tudinal splitting of the shell in the neighbourhood of the joints of
the claws in Astacus, so as to allow of the extrication of the hands.
Nevertheless, however impossible it may appear for the chelae to
escape without this splitting, no such circumstance occurs in the
exuviation of Homarus vulgaris ; and when we consider that the
hands of Astacus are small in proportion to the wrist-joints, and
that in Homarus they are larger in proportion to those joints than
in any other of the Macroura, this dissimilarity in the mode in
which the claws escape is the more remarkable, and, I confess, to
my own mind it suggests the suspicion that the distinguished and
usually most accurate Erench naturalist to whom I have referred
may possibly in this instance have been led to consider as a fact
that which was to him a supposed necessity*.

Since the foregoing account of the moulting of the Lobster was
written, I have dredged a specimen of the common shore-crab
(^Carcinus mcenas), in the act of casting its shell. This little
crustacean had taken refuge, no doubt for the safe and secret per-

* The suspicion above expressed has been fully confirmed by observations
made by Mr. J. J. Bennett, the Secretary of the Linnean Society. Mr. Bennett
informs me that, in an aquarium in his possession, an Astacus fiuviatilis has
twice cast its shell, and the process of moiilting was on each occasion accom-
plished without any sphtting of the shell at the joints of the claws.

ME. R. GARNER ON THE SHELL-BEARINO MOLLUSCA. 35

formance of sloughing in a forest of Zostera, on one of the mud
banks in Poole Harbour, and while scraping these weeds with a
keer-drag it fortunately fell into my net. It shows how the Bra-
chyura leave their old shells by the horizontal splitting away of the
carapace from the other portions of the shell — the carapace itself
remaining entire ; and it also shows (and this was my principal
object in exhibiting the specimen) the enormous amount of increase
of size upon emerging from the shell, and the rapidity with which
that increase takes place. The animal, as now seen, is in exactly
the same state as when taken out of the water, and its bulk is
probably some four times larger than the area of the shell in which
it had been encased only a few minutes before. I retained the
Crab in connexion with its old shell, and prevented its further
escape by wrapping it in paper, so that it could not move its limbs.
I thought such a specimen would be telling and illustrative, and that
the old shell, being in contact with the new, would afford facilities
for contrast. In this condition the Crab died, and, being out of water
some time, it became dry, and the soft new shell collapsed and
bulged in ; but, upon placing the dead Crab in sea- water, the soft
shell very speedily imbibed sufficient fluid to distend it to its pre-
vious dimensions. This of course was simply the effect of endosmosis.
Mr. Couch, in describing the moulting of the common Edible Crab
(Cancer Pagurus), speaks of its drinking large quantities of water,
and thus becoming distended ; but I rather think that the distension
takes place by endosmosis, even during life. There are two cir-
cumstances which militate against Mr. Couch's opinion : — first,
the rapidity with which the distension occurred in the Crab I have
just exhibited, while still in the act of moulting ; and secondly,
that after death the same distension occurred when the Crab was
immersed in sea- water ; in which case it could only be by endosmosis.
Indeed to me it seems very probable that this very endosmosis,
when the water once comes in contact with the new, uncalcified
shell, may, by distending it, be the main agent in the breaking
open and dissevering of the elements of the old shell.

On the Shell-bearing Mollusca, particularly with regard to Struc-
ture and Form. By Egbert Gtarner, Esq., F.L.S.

[Abstract of a Paper read before the Society.]

The author commences the paper, of which the following is the
substance, with some general observations on the morphology of

3#

30 MR. R. GARNER ON THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA.

animals. He thinks that the idea of an ascending and successive
scale or chain of creation is, in the main, correct, when the great
classes, and not species or genera, are made the links, — the dis-
turbing or modifying influences being due to modes of life, food,
habitat, &c.,and causing a different (say the quinary) distribution.
He is an advocate, too, for the doctrine of one fundamental plan
of organization, and thinks that, in the zoophyte, there is a real
union of both the animal and vegetable nisus.

The great divisions of this chain, the radiate, articulate, mollus-
cous, and vertebrate, constitute an ascending series ; the links of
the chain, so to speak, being in each case, for such an extent, of a
particular pattern ; but, nevertheless, one of the highest moUusks
may surpass in organization one of the lowest fishes, or an articu-
late creature a mollusk. The author considers such great divisions
of animals, as well as minor ones — the gasteropodous moUusks, for
instance — as realities, and not mere abstractions ; and that they
are independent of the circumstances of food, habitat, locomotion,
&c., just referred to. So great, however, are these disturbing
influences, that they often produce an extraordinary external
resemblance or pseudo-analogy between animals of a very difl'erent
nature, as between a Chiton and an Oniscus, and they are con-
nected intimately with, though not the cause of, what we call
specific or generic distinctions. Aerial life, in contradistinction to
aquatic, raises mucb the character of the locomotive organs ; yet
this is subordinate to type : hence the creeping Mollusk appears
to have commonly a higher organization than the flying Insect.

The cartilages of Sepia have a true resemblance to those of
a Skate, and the Cirrhipede truly connects the Mollusk with the
Crustacean. The author regards Dentalium as a gasteropod, differ-
ing in this respect from Lacaze-Duthiers, whose beautiful paper,
however, renders it supererogatory to say anything more on this
animal, except that the author believes that the presence of the
spiniferous tongue, of a proboscis, and the nature of the food, are
favourable to his view : he also takes the feathery tufts to be the
branchiae.

The anatomy of Aspergillum is similar to that of Fholas;
its mantle, however, is all but closed in front, and ends in an
obliquely-set muscular disk, applied to the internal surface of the
rose of the so-called arrosoir, the openings of this part of the shell
giving exit to certain processes and fimbriae of the fleshy disk, —
a narrow slit being also left in both the muscular and shelly disks
for the exsertion of the small, compressed and curved foot. The

MK. E. GARNER ON THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA. 37

animal is enveloped within the shell by a rather horny, general
membrane.

The author touches upon the anatomy of some other genera of
Lamellibranchiata. Solemya has its firm, horny, dark cuticle
doubled inwards from the valves over the tubular mantle ; behind,
it has an anal opening, and a second fringed branchial slit lower
down : the branchiae and tentacles are single on each side, the
former being remarkably feather-like. The foot is similar to that of
the Solens, but crenate round its anterior disk. Cyrenoidea has the
mantle closed below, but with two openings behind, the upper one
with a semicircular internal fringe, incomplete above ; a callous
rim and fringe surround the mantle, which has also a third opening
for the long, compressed, bent, and blunt foot. This last has a
remarkable crystalline body, directed from the stomach to the
pedal pore, apparently, as in Cardium, subserving by its elasticity
to the extension of the foot, and consequently to locomotion ; at
any rate, it is not a sexual distinction. The external branchiae are
short, and the upper or internal branchial cavity does not commu-
nicate with the lower one. The renal organ opens near the
branchial nerve, and the ovary at the base of the abdominal mass.
Trigonia is remarkable for its beautifully fringed, open mantle, its
pectinated pits for the secretion of the teeth, and the large scythe-
shaped foot, trenchant before and peaked behind, and having a
fringed disk. Vulsella is allied to the Oyster, but more so to the
Pectens, having a small cylindrical grooved foot and appended
visceral mass, but no byssus ; the rectum perforates the heart, and
has a tentacle above its opening. Perna has a similar foot, and a
very bulky byssus, with a large muscle attached to their base ; the
lips resemble those of the Oyster. The anatomy of Crania is little
different from that of Orbicula, as described by Owen, — the beauti-
ful arms folded in several coils, with a simple mouth at their base,
the stomach and short intestinal canal surrounded by the liver and
hearts, and terminating by a lateral bend ; the ovaries ramifying in
the mantle ; the adductor muscles being four in number, with some
bands to the mantle ; and on the latter, glandular markings cor-
responding with the microscopic sculpture of the shell. "With
respect to Anomia, the author has again been anticipated by Lacaze-
Duthiers, though he has already given,^ in another paper, most of
its anatomy and morphology : he would simply call attention to
its very long and curious crystalline stilette, unconnected with the
minute foot.

With respect to that qucestio vexata, the sexes of the Lamelli-

88 MR. R. aARNER ON THE SHELL-BEARINa MOLLUSCA.

branchiata, be observes that any number of individuals of Cyclas
may be examined, and young fry will be found in the branchial
laminae in all ; that all Oysters have ova, and also all individuals of
Tecten maximus, the subpedal mass being visibly composed of an
ovary and a testis. He is obliged to believe that one species of
British Anodon is universally oviferous. But the common Edible
Cockle appears to have the individuals of different sexes, and the
same may be said with regard to Mytilus edulis and Patella.

The spermatozoa in the Cockle are oblong and a little curved,
and torulated, as it were, whilst they are pear-shaped in My-
tiltis ; they are also extremely minute, and their appendages must
be very fine, for with a power magnifying 500 diameters they are
scarcely to be seen.

In the shell of a Patella, Emarginula, or Haliotis, we have
the two conjoined valves of a lamellibranchiate mollusk; and
through such forms as Calyptrcea, Hipponyx, Navicella, and Ne-
rita, we arrive at the ordinary form of the gasteropod with its
operculum.

Then follows a disquisition on the progressive tendency to a spiral
geometry in these animals, due to a varying plan of conformation,
and not to the force of the heart, there being generally an atrophy
of the left side of the body. In Nautilus and Aryonauta, the shell
and mantle are reversed in position to what they are in the Gaste-
ropods, whilst Sepia and Hyalcea agree rather with the latter.
The symmetrical shell of the lower Gasteropods undergoes a
lateral torsion in the higher, spiral forms, to become again
symmetrical in the Cephalopoda. The branchiae in Patella retain
a position analogous to that of the same organs in the Lamelli-
branchiata; in some Chitons they have a tendency to retract
towards the anus, as in Doris ; in Fissurella they waste at the
sides and become developed above the neck, as in the spiral
Gasteropods ; but in them, the right branchia, and right side of
the mantle are principally developed. From this torsion arises
the form and spire of the shell. In Aplysia, where the bran-
chial fissure is far back and to the right side, the right respiratory
nerve preserves a superior position, and passes backwards to form
its ganglion at the front of the branchial opening ; the left, on the
contrary, passes under the oesophagus to form a second ganglion,
not mentioned by Cuvier, behind the first. In the more spiral
Gasteropod the torsion is greater ; the right nerve, for instance,
mounts upwards over the digestive canal to form its ganglion
quite in the left flank, whilst the left goes below the digestive

MR. B. GARNER ON THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA. 39

canal to attain the right flank. In Sepia the branchisB are again
symmetrical and abdominal.

The shell of the young Sepia is composed of distant plates, only
connected by minute transversely striated laminae or flattened
tubes, producing by their insertion a beautiful appearance of
sinuous lines, very like those of a Baculite or Ammonite ; and the
spongy part of the shell, so constituted, is probably filled with air
from the cavity of the body situated immediately in front, the
intervening membrane having a peculiar structure. This cavity of
the body exists in much lower moUusks ; air being apparently
secreted in it, to lighten the animal.

The author thinks that, in considering the anatomy and form of
the body of the Grasteropoda, about ten species may be taken as
types of corresponding families.

1. Patella and its congeners. — He claims to have been one of
the first to show the termination of the oviducts and renal organs
between the processes of the branchiae in the Chitons. As they
are commonly phytivorous, the intestine is often very long and
disposed in large coils, in double apposition ; the buccal apparatus is
very remarkable. Chitonellus diflers but slightly from Chiton, the
central elements of its tongue, however, being little developed,
though having the same tessellated basement membrane. The
tongue of Emarginula differs much from that of Patella, having
an immense number of serrated side-hooks and a dilated middle
portion.

2. CaltptrjEA, Sfc. — The moUusks of this division have often
suprannchal branchiae, as have some of the last ; the sexes also
are frequently separate, rendering copulation necessary ; and they
are sometimes partially spiral, with a tendency to form an oper-
culum. However, the little Ancylus fluviatilis appears to be what
is commonly called hermaphrodite, with a branchial lamina on
the left side, together with the heart and openings of the genital
organs ; the stomach has a caecum, and the penis a long filiform
appendage ; the female parts opening near the rectum and behind
the male organs. It must respire by water rather than by air,
for, in a rapid stream, the stones at the bottom are covered with
Ancyli (upon which also its round oothecae, each containing four
or five ova, are deposited), and it appears impossible for them to
get to the surface to breathe. On the contrary, the \2k.e- Ancylus,
though the margin of its mantle is ciliated, may perhaps come to
the surface, ascending the stalks of the "Water Persicaria, on
which it is mostly found, and on which its oothecae are deposited.
When the dark cuticle of this last minute creature is removed,

40 ME. R. GARNER ON THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA.

its organs may be seen to be reversely disposed to those of the
larger species, the heart being placed to the right, before the apex
of the shell, and the rectum also on the same side.

3. Doris, 8^g. — The little Boris aspera swims, back downwards,
on the surface of a glass of sea-water, copulates, and deposits its
semicircular oothecae. The brain of the common Lemon Doris is
of a fine orange colour, enveloped in a glandular matter, and is
constituted by a complicated assemblage of ganglia: there are
acoustic sacs and dark ocular spots upon it. There are six ganglia
on the buccal mass, and about six or eight minute ones on the
stomach. The anal sac appears to be a purple- or ink-bag ; and
the so-called matrix is composed of a peculiar substance, swelling
enormously in water, of which it renders a large quantity viscid,
and being also coagulable by alcohol and bichloride of mercury,
but not by heat. Spermatozoa were found in the genital vesicle,
as well as in the epididymis and its caecum. The spines of the
lingual plate are uniform, and in number about 10,000.

4. Apltsia, Sfc. — Aplysia has been before alluded to. Cuvier,
in his generally beautiful drawings, has scarcely done justice
to (5) lanthi/iia, nor to its beautiful float and ootheca; it is
peculiar for its fins, and the disk at the back of the foot. With
respect to Magilus, it should be removed from the (6) Tubuli-
branchiata, its animal being a Purpura in structure, wdth a bent
horny operculum, and a very long linear appendage on the right
side of the head, leading to the supposition that the animals are
of diiferent sexes, though there seem to be difficulties in the waj^
of sexual congress. In the specimen examined, the spire of the
shell was not solidified ; the animal had a short proboscis, with
rather bent subulate feelers, and eyes on the outside ; it had also
a rich purple secretion near the rectum on the right side.

7. Teochus, Sfc, — Some of the species of Troclms surpass even
Bmarginula in the beauty of their lingual apparatus. The renal
organ opens into the bottom of the branchial cavity, contrary to its
disposition in Helix and Lymnceus, w^here its exit is near the respi-
ratory orifice. In Flanorhis, that part of the respiratory cavity
receiving the excretions seems separated by an imperfect valve
from the right portion. "With respect to the secretion of this organ,
it consists, in both Gasteropoda and Lamellibranchiata, of nume-
rous pellucid globular bodies, containing opaque earthy nuclei or
granules, and presenting different appearances in Anodon (for
instance), Cyclostoma, Succmum, and Helix. When these bodies
are incinerated, lime is left, which in some cases appears to have
been combined with oxalic acid. The little Merita litoralia presents

ME. E. GAENEE ON THE SHELL-BEAEING MOLLUSCA. 41

the structure of the Turbonidse very prettily and in small compass,
particularly in the very long spiral tongue. Delphinula has the
fringed mantle and sides and very wonderfully armed tongue of the
other Trochidse. Melania is of similar organization to our well-
known JPaludina, the stomach compound, the mantle and bilobed
head fringed, and the latter marbled like that of Faludina. Ampul-
laria appears to be truly amphibious.

8. BucciNTJM, Sfc. — Natica presents much the same structure
as the common Buccinum, but has a muscular disk anterior to the
mouth, — a disposition, with some variations however, found in other
moUusks. The first and second stomachs are at a distance from
each other, the tongue is little developed, and the branchiae (often
single in the Turbonidse) two in number. Purpura also diifers
but little from Buccinum. Ovula is a less attainable mollusk : the
foot is long and rather narrow, and subventral rather than sub-
trachelian, with a sinuosity on the right of the neck, where also is
a short hooked penis in the male, receiving a vas deferens from
near the rectum behind ; there is a large and small branchia, and
the reflected portion of the mantle is covered with tubercles and
tentacles, — no doubt a fine garnish in the living animal ; the moutli
has a muzzle, and there are small eyes on the external sides of the
curved, awl-shaped tentacles; the elements of the tongue are
beautifully toothed and serrated.

9. Ltmn^tjs, Sfc. — Of the air-breathing aquatic and (10) ter-
restrial gasteropods the most interesting particulars are their
generative organs, which the author proposes to re-examine. The
brain of Helix aspersa is composed internally of pyriform or
oval ganglionic vesicles, each giving origin to one or more nervous
fibres. The acoustic sacs are similar to those of Boris. The nerves
from the upper part of the ring are enveloped in a darkish neuri-
lema, and comprehend no doubt olfactory, optic, and tactile twigs ;
there being the buccal ganglia for taste, and the acoustic sacs for
hearing; the twigs, however, forming the buccal or pharyngeal
ganglia have a broad double root on each side, near the origin of
the above three nerves. The lower part of the brain is very
analogous to that of Sepia, giving off nerves to the foot, and
external and internal respiratory ones to the mantle, respiratory
opening, branchiae, &c. Lymnceus has the cephalic ring formed by
about twelve ganglia, exclusive of two large and two minute ones
on the buccal mass. The upper portion of the ring has gangli-
onic swellings, but in other respects the nerves are as in Helix,
Its lower portion consists of two pedal nerves, and has the

42 MR. 11. OARIS^ER ON THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA.

acoustic spot and a minute ganglion upon it ; behind, this lower
portion consists of five ganglia connected with both the anterior
and upper swellings b j a cord, but separated from the former by the
aorta, as usual, and giving nerves to the flanks, pulmonary orifices
and sac, heart, stomach, and viscera. The lower ganglia are bright
yellow.

With respect to the Pteropoda, the branchiae in Hyalcea exist
as a delicate membrane under the swollen part of the shell, in
structure much like the same part in the Ascidians, the inlet being
through the anterior opening of the mantle. There are eyes at the
fold of the mantle behind, and two small tentacles above the mouth ;
the heart and rectum being on the left side, and the generative
opening at the base of the right ala. Cleodora is a very beautiful
creature, with the same disposition and structure of viscera;
brain-spots but no eyes were visible ; the mantle had beautiful
muscular bands ; the branchiae as above ; the buccal apparatus is
imperfect in both. Cleodora has similar membranous expansions
with Hyalaa, and also a sort of triangular lip.

Argonauta has a lachrymal pore before and beneath the eye.
The beautiful and obvious respiratory mechanism in the Cephalo-
poda needs not to be described. There is a large sac behind the
viscera of the Argonaut, which opens on each side ; it is perhaps of
some hydrostatic use. There are at least three pairs of salivary
glands, of which four open on the floor of the mouth, and two or
three at the commencement of the gullet. Several small shells of
Pteropoda and fragments of Cephalopods were found in the sto-
mach, on which was observed the large nervous ganglion found in
all these, as well as in lower mollusks. The branchial nerves have
each two ganglia, of which the last at the root of the branchiae is
rounder than the other ; the branchial hearts have processes as
in ^e]^ia. In Hepia two openings lead from the respiratory sac
into the cavity containing the venae cavae and their secreting ap-
pendages often imbued with glittering crystalline particles, and
from the above cavities a wider opening on each side leads into a
second sac further back, situated in front of the shell. There are
auditory sacs in the Argonaut, The oviducts have separate open-
ings, but originate together. Both ^e'pia and Argonauta are infested
with a subcutaneous filiform entozoon, hooked anteriorly and rolled
up spirally in the former. Loligo media and Sepiola have but one
oviduct, and the two large, glandular, laminated organs, opening
at their summits, are wanting in Argonauta and Octopus. In
Sepiola one would almost think that copulation takes place, for the

Mli.S.IIANLEY ON THE LIffNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULRICA.' 43

author has taken what he supposes to be the capsules of Need-
ham, with dilated oval ends, tubular and bent pedicles or pro-
cesses, enclosed elastic filaments, and adhering zoosperms, from
the oviducts of the female : he has made the same observation
also in Sepia. The latter has very similar male organs to Oc-
topus, as described by Cuvier. In the embryo Sepia, the yelk
enters below the mouth and opens into the upper stomach, but
the beak of the animal also appears to be inserted' into it be-
hind. The vitellus in reality therefore enters by the foot, as it
does in Bulimus, and probably in all Bivalves.

On the Liunean Manuscript of the ' Museum Ulricse.'

By Stlvanus Hanley, Esq., E.L.S.

[Read Dec. 3, 1858.]

Not the least important result of the investigations of the Com-
mittee appointed by the Linnean Society to examine the condi-
tion of the collections and manuscripts of Linnaeus, was the redis-
covery of a written copy of the ' Museum Ulricse.' The volume
was manifestly, from internal evidence, a legible transcript of the
original manuscript of that work, with alterations and interpola-
tions in the peculiar handwriting of the author. It was, indubi-
tably, the unpublished catalogue so often mentioned in the tenth
edition of the ' Systema,' and contains descriptions of certain spe-
cies alluded to as defined, yet, strangely enough, omitted in the
printed edition. It is worthy of notice for many reasons : it cor-
rects the frequent misprints ; explains the many fallacious allusions
to preceding species, their sequence being very different ; it ex-
hibits those early synonyms, which, culled from comparison with
the actually described specimens, had been eventually supplanted
by supposed better representations ; above all, it imparts to us
those original headings, or diagnoses (condensed from the sub-
sequent details), which had been suppressed, of old, in favour of
those already published in the ' Systema.'

This wholesale substitution, adopted by Linnaeus, as a ready
method of avoiding a tedious revision of all the headings, when he
absorbed in the more comprehensive groups of his ' Systema ' the
members of manuscript genera he had determined to reject,involved
a serious amount of confusion ; for, oftentimes, the species of the
two works, although designated by the same appellations, were
totally distinct ; and the combination of the diagnosis of the one
with the details of the other displayed an array of features not
known to be associated in any object in nature.

44 MR.S.HANLET ON THE LIKNEAN MS. OF THE * MUSEUM ULEICiE.

The generic arrangement exhibited in the manuscript differs
essentially from that which appeared in the final edition of his
' Systema Naturae.' As a whole, it is decidedly inferior, yet it se-
gregates certain natural groups, such as Tvyra and Cassida, the
value of which have been acknowledged by all modern naturalists.
The following list and sequence of the genera comprised in it, can-
not, indeed, be regarded as an entire system, for certain groups,
viz., Chiton, Lepas, Teredo, Sabella, and the typical forms of M^i/a,
Mactra, and Anomia, were not at that period represented in the
Museum ; but it is not devoid of interest, since it manifests a trans-
itional stage in the progressive advance to that matured scheme
w^hich was finally elaborated in the pages of his revised ' Systema.'
Dentalium. Haliotis.

Patella. Nautilus.

Nerita. Cymbium (=Argonauta).

Helix. Spondylus.

Turbo. Ostrea.

Trochus. Pecten.

Turricula. Area.

Buccinum. Pinna.

Lyra. Mytilus.

Morion. Solen.

Conus. Tellina.

Voluta. Chama (not that of the

S trombus (not that of the ' Systema').

* Systema'). Cunnus (=Yenus).

Harpago (=Strombus). Pholas (not that of the

Murex. ' Systema').

Cassida. Trunculus (=Donax).

Cyprsea. Eucardium (=Cardium).

Bulla.
Besides the four genera {Chiton, Lejpas, Teredo, Sahella) that
were excluded from this catalogue, either from the absence of speci-
mens, or from mistrust of their being veritable Testacea, six of the
remaining 32, namely, Fholas, My a, Mactra, Chama, Anomia, and
Serpula, were likewise omitted, not being yet eliminated from So-
len, Bucardium, Spondylus, Ostrea, and Dentalium. To counter-
balance these, we find no less than eight subsequently abandoned
groupings :

Turricula (an undefined amalgam of the long-spired species
of Btwcinum, Murex, and Stromhus) .
Lyra (the Harpa and Purpura of the Lamarckian school).

MB. S. HATfLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULBTC^.' 45

Morion (an unnatural compound of Ehurna^ Auricula proper,
Pythia, &c.).

Stro7nhus(a combination of the immature members of the received
genus with JPyrula, Fasciolaria, and other allied forms) .

Cassida (nearly the modern Cassis).

Fecten (equal to Lima and Fecten).

Ghama (the Tapes of recent conchologists) .

Fholas (chiefly composed of Artemis and Lucind) .

It may be remarked, moreover, that the simple univalves com-
mence, and the bivalves close the series ; the exact converse of the
order in which they are marshalled in the two principal editions
of the * Systema Naturae.'

I feel assured, after a careful study of the manuscript, that the
names eventually allotted to the shells of the ' Museum ' did not
result from a careful comparison of the royal specimens with the
typical examples in the private collection of our author, but were
attached to the species, either from the identity of the written and
printed synonymy, or from the general accordance of their described
features with the meagre characteristics enumerated in the prior
publication.

The erased nomenclature of the species, however, was very dis-
similar, and was scrupulously based upon a supposed identity of
the specimens with those delineated by Eumphius, Klein, and
d'Argenville. Assuredly at that period of his career, our author
entertained the same profound respect for the laws of priority
which is professed by all modern naturalists ; and I hesitate not
to affirm that, from the crude and inharmonious theories of his
predecessors, he eliminated a system of Conchology that was
better suited to the requirements of the age he lived in than any
more elaborate arrangement would have been. For simplicity
attracts the student, whom a more complex (even if more natural)
method would repel ; and for the collection of an adequate mass of
materials wherewith, eventually, to build up a more symmetrical
and widely -based structure, a multitude of comparatively unskilled
labourers is more efficacious than a small knot of the most erudite
architects.

Before inviting the attention of my readers to the original head-
ings of the ' Museum TJlricse,' and to my brief account of the
variations in the written copy from the text of the printed version,
I must premise, that it has not been my practice invariably to
notice, in the summary, such trifling difl"erences of construction as
the preferential use of the ablative for the nominative case, where
the verbal change involved no alteration of the precise meaning.

46 ME.S.HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE 'MUSEUM ULKTC^.,'

Museum Ludovic^ IlLEiciE Begins.
CONCHTLIA.

CHITON. LEPAS.

Nothing relating to these two genera was found in the copy.

PHOLAS.

The Pholas of the manuscript is perfectly dissimilar to that of the
* Systeraa.' Our author had evidently, when he first wrote the * Museum
Ulricae,' not appreciated the remarkably striking characteristics of this
group, having located the only species he then knew (for P. candidus seems
a subsequent discovery) with the Salens.

P. CANDIDUS. Not mentioned in the manuscript.

P. CRISPATUS. SoL ovatus, obtusissimus, cardinis dente depresso ro-
tundato.
The Appendix to Lister was not cited ; " Habitat in Anglia, Suecia," was
appended to the description, which in many respects was inferior to the
published one. The account of the hinge was merely *' Cardo dente dila-
tato rotundato extus excavato."

MYA.

The three incongruous forms assorted as MytE were not so united in the
MS. ; the second being very properly placed with the Mussels, the other
two ascribed to Solen.

M. LUTRARiA. Sol. ovali-oblongus, cardine laterali dilatato semior-
biculato.

In lieu of the reference to Lister (whose work does not appear to have
been consulted by our author at the period when this portion of his manu-
script was written), plate 45, figure N, of Rumphius was quoted as illustra-
tive. The published account of the hinge is much more complete than the
written one, which was apparently drawn up from a worn specimen ; it
ran as follows : " Cardo extus vix gibbus, intus constans laminis 2 semi-
orbiculatis concavis introrsum spectantibus."

By a slip of the pen, in my ' Ipsa Linnaei Conchylia,' I had termed
Brown's figure of the Linnean Mya lutraria, L. ohlonga, instead of L.
elliptica.

M. PERN A. Myi. laevis, cardine terminali unidentato.

The intended name was M. Magellanicus.

M. VULSELLA. Sol. oblongus, lingUEeformis, cardine terminali dilatato
semiorbiculato.

" Pinna linguaformis subfalcata" was written after the reference to the
' Museum Tessinianum;' hence it seems that Linnaeus did not himself
consider that he had used the binomial method in that work, or he would
have quoted it as P. lingulata.

" Rumph. 148. t. A%. f. a," and " Gualt. t. 90. f. h," were the impublished
svnonvms.

MR.S.HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULRICjE.' 47

SOLEN.

Testa valvulis utrinque hiantibus. Cardo dente imico inflexo recurvo.

The Mya lutraria, M. vulsella, and Pholas crispatus were originally
included in this genus.

S. VAGINA. S. linearis rectus, cardinibus unidentatis.

" Habitat in Indiae littoribus arenosis : in mari Rubro {Hasselquist)" was
the recorded locality in the MS., where the European shell delineated by
Gualtieri was not then included : " Klein, 163. t. 11. f. 65" (a copy from
the cited figure of Rumphius) was its substitute.

S. siLiQUA. S. linearis rectus, cardine altero bidentato.

The wretched drawings of Argenville were not quoted ; but " Bonan. 2.
f. 56 " (error for 67), " Plane, t. 3. f. 6," and " List. Ang. 192. t. 5. f. 37,"
were cited instead.

S. ENSis. S. linearis subarcuatus, cardine altero bidentato.

The final remark was not in the MS.

S. CULTELLUS. <S. ovali-oblougus curvatus.

" Habitat in Amboinae littoribus arenosis '* is an addition of the MS.
The intended name (derived from Rumphius) was cultriformis,

S. RADIATUS. S. ovalis, cardinis costa tereti.

*' Habitat in littoribus arenosis Xulii (?) Amboinae " is an addition to the
published account. The intended specific name was violaceus, an appella-
tion bestowed upon it by Rumphius : " solida " was an emendation.

S. STRIGILATUS. S. ovalis, oblique striatus.

" Bonan. 2. f. 76" (error for 77) was an unpublished synonym.

S. ANATiNUS. S. ovatus mcmbranaccus, costa falcata.

Rostrum anatis was the intended name.

TELLINA.

Testa altero latere inflexa. Cardo dentibus aliquot, raro lateralibus.

T. GARGADiA. T. auticc rugosa, rima dentata.

The absurd " marginis posticum latus remotum " was a misprint for
(dens) " marginis posticus, latus, remotus."

T. LiNGUA-FELis. T. subovata scabra.

" Klein, 1. 11. f. 62" (cited in the ' Systema'), and " d'Arg. t.25. f.G"
(the description of which suits better than the drawing) are the additions
of the MS. : " sesquilatiore " was the printed emendation of " latiore."

T. viRGATA. T. ovata, striis transversis retrorsum imbricatis, dentibus
lateralibus.

The erroneous reference to d' Argenville was not present: "Klein, 158.
Tellina virgata Runiphii" had been added by Linnaeus. A very large portion
of the printed account is wanting in the MS., to wit— " aequales. Intus
radiis obsolete incamatis picta." " Labris rugosis et scabris," "hymene
tectis. Anus est rima concava," " primores," *' transversi cum eavitate pro
oppositis dentibus," " longitudinalem." The " retrorsum " was originally
"sursum"; " dextrum " was "sinistram"; "Tertius dens" was "Altera
testa."

48 MR.S.HAl^LEY ON THE LTNNEAN MS. OF THE 'MUSEUM ULRICA.'

T. GARi. T. ovalis, striis transversis retrorsum imbricatis, dentibus
lateralibus nullis.

The G in the reference to Rumphius, and the F in the reference to
d'Argenville were misprints for D and I, and were so pubHshed in the
* Systema :' the '* primoribus " was an emendation.

T. ALBiDA. T. ovalis, Isevis, nymphis prominulis. "Primores" wa^
an emendation. The species was unnamed.
T. FOLIAGE A. T. antice scabra, rima serrata.

The Ruraphian name " fohum " was the intended appellation : " Klein,
162. t. 11. f. 64" w^as cited, as in the ' Systema' : "aciatum" was the
reading for the printed " acutum."

T. PLANATA. T. ovata plana, transversira striata, marginibus acutis.
The erroneous reference to Gualtieri (whose figure C looks more like the
species than his G) is not to be found in the manuscript. The species was
not named.

T. L^viGATA. T. ovata lajvis, nymphis intractis.
The figure of T. chloroleuca in Rumphius was not quoted, neither was
the hence-derived appellation attached : the " radiato " and " primoribus "
were also subsequent additions.

T. RADIATA. T. ovali-oblonga, longitudinaliter substriata, sutura pos-
tica canaliculata. "Obsoletis" and " primores " w ere subsequent emen-
dations.

T. RO ST RATA. T. oblonga, antice angulato-rostrata.
The T. rostrata of the final edition of the * Systema' was assuredly the
T. Spengleri, and with that shell solely will the printed account in the
* Museum Ulricae ' accord. But the five earlier lines of the description
(save " et albus "), and the detailed dentition (except " fossula distinctus "),
with the varieties a, b, g, and the same synonyms as in the tenth edition of
the ' Systema,' appear in the MS. with the name T. petasunculus oXtuchedL.
Whether designedly or not, there was a pictorial definition of T. vulsella
in the earlier ' Systema;' and if an author be not allowed to amend his
description, T. vulsella is better entitled than T. Spengleri to the name
rostrata. "Mavgo exterior parum repandum est" was written in the MS.
T. REMiES. T. rugosa, suborbiculata.

The expressions " hians," "primores," " remoti," and the last five words
of the details were absent ; " utrinque " followed " duo " : " non " in place
of " vix " was the earlier reading.

T. scoBiNATA. T. scabra orbiculata.

*' Primores," and ** in altera testa profunda fossula distinctus," were not
in the copy.

CARDIUM.

Cardo dentibus baseos binis, marginis solitariis remotis acutis. Val-
vula3 gibbae, hinc figura cordis.

BucARDiUM was the epithet apphed in the written copy to the members
of this genus, to which the Solen bullatus of the ' Systema ' was correctly
referred. Mactra had not then been separated.

MR. S. HANLEY ON THE LIKNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM VLUICM.' 49

C. cosTATUM. Buc. sulcis costis elevatis membranaceis.

The original description has been somewhat enlarged in the press, by the
addition of " brevissimis," " et extrorsum flexis," " fossula distinctus; at
vero ille sub ano quasi duplex '* : " minus vero ad latera sulcata," moreover,
was simply " ad alterum latus " : the only expression omitted in printing
was "reflexus," which followed "Anus margine."

C. Cardissa. Buc. compressum, valvis carinatis, natibus contiguis.

" Colum. Aqu. 19. t. 16 " (cited also in the ' Systema') was quoted in
the MS. from which the " vix," " subcontigui," " remotus, validus, fossula
distinctus," were absent. The " Rima " was termed " subrotunda " in-
stead of " cordata."

C. HEMicARDiUM. Buc. subquadrilatcrum : valvulis carinatis, umboni-
bus distantibus.

" Fasciis " was a misprint for the original ** facies " : " sulcis convexis "
was written "sulcis excavato-rugosis ." There was no specific appel-
lation.

C. MEDIUM. Buc. subcordatum subangulatum ; valvulis angulatis sul-
catis laevibus.

The prefatory remarks were the only portion of the printed description
to be found in the MS. The species was not named, but was quoted in
the * Systema ' before the publication of its details.

C. ACULEATUM (misprinted "muricatum "). Buc. subcordatum, sulcis
convexis, linea cava exaratis, versus apicem dentatis.

The intended name was verum.

C. ECHiNATUM. Buc. subcordatum, sulcis acutis exaratis linea elevata
ciliata aculeis inflexis plurimis.

" List. Aug. 188. t. 5. f. 33, Pectunculus echinatus," " Bonan. 2. t. 90,"
" Gesn. Aq. 131, 132," " Faun. Suec. 1339," "Rondel. Aq. 22," were the
oriT;inal synonyms, to which our author had subsequently added " Klein,
139. t. id. f. 40." " Alba " followed " gibba " ; "parum antrorsum in-
flexis " was the reading for the printed " erectis subulatis " ; " extrorsum "
for the ** uti extus " : " brevioribus. Anus laevis, sutura simplici prominula,"
" recurvi," " fossula distinctus," were emendations.

C. TUBERCULATUM. Buc. subcordatum, sulcis obtusis nodosis trans-
versim striatis.

" Gualt. t. 71- f. M. " was a correct additional synonym.

C. isocARDiA. Buc. cordatum, sulcis imbricatis squamis fornicatis.

" Klein, 138. isocardia fragum" had been interpolated by Linnaeus j
hence the name, which was not in the original. The " fossula distincti "
has replaced the earlier " validi."

C. FRAGUM. Buc. subcordatum subangulatum, sulcis notatis seraicir-
culis elevatis.

By the addition of " mala " to the erroneously cited figure of Gualtieri,
our author has virtually repudiated it. " Spinosae " followed " Pruni ; " the
fallacious " s. rubris " was not present, nor " saepe " either; " anteriore "
stood in the place of" postico," and " postico " in that of " antico." The

LINN. PROC. — ZOOLOGY. 4

50 MR. S. HAKLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULUIC^.'

descriptions of the "rima" and "anus" have been added: "recurvati"
and " fossula distincti '* were amplifications.

C. Unedo. Buc. subcordatum, sulcis lunulis coloratis.

C. MURICATUM. Buc. subrotundum sulcatum, lateribus muricatis.

C. MAGNUM. Buc. oblongum, sulcis angulatis latere serratis.

I had hoped to have found the 19 a misprint, but the MS. and the
printed copy agree precisely in every particular.

C. FLAVUM. Buc. subovatum sulcatum, latere altero scabrum, altero
dentatum.

The redundant " subovata " was not in the copy, where the remark was
made that the species resembled the shell subsequently termed Chama cor,
the figure of which (Gualt. t. 71. f- E.) had been cited, but erased in the
MS. The ideal hence derived is a very diff^erent shell from the one sup-
posed identical. No mention is made of lateral teeth : was it then a veri-
table Cardium ?

C. LiEViGATUM. Buc. ovatum, striis laeviusculis longitudinalibus.

I do not consider this (the B. striatum of the MS.) to be identical with
the C. IcBvigatum of the * Systema.'

C. SERRATUM. Buc. ovalc laevc, antice serratum.

" Ovata " stood in the place of the printed " obovata " : " curvatus "
and " parvi " were subsequent to the MS.

C. TRiSTE. Buc. ovatum Iseve, rima anoque obsolete striatis.

The * Museum ' was referred to for this shell previously to the publication
of the details. Curious to relate, the species was wholly omitted in the
twelfth edition of the ' Systema.' It was, in all probability, a Mactra,
which genus had not been constituted at the period when the description
of C. triste was issued.

C. PECTINATUM. Buc. subcordatum, striis hinc longitudinalibus, illinc
transversalibus.

The erroneous reference to Gualtieri was not present in the written copy.

Mention was made in the * Systema ' of a Solen buUatus, for a more
detailed account of which the reader was referred to the * Museum Ulricas.*
No such species appeared in the published edition ; but the omitted shell
(a veritable Cardium) was thus described in the unprinted version : —

Buc. BULLATUM. B. subrotuudum, antice crenato-hians.

Rump. 143. t. 44. f. N. Pecten buUatus.

Testa subrotunda, inflata, gibba, fragilis, pellucida, substriata, rufo ne-
bulosa, antice hians, margine serrato. Umbones tumidi, obtusi, reflexi.
Rima minima brevissima. Ani regio obsoleta. Dens cardinis fere unicus,
minimus. Marginales solitarii, remoti, compressi, majores.

DONAX.

Trunculus was the proposed name of this genus, which was thus
characterized : —

Testa compressa, antice obtusissima, retusa. Cardinis dentibus 2, mar-
ginis unicus.

MB. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULEICJE.' 51

D. scoRTUM was wisely omitted.

D. PUBESCENS. Trun. antice spinis ciliatus.

D. RUGOSA. Trun. antice rugosus, marginibus crenatis.

The printed " euneiformis " has replaced the earlier " majuscula " ; and
" crenulatis " was originally " undulatis." " Intus subviolacea est " was
not in the written copy.

D. TRUNCULUS. Trun. antice Isevis, marginibus crenatis.

The reference to Klein was not in the original, but " d'Arg. t. 25, f. L.'*
was quoted (as in the twelfth edition of the ' Systema '). The last seven
words printed were not in the copy. The intended name was gibbus.

D. CUNEATA. Trun. euneiformis, marginibus integerrimis.

The final remark was not in the copy, where " parva, ovata," preceded
''euneiformis." The then unpublished details were quoted in the
' Systema.'

D. SCRIPTA. Trun. ovatus laevis scriptus.

The erroneous citation of Gualtieri (a misprint for 88. f. Q.) w^as not in
the copy, and, as the figure represents the D. trunculus in the page opposite,
I suspect was carelessly placed here by the printer, when our author had
inserted it in his revised proof. I suspect this error often occurred, as for
instance in Tellina planata and radiata, where Gualtieri's figure (added
during revision) was attached to the former instead of to the latter.
" Margo interne crenulatus," and nearly the entire account of the teeth,
were emendations.

D. MURICATA. Trun. ovatus, striis murieatis, margine denticulato.

*' Postice solitarii " followed the final " utrinque " : " priraores " was
an emendation.

VENUS.

This genus (as a whole) was not to be found in the manuscript System.
Its components were distributed into three groups, two of which bore
names that were subsequently allotted to forms very remote from those
therein so designated.

CuNNUs. Testa subrotunda. Rima nymphis instructa. Dentes car-
dinis 4, lateralibus divaricatis versus latera. This contained the bulk of
the Veneres, all except Nos. 63, 66, and those referred to Pholas and
Chama.

Pholas. Testa lenticularis. Rima fissa, destituta nymphis. Dentes
cardinis 1 s. 2, marginalis tantum intra anum. V. Pennsylvanica, incrus-
tata, punctata, edentula, exoleta, scripta, pectinata, ziczac were its con-
stituents.

Chama. Testa ovalis cum angulo. Cardo dentibus 4 confertis, quo-
rum unus in singula valvula bifidus. In this were located V. literata,
rotundata, decussata.

y, DioNE. Cun. cordatus, antice pubescenti-spinosus.

The same references to Petiver, Olearius, and Lister were present as in
the ' Systema.' The final remark was an addition. The proposed name
was C Veneris.

4*

62 MB. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULEICiE.'

V. MARICA. Cun. subcordatus, decussatim striatus, pube lamellosa.

V. Dysera. Cun. testa subcordata, sulcis transversis reflexis, labiis
concavis incumbentibus.

Neither " Huic rugae, &e.," " laevis," nor the synonym of Lister were in
the original.

V. Chione. Cun. subovatus, laevis.

The erroneous reference to d'Argenville was not inserted in the MS.,
from which " lanceolatis," hkewise, \\as absent.

V. MACULATA. Cun. tcsta ovato-cordata laevis.

" Lanceolata " and " ovato-oblongus " have been additions. The ob-
servation that it was difficult to distinguish this shell (which was not
named in the MS.) from the following, would mislead one, since the
remark referred to two unpublished species, which it originally preceded.

V. MERETRix. Cun. subcordatus glaber, labris gibbis, nymphis apice
hiantibus.

C. vulgatus was the name originally designed.

V. CASTRENSis. Cun. suborbiculatus glaber, characteribus scriptus.

V. Merge. Cun. sutura postica hians.

V. FiMBRiATA. Cun. subrotuudus decussatus rugosus, longitudinaliter
striatus.

D'Argenville was not referred to.

V. reticulata. Cun. subcordatus, striis crenatis decussatis, ano
cordato.

V. TiGERiNA. Cun. suborbiculatus, striis crenatis decussatis, ano
ovato.

The name was an error, having been derived from the " Lingua tigerina '*
of Rumphius (his figure G., not H.) : fuUginosus was the one originally
intended.

V. PRO STRATA. Pho. orbiculata, transverse striata, labiis scabro-
membranaceis.

The unpubhshed details had been previously referred to in the * Systema.*

V. Pennsylvanica. Pho. glabra, rugosa, antice sulco longitudinali.

" Habitat in Pennsylvania," and " subdiaphana," were the unprinted
additions. The " margo interne crenatus," " nates sub-recurvatae," and
" color intus versus marginem violaceus," were not in the copy. The last
character (so utterly inappropriate to the features of Lucina P.) was, I
suspect, intended for punctata on the page opposite.

V. INCRUSTATA. Pho. glabcrrima laevissima, punciis excavata.

The details were referred to in the ' Systema ' before their publication.

V. PUNCTATA. Pho. longitudinaliter sulcata.

The G in the reference to Rumphius was a misprint for the written D,
from which figure (" Chama pectinata") our author had proposed to
borrow the specific name, but subsequently had preferred the published
designation. " Klein, 147. Actinobolos aequilatera " has been added to
the MS. by Linnaeus.

V. EXOLETA. Pho. decussatim striata.

MB. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULRICA.* 53

The original synonymy and details have been so transmuted in the press,
that it is manifest that the amended (!) species was perfectly distinct from
the shell originally designed. The name of the latter was clathrata, and
the declared sculpture was not merely " transversim," but " et longitu-
dinaliter *' likewise (in place of " striis retrorsis **). The reference (added
by Linnaeus) was not to Gualtieri, but to Lister, 335, f. 172, and its copy
in Klein (t. 10. f. 52), both which would have more appropriately been
assigned to V. reticulata. The V. exoleta having been previously defined
in the * Systema,' this confusion becomes of little importance.
V. ziczAC. Vho. striis transversis membranaceis erectis.
The number which indicates the position of this species in the * Museum *
has been subsequently (*Syst.' ed. 12) referred to V. cancellata, yet,
judging from the generic appellation (and consequent dentition), it could
scarcely have been that well-known species. The " lentiformi " of the
* Systema' (ed. 10), where the name ziczac first appeared, forbids the
annexation ; but, although the details of the * Museum ' were there referred
to, the obnoxious word was not mentioned in that publication. The
following are the printed emendations (?) : " laevis, et quasi excisa," " com-
pressa," " variat colore albissimo."

V. PECTIN ATA. Pho. sulcis longitudiualibus nodosis, antice antror-
sum ramosa.

The additional synonym of " Gualt. D. 75, f. A. " appears in the MS.,
where '* quam reliquse " follows " orbiculata," and in place of " In area
antica" maybe read " et a primo sulco." The details there terminate
with the word "lanceolatum." " Ramosa " was the intended name.

V. SCRIPTA. Fho. striata, postice angulo recto circumscripta.

The incorrect figure of d*Argenville was not indicated.

V. EDENTULA. Pho. subgloboso-lcnticulata rugosa edentula.

V. LiTERATA. CJia. trausversim striato-ovata.

The earlier reading of confertim was " profunde " ; '* striis crenulatis
antice et postice," " lanceolata," and "tres s.'* were absent.

V. BOTUNDATA. Cha. trausvcrsim striata ovata absque angulo.

The printed additions are " varius in variis," " aut albis," " lanceolata,"
and the final remark. There was no name attached in the MS.

V. DECUSSATA. Cha. testa ovata, decussatim striata.

" Ssepe " and " minimus '* are the sole printed additions.

Probably the V. Phryne of the * Systema ' was designed by the following
unpublished description : —

CuN. VENOSUS. C. subcordatus laevis lateribusrugosis. Testa cinerea,
nuce coryli major, gibba, glabra, antice et postice transversim sulcata.
Margo exterius tantum denticulatus, non vero apex externus, aut margines
laterales.

The V. macrodon answers fairly enough to this definition.

54 ME. S. HANLET ON THE LINTSTEAN MS OF THE ' MUSEUM TJLBIC^.'

SPONDYLUS.
This very natural genus was confused with Chama, and thus charac-
terized : —

Testa imbricata. Cardo e callo gibbo oblique insert© fossula obliqua.

S. G^DEROPUS. 5. imbricatus auritus, cardine dentato.

"Rumph. t. 48. f. 1," "Gualt. t. 99. f. E. F. G," "Bonan. 2. f. 21,"
** Rondel, c. 40. p. 41," were the additional synonyms of the MS. The
" ad cardinem truncata " was an emendation for the previous " breviore " :
the " superiore " a misprint for the written *' inferiore " : the final remark
was not present.

S. REGIUS. S. spinosus sulcatus inauritus, cardine dentato.

No name was attached to this species : the previous one had been termed
Pectinitefi.

S. PLiCATUS. Not mentioned in the manuscript.

CHAMA.

The members of this genus were included in Spondylus, except cordifor-
mis, which was referred to Bucardium.

C. GiGAS. Sp. plicatus squamosus, ano hiante crenato.

The species as originally defined was more comprehensive in its details
than when printed ; for the restricting " decussatim " had not been added,
and "Gualt. t. 93. f. B." was an additional synonym. The printed
additions were " obsoletis," "Margine reflexo," "exteriore duplicato lon-
giore," and the final remark. S. imbricatus was the intended name.

C. Hippopus. Sp. plicatus muricatus, ano retuso clauso dentato.

"Arg. t. 26. f. H." was an additional synonym of the MS. : the printed
20 should have been 10, as written : " ut in praecedente " was an emen-
dation : S. asper was the proposed name.

C. Lazarus. Sp. imbricatus.

Seba was not cited : " obliquam " followed " fossam " in the MS.
*' Elevatis," " longitudine testae," " productiore," " instar auris," formed
no portion of the early description.

C. ANTiQUATA. Sp. subcordatus, sulcis perpendicularibus transversim
striatis.

No name was attached to the original details, which appear to have been
altered ("in aliis minimum cordatum impressum fuscum "), and the
synonym of Bonanni added, in order to comprise that species {Cardita sul-
cata) which had been pictorially defined in the ' Systema.* " Gibba" was
preceded by " admodum " : " obsoletis " was not present. Cardita bicolor,
var. unicolor was probably intended.

C. SEMiORBicuLATA. <S^. scmiorbiculatus comprcssus, dccussatc strl-
atus, rudis.

" Interior " was the earlier reading of " primarius."

C. coRDATA. Sp. cordatus, transversim striatus, hinc elongatus, com-
pressus.

MR. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULRICA.' 55

C. OBLONGA. Sp. oblongus, antice angulatus, dentibus anticis acutis.

" Unico " (error for " unicus ") originally preceded " in altera valvula."

C. coRDiFORMis. Buc. subrotundum laeve, umbonibus recurvatis.

The brief description in the ' Systema ' had evidently been copied in the
manuscript by our author himself, who cited Gualt. t. 71. f. E. as the sole
synonym. The specimen had apparently been added to the collection,
subsequently to the drawing up of the first catalogue.

ARCA.

Testa crassa, umbonibus distantibus intus fornicatis. Cardo planus,
masticatus dentibus numerosis minimis sequalibus transversis.

A. TORTUOSA. A. oblonga obliqua, valvula altera oblique carinata.

" Nates, &c." and " Cardo, &c.*' were the printed additions to the earlier
description. The * Systema' synonyms of Klein (t. 8. f. 16) and Bonanni
(2. f. 128) were present in the manuscript.

A. No^. A. oblonga angulata hians.

This manuscript furnishes us with the additional synonyms of

" Aldrov. 3. p. 613." and " Sloan. Hist. 2. p. 257. Musculus Matthioli,"
besides the previously published references to Lister (368. n. 208) and
Bonanni (2. t. 32). The formation of the hinge was not, however, indicated,
and the passage commencing with " Nates " has been enlarged from " Um-
bones remotissimae, area interjecta concava, ad angulura rectum striata.
Margo exterior in medio hians, apertura barbata.'*

The intended specific epithet was A. Noemi.

A. ANTiauATA. A. testa oblique cordata, transversim sulcata, antice
angulo compresso, rima intra rhombum transversim striata.

The admixture of two species (at the least) in the published edition
resulted from the amalgamation of two earlier descriptions. To the above
diagnosis belonged the printed details with the following important changes.
In place of " extus striata longitudinaliter sulcis crenatis," the reading was
simply " intus striata longitudinaliter,'* and in lieu of " interjecto spatio
rhombeo piano," merely " rima patens."

The proposed name for this shell, from a supposition of its identity with
the Pecten virgineus of Rumphius, was A. virginea. The other species
which Linnaeus referred to the same numerals of the ' Systema ' was not
named, but was thus characterized : —

A. (Sys. n. 144). A. cordata, sulcis nodosis, rima decussatim striata.

List. Hist Pecten polyleptoginglymus, &c.

Gualt. t. 87. f. C.

Testa reliquis magis gibba, albido-flavescens, sulcis xxx obtusis, trans-
versim nodosis : nodis transversis, obtusissimis, imbricatis. Intus albida.
Margo dentibus xxx argutiusculis. Rima sulco rhombeo circumscripta,
disco decussatim vix manifeste striato. Umbones distantes ad neutrum
latus flexi.

A. SENILIS. A. oblique cordata, octosulcata, laevis, antice hians. rima
obtusangule striata.

66 MB. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE * MUSEUM ULEICiE.'

Lister (without numerals !) was referred to in illustration ; the early
unimproved account of the beaks and Hgamental area ran as follows :
" Umbones distantes, oblique incurvati. Rima hians striata transversim
ad angulos acutos " : " et profunde immersis " was an addition.

A. GRANOSA. A. subcordata, sulcis muricatis, rima obtusangule striata,
utrinque angnlum formante.

The name was evidently borrowed from Rumiphms,whose Pecten granosus
(" 143. t. 44. f. K.") was referred to in the manuscript, though neither
quoted in the printed copy nor in the 'Systema' (ed. x.). "Bonan. 2.
n, 73," and Lister (without numerals) were also cited.

A. DECUSSATA. A. Icnticularis, decussatim substriata, apicibus reflexis.

For a detailed account of this shell, to which no specific name was
attached in the MS., the * Museum Ulricse ' was referred to, previous to its
publication.

A. FALLENS. A. lenticulari-subobliqua, decussatim striata, rima brevi.

This was the type referred to in the * Systema.'

A. PECTUNCULUS. A. Icnticularis sulcata, decussatim rugosa.

"Arg. t. 27' f. B," and Lister without numerals appended, were the
unpublished synonyms. The expressions " leviter," " exteriore tenui ;
sulcata," " in arcum," were not parts of the original copy, w hich con-
tained, however, the unprinted paragraph " latere interiore margine pro-
minente notato." There was no specific name attached to either this or
the next species.

A. GLYCiMERis. A. Icntiformis, transversim substriata, rima laevi.

The * Chama glycimeris Bellonii ' of Lister (t. 247) was an unprinted
synonym.

The following suppressed description of an unnamed Ark that was allied
to, if it were not, fusca or barbata, was found in the manuscript. The
* Museum ' had been referred to in the synonymy of the latter in the * Sys-
tema,' but the species was not mentioned in the published version.

Area ovalis, corapressiuscula, apicibus subcontiguis.

Testa rudis, ferrugineo- fusca, longitudinaliter striata, striis quasi ex
punctis callosis concatenatis, alternis striis majoribus ovatis, parum obliqua,
minus lateribus gibba, rotunda absque angulis. Margo aequalis, edentulus.
Apices recurvi fere tangunt se invicem. Rima dentibus minutissimis, antice
longius extensa, nee recta.

OSTREA.

The very natural genus Pecten was separated from the unsymmetrical
oysters, with the following definition : —

PECTEN. Testa subrotunda, altera planior, basis transversa, anguli
transversi (auriculae) ad basin. Cardo cavitas conica, striis utrinque 3 lon-
gitudinalibus obliquis.

The genus OSTREUM, enlarged by the addition of the true oysters
confounded with the Mytili, the Meleagrinee, Avicula, and the Anomia
placenta, was thus characterized : —

ME. S. HAFLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSETTM TJLBICiE.' 57

O. MAXIMA. Pec. radiis 14 rotuiidatis longitudinaliter striatis.
In place of Gualtieri, *' List. Ang. 184. t. 5. f. 29. Pecten maximus,"
and " Faun. Suec. 1343 " were referred to : these synonyms had been
added subsequently to the description.

O. Jacob^a. Pec. radiis 14 angulatis, fomicis longitudinaliter striatis.
The cited drawing of Gualtieri was not mentioned.
O. ziczAC. Pec. radiis 18 explanatis.

No specific name was attached to this, the preceding, and the next two
species.

O. STRIATULA. Pec. radiis 16 obliteratis, transverse membranaceo-
striatis, margine integerrimo.

O. MiNUTA. Pec. radiis 20 convexis.
O. PLEURONECTES. Pec. radiis 12 duplicatis, extus laevis.
O. OBLITERATA. Pec. radiis 24 duplicatis, extus laevis.
O. RADULA. Pec. radiis 6 convexis decussate striatis, margine cre-
nato, auricuUs aequalibus.

O. PLICA. Pec. radiis 16 convexis laeviusculis, decussato-striatus.
No specific name was appended to either this, the next, or the two
preceding species.

O. PALLIUM. Pec. radiis 12 convexis, striatus.scaber, squamis imbricatus.
This with the remainder of the Pectens (as far as flavicans) formed a
group characterized by ** Auricula altera intus ciliato-spinosa.**
O. NODOSA. Pec. radiis 9 nodoso-vesicularibus.
O. PES-FELis. Pec. radiis 9, laevis, fornice squamis fornicatis.
The printed diagnosis, or heading, was evidently drawn up from a differ-
ent shell.

O. PELLUCENS. Pec. radiis 9, laevis, fornice squamis cochleari-hemi-
sphaericis.

No name was attached to this or the next shell.
O. SANGUINEA. Pcc. radiis 22 scabris, semiauritus.
The reference was not to plate 74 (as printed) of Gualtieri, but to plate
73. " Purpureus nigro undatus '* was written after the indicated colouring.
O. VARIA. Pec. radiis 30 scabris explanatis.

" Et omnia eadem " followed " sanguineae " ; " striis compressis echi-
natis " was not present ; " color pallidior " was in the place of " concolor.'*
O. pusio. Pec. radiis 40 filiformibus.

O. GLABRA. Pec. radiis 10 laevibus planiusculis, internis striis elevatis
duplicatis.

Gualtieri's rude drawing was not quoted.

O. oPERCULARis. Pec radiis 20 subrotundis, decussate striato-scaber,
operculo convexiore.

O. GiBBA. Pec. radiis 20 glabris, gibbus.
Brown's drawing was not quoted.

O. FLAVICANS. Pec, radiis 8 striatis, margine altero rotimdato.
As in the ' Systema,' the next two shells, along with this, formed a group
distinguished as having the " ValvuUs altero latere magis gibbis. " No

58 MR. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE 'MUSEUM TJLETCiE.'

names had been appended to this, the three preceding, and the two fol-
lowing species.

O. FASCiATA. Pec. radiis 20, auriculis aequalibus exoletis.

The " gibba" of the borrowed diagnosis was not, it may be observed, in
the original.

O. LIMA. Pec. radiis 22, imbricatis squamis, altero margine rotundato,
auriculis obliteratis. »

The " gibba " of the borrowed heading was not in the original diagnosis.
The final remark was likewise absent.

O. ISOGNOMON. The entire account of this species was added to the
copy in the Linnean handwriting. " Klein, 128. t. 8. f. 15. Isognomon"
and " Cardo ut ephippo " had been omitted in printing.

O. MALLEUS. O. trilobum.

"Transverso ad marginem" was a subsequent addition.

O. FOLIUM. O. ovatum, lateribus obtuse plicatura.

Klein's copy (t. 8. f. 22.) of the indicated figure in Rumphius was cited,
in the handwriting of Linnaeus: "the "cavitate conica" was an emenda-
tion.

O. EDULE. 0. subrotundum semiorbiculatum, valvula altera plana
integerrima.

There was no semicolon after *' opaca,'* but a comma after " latiore.''
The original sole synonym w^as the omitted one of " Gualt. t. 102. f. B."

O. SEMIAURITUM. 0. scmiauritum ovatum Iseve, basi obliqua.

Linnaeus himself had added this species to the earlier catalogue.

O. EPHIPPIUM. O. submembranaceum curvum, cardine octosulcato.

In addition to the published OstrecR, the following description of the
shell subsequently termed 0. perna (Syst. ed. 12.) was found in the
manuscript : —

0. rugosum, inaequale, tumidiusculum, cardine octocrenato.

Testa perniformis, obovata, substantia ligni antiqui, tumidiuscula, super-
ficie obsolete rugosa, inaequali, interne livida. Cardo transversus, mar-
gine inflexo, notatus crenis obtusis circiter 8.

ANOMIA.

The single species here mentioned was comprehended in Ostreum.

A. PLACENTA. O. orbiculatum planum pellucidum.

Reference was made, by a long periphrasis, to plates 225, 226 of Lister's

* Historiae ' ; Seba was not quoted : " intra discum testae adnatis '' was

absent.

MYTILUS.

Testa opaca, laeviuscula. Cardo nuUis dentibus instructus, sed fossula
obliqua intra marginem.

This definition very properly excluded the oysters which had been erro-
neously inserted in this genus. Only the Mytili and Modiolce of Lamarck
were left as members ; for margaritiferus and hirundo were transferred to
Ostreum ! !

MR. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE 'MUSEUM ULBIC^.' 59

M. FRONS. Ost. acutum plicatum, labio altero scabro.

M. CRiSTA-GALLi. Ost. acutum, plicatum, labio utroque scabro.

The reading of the MS. was not " secundum marginem insculptus/' but
" secundum marginem Mytilus."

M. HYOTis. Ost. subacuto-plicatum imbricatum squamis compressis,
labio utrinque glabro.

M. MARGARiTiFERUs. Ost. scmiauritum, imbricatum tunicis, basi
trans versum.

"Bonan. 2. f. 1." was the omitted synonym. The description of the
hinge was not at first inserted.

M. UNGUIS. M. subrotundus, longitudinaliter striatus, pellucidus.

This ambiguous species was not named, but placed next to Ostrea edulis,
I entertain but little doubt of its being a young Perna.

M. LiTHOPHAGUS. M. cylindricus.

Neither Gualtieri nor d'Argenville was referred to, which confirms my
idea that the species of the * Museum ' (termed coriaceus in the manuscript)
was not the Mediterranean Lithodomus.

M. BiLOcuLARis. M. striatus, cardine fornicato.

M. EXUSTUS. M. striatus, dorso angulato.

M. EDULis. M. Isevis, subcurvatus, cardine terminali mutico.

The printed synonyms are additions. From the " crassa," and the
" absque denticulo," it is by no means improbable that some large exotic
species was intended. The proposed name was niger ; and that word origi-
nally formed part of the heading, but had been erased by Linnaeus.

M. UNGULATUS. M. IsBviusculus, valvis obliquis posticc dilatatis, anticc
apice.

" Lineis " was " tunicis " in the original. I do not consider that the
details of this species (the M. rusticus of the MS.) pertain, even generically,
to the ungulatus of the * Systema.'

The large Mytilus represented by Gualtieri was not quoted : the refer-
ence, on the contrary, was to the two Modiolce depicted by. Rumphius
("Rump. 151. t. 46. f. B. C. ") and to their Kleinian names ("Klein, 127.
Musculus acutus vulgaris, a. b. ") ; and to that genus, rather than to
Mytilus, does the account of the suture, and the final remark, apply.

M. MODIOLUS. M. laevis, cardine sublaterali, margine dorsali dilatato.

The erroneous, yet approximate, synonyms of Rumphius and Gualtieri
(the 4 H's of whose engraving represent 4 difi'erent shells) were not
quoted in the original. The species (for want of a good figure) was not
clearly defined until the twelfth edition of the ' Systema.'

M. viRiDis. M. Isevis membranaceus, cardine terminali.

M. RUBER. M. rugosus, valvulis obliquis, postice dilatatis, margine
antico apicem sequante.

The preceding mussel spoken of was not viridis, but ungulatus. The
reading was not " brevissimo, compresso," but " brevissime compresso."

M. HiRUNDO. Os^. valvis bilobis, lobo anteriore angustiore longiore.

" Bonan. 2. f. 57 " (error for 58) and " List. 220. f. 55" were quoted.

60 ME. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULRICA.'

PINNA.

The definition was not precisely similar in words to that of the * Systema,*
but the sense varied but little. It ran as follows : —

Testa oblonga, membranaeeo-fragilis, basi angustata. Cardo nuUus,
sed valvis altero latere coadunatis ut una appareat.

P. RUDis. P. rugosa squamis fornicatis per seriem digestis.

The name of this shell, identified (I think wrongly) by our author with
the one he had termed rudis in the * Systema,' was originally fornicata.

P. NOBiLis. P. squamis canaliculato-tubulosis subimbricatis.

P. M URIC AT A. p. striata, squamis concavis ovatis acutis.

" List. Hist. t. 370. no. 215," and " Sloan. Hist. i. p. 254," were pre-
sent among the original synonyms.

P. ROTUNDATA. P. squamis obsoletis, testae margine rotundato.

P. SACCATA. P. nuda saccata erectiuscula.

P. DiGiTiFORMis. P. nuda digitiformis incurva.

P. LOBATA. p. nuda lobata.

In addition to the printed species, an anomalous Pinna, which I doubt
not was the Lingula anatina, is here described.

P. viRiDis. P. ovalis, basi compressa.

Generis dubii hue relata, donee certiora determinentur.

Testa utraque ovali-oblonga, viridis, intus magis pallida; quasi com-
pressa, et fere naviculata, acutior.

ARGONAUTA.

The intended name of this genus was Cymbium, the one applied to it by
Gualtieri.

A. Argo. Cym. carina dentata.

" Bonan. 1. f. 13," and " Klein, 3. t. I. f. 3," were the unprinted syno-
nyms. The intended specific epithet was C papyraceum.
NAUTILUS.

There was no definition of either this, or of the preceding genus, in the
written catalogue.

N. PoMPiLius. N. apertura cordata, anfractibus contiguis.

The unprinted synonyms were "Bonan. 1. f. 1, 2," "Breyn. Polyth.
14," *'Pet. Amb. t. 3. f. //' "Pet. Gaz. t. 99. f. D,"" Klein, 2. t. 1.
f. 1, 2," and " Bellon. Aquat. 318. t. 382." Seba was not quoted.

N. spirula. N. apertura orbiculari, anfractibus distantibus.

The I in the reference to Rumphius was a misprint for the written 1 j
« Bon. 1. f. 39," " Breyn. Polyth. 21. f. 2," " Klein, 5. t. 1. f. 6," and
" Petropol. Mus. 532. n. 6," were the unprinted synonyms : " tubo " was
an emendation.

CONUS.

Testa oblonga, cylindrica, deorsum attenuata. Apertura longitudinalis.
Labium edentulum. Os non reflexum. Columella integra.

This most natural genus had the precise limits ordinarily assigned to it.

C. marmoreus. C. conicus fuscus, maculis ovatis albis.

MB. S. Hi^N^LET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE * MUSEUM ULRICA.' 6l

" Bonan. 3. f. 123 '* was an additional synonym ; the " versus basin
transverse striata," and " subtruncata, apice prominulo/'with the account
of the variety, were not found in the MS.

C. iMPERiALis. C. pictus fasciis flavis cingulisque linearibus albo
fuscoque articulatis.

The "obconica" was simply "conica"; there was no description of
the spire.

C. LiTERATUS. C. conicus albus punctis fuscis.

The spire was not described : the reference to d'Argenville was I, not Q.

C. VIRGO. C. striis convexis Isevibus, basi cserulescente.

" Longa " was originally " magna " : the erroneous reference to Gualtieri
was not inserted.

C. CAPiTANEUs. C. conicus, basi fusca, spirae anfractibus adscenden-
tibus.

At least two species were confused ; but, from the heading, it is clear that
C. generalis, rather than C. capitaneus, was the typical form : the latter
was the variety ff.

The V in the reference to Rumphius was a misprint for the written Y :
" Gualt. t. 20. f. G." and " Pet. Gaz. t. 27. f. O. " were additional syno-
nyms. " Notata lituris undatis fuscis *' was not in the manuscript.

C. PRiNCEPS. C. flavus, lineis fusco-purpureis longitudinalibus ramosis.

" Sub " preceded " convexa."

C. Ammiralis. C. basi punctato-scaber.

After " summus " was written " cingulo albo " ; after " ordinarius,"
" cingulo nuUo " ; Seba was not quoted ; " pruniformis " was the earlier
reading for "conico -convexa, pyriformis." The variety a. was described
as " circumdata lineis numerosis albis nigro articulatis, quarum quae cylin-
drum distinguit a spira latior maculis albis nigrisque majoribus alternan-
tibus." The variety g. was not originally present in the catalogue, but was
interpolated by Linnaeus. " Hsec pretiosissima ut vendita fuerit 600 flo-
renis " was the final remark.

C. NOBiLis. C. subcylindricus laevis glaber, spira acuta argute cana-
liculata.

" Cacumen " was a misprint for the written " acumen."

C. Genu AN us. C pictus cingulis linearibus albo fuscoque articulatis.

A strange confusion took place between the details of C. senator and
C. Genuanus. The published description belonged to the former, the syno-
nym to the latter, and should have preceded the following brief description :

"Testa conica, pallida, glauca, oblongiuscula. Lineae 19 transversae
fusco-nigrae s. purpurascentes albo interruptae, altemae saepe angustiores.
Spira subconica, obtusa."

C. GLAUCUS. C. emarginatus, basi striati^s, spirae inermis anfractibus
convexis.

C. MONACHUS. C. gibbus acutus, fusco-caerulescente nebulosus, basi
striatus.

Bonanni was not quoted in the written copy.

G2 MR. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULRICA.'

C. MINIMUS. C. cinerascens, punctis oblongis cinctus.

The original description has been much altered by Linnaeus. It ran as
follows : *' Testa ovata, glauco-cinerea, gibba, striae transversales plus 30
punctis fuscis oblongis. Spira convexa, alba, maculis fuscis magnis trans-
versis." The cited figure does not even suit these meagre characteristics,
which might have been equally applied to C glaucus.

C. RUSTicus. C. ovatus, basi rugoso-scaber, spira conica convexa.

The variety was not noticed, and d'Argenville was not quoted in the ori-
ginal catalogue. " Flavo et glauco " should have been " flavo aut glauco,"
as written.

C. MERCATOR. C. ovatus, albus fasciis reticulatis flavis.

C. BETULINUS. C. subemarginatus, basi rugosus, spira planiuscula mu-
cronata.

Seba was not cited.

C. FiGULiNus. C. emarginatus, basi rugosa, spira convexa acuta.

An additional synonym, " Rump. t. 31 (error for 33, there being no
number 1 in that plate) f. 1," was indicated.

C. Ebr^us. C. ovatus albus fasciis nigris ex maculis transversis.

" Pet. Gaz. t. 99. f. 12." was quoted.

C. stercus-muscarum. C. emarginatus, basi striatus, spirae anfrac-
.tibus canaliculatis.

Of the two species confounded under this designation the C. arenarius
appeared as a variety in the manuscript. Of the typical form " Spira Isevi,"
" Pet. Gaz. t. 75. f. 1," and " Rumph. Mus. t. 33. f. Z," were cited as
illustrations ; the other synonyms were ascribed to " Var. a. coronatus
spinis obtusis." The colouring was not mentioned.

C. VARius. C scabro-coronatus, elongatus, spira coronata acuta.

C. GRANULATUS. C. scaber inermis, striis Isevibus.

The original size indicated was " magnitudine coryli.'*

C. MAGUS. C subcylindricus, fasciis longitudinalibus albo punctatis.

The erroneous figure of d'Argenville was not referred to ; and the 32, Q
(as in the ' Systema'), not 34, A, ofRumphius was quoted as illustrative.
The final remark had been interpolated by Linnaeus.

C. STRIATUS. C. ovato-oblongus gibbus nebulosus, striis tenuissimis
parallelis fuscis.

The "Caeterum testa minus ante convoluta est," is a press addition. " Pet.
Gaz. t. 98. f. 9." was correctly cited.

C. TEXTILE. C. pictus venis reticulatis luteis, maculis luteis fus-
cisque.

The intended name (C. drador) was an amusing specimen of concholo-
gical Latin : it was of course borrowed from d'Argenville's appellation of
** Drap d'or.'* " Columella ad postica quasi replicata est " was added in
the printing; the "luteo " was originally " albo " ; the "subconica " was
" anfractibus subconicis " ; and there was no mention of a variety.

C. AULicus. C. pictus venis reticulatis fasciisque longitudinalibus inter-
ruptis fuscis.

MR. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MTJSErM TJLEIC^.' 63

" Columella postice replicata est," and the objectionable "obovato-sub,"
were not in the copy. No figures were cited in the original catalogue.

C. SPECTRUM. C. caerulescens, flavo-nebulosus, punctis striisque albo-
luteis.

The original description did not comprise those characteristics which are
so much at variance with the essentials of the C. spectrum of authors. The
following passages were omitted: " gibba, minus arete convoluta" (this
replaced " conica "), " Columella postice striata et replicata. Intus testa
sub-caerulescens/' " mucrone cingulis granulato."

C. BULLATUS. C. flavus, albo nebulosus.

The account of the variety, and the " vix tuberculata," were absent from
the manuscript.

C. GEOGRAPHUS. C. oblongus gibbus corouatus.

The Ruraphian name was the one attached to this species in the written
copy.

C. TEREBELLUM. C scabcr inermis, striis tuberculatis.

The synonyms attached to the published details were " Gualt. Test,
t. 25. f. L.— Arg. Conch. 1. 16. f. P.— Rumph. t. 33. f. EE." Now these har-
monize with both the heading and the description, and clearly indicate the
C. Nussatella of the * Systema ' !

The details attached to the published synonyms (which latter belonged to
the C. terehellum of the ' Systema,' and to which were joined " Gualt. t. 23.
f. O.— Bonan. 3. f. S/.—Pet. Amb. t. 13. f.24," ran as follows :

" Testa cylindracea, glabra, antice angustior, desinens in spiram attenu-

atam, anfractibus 3. Basis truncata, tenuis. Columella non torta, sed in-

voluta. Color pallidus."

CYPREA.

Testa ovata laevis involuta. Apertura linearis, utrinque dentata. Spira
occultata intra testam.

C. MAPPA. C subturbinata characterisata, macula longitudinali den-
tata.

" Pet. Amb. t. 16. f. 2." was an omitted synonym. The terminal remark
is an improvement upon the earlier " Noscitur linea utrinque dentata in
superficie scripta."

C. Arabica. C subturbinata characterisata, macula longitudinali
simplici.

" Denticulis testaceis " and the description of the variety were additions
by the hand of Linnaeus.

C. Argus. C subturbinata subcylindrica, maculis annularibus.

The synonyms of Petiver (t. 97. f. 6) and Bonanni (f. 263), quoted in
the ' Systema, ' were also present in the MS., where " 2. s. 1 " was in the
place of " duabus." The " pallidis " was a misprint for the written " pal-
lidae." The account of the variety was sub^quent to the copy.

C. testudinaria. C obtusa cylindrica, extremitatibus depressis.

" Pet. Amb. t. 8. f. 7." was an unprinted synonym.

C. CARNEOLA. C. subturbinata pallida, fasciis incarnatis.

64 MR. S. HAl^'LET ON THE LTNNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULTlICiE.'

C. TALPA. C. subturbinata violacea, fasciis pallidis.

" Pet. Amb. 1. 16. f. 1. " was an unprinted synonym : "pallida flavescens"
was the earlier reading for " testacea." The final remark was not in the
copy.

C. Amethystba. C subturbinata, dorso violaeeo.

Rumphius was not originally cited as illustrative.

C. Vanelli. C. subturbinata, maculata punetis lutescentibus.

" Obsoletis *' was originally in the place of " acutis " : the " ssepe lutes-
centibus " was an addition of the press. C. Ovum Vanelli was the intended
designation.

C. LOTA. C subturbinata alba, denticulis subulatis.

C. FRAGiLis. C. subturbinata gibba fragilis, obsolete fasciata.

Linnaeus himself inserted this heading, with the first three lines of the
printed details, in the manuscript copy. Neither the reference, nor the
longer account of the variety (evidently a different species) appeared there.

C. CAPUT-SERPENTis. C. obtusa triquetro-gibba, postice obtusiuscula.

" Fusis" was the earlier reading for "confertis."

C. Mauritiana. C. obtusa triquetro-gibba, postice depresso-acuta.

" Pet. Gaz. t. 96. f. 8. ex Insula Mauritii " was added in the manuscript :
" fuscus '* was the earlier version of " fusco-testaceus."

C. viTELLUS. C. subturbinata livida, maculis albis.

The published reference was substituted for " Bonan. 3. f. 254," a more
characteristic figure : " maxima ex parte distincta, sed " followed " Spira."
" Albida," not " alba," was the tint at first ascribed to the base.

C. Mus. C. obtusa subovalis gibba cinerea, fascia longitudinali fusca.

Our author himself inserted the account of this species in the manuscript.
Seba was not quoted. " Habitat in Carthagena " was appended to the
description.

C. TIGRIS. C. obtusa ovata, postice obtusa.

In the synonym of Rumphius, 36 is a misprint for 38 : the erroneous
reference to the H of Gualtieri was not in the copy, where " Pet. Gaz. t. 96.
f. 7" was indicated as illustrative. The printed additions were " autalba,"
" fusco-ferrugineis " (in lieu of " fuscis "), and " s. alba, quasi exarata; pos-
tice subcylindrica, truncata " ; the previous words " Linea, &c." of that
sentence were also absent from the original description, but had been in-
serted by the hand of Linnaeus. " Postice " preceded " planiusculo," and
'* subviolaceo " followed "nitore."
C. LYNX. C. oblongo-ovata, linea flavescente, postice acutiuscula.

No variety was mentioned in the written copy.

C. Isabella. C obtusa cylindrica, extremitatibus luteis.

'* Pet. Amb. t. 16. f. 16." was cited in the manuscript, where the final
remark was wanting.

C. ONYX. C. umbihcata, subtus fusca.
Neither of the synonyms was quoted in the copy.
C. succiNCTA. C. umbilicata, labio interiore utraque extremitate ro-
tundato.

MR. S. HANLET OS THE LINNEAN MS. OE THE ' MUSEUM ULRICA.' 65

The entire account of this shell (the C. bicincta of the MS.) was added
to the copy by our author.

C. ziczAC. C. umbilicata, subtus lutea punctis fuscis.

None of the cited figures were referred to in the original, where "inte-
riore " stood in the place of the printed " utroque fusco."

C. HiRUNDO. C. umbilicata, supra cserulescente.

"Sparsis", "s. fusca", "necnon macula, &c." were emendations of
the press : "postice" preceded "fere marginato" in the original.

C. ASELLUS. C. umbilicata alba, fasciis tribus fuscis.

" Pet. Amb. t. 16. f. 18." and " Pet. Gaz. t. 9/. f. 11." were cited in
the copy as illustrative.

C. CRiBRARiA. C. umbilicata, maculis albis.

" Margo ** preceded " adscendens " in the copy, in which " livide flavo "
was found in place of " luteo " : " flavicantibus " was omitted. The in-
tended name was C. Argiolus.

C. ERRONES. C. umbilicata, macula testacea aequali.

Erratica was the original specific appellation.

C. MONETA. C marginate-nodosa.

" Pet. Gaz. t. 97. f. 8." and " Pet. Amb. t. 16. f. 8." were omitted in
printing ; " subflavescente " followed " convexo " ; " subtus planiuscula "
and " incisis " were absent. In place of the final remark (added, however,
by the hand of our author), there originally stood "Noscitur tuberibus
quinque elevatis."

C. ANNULUS. C. marginata annulo flavo.

The " s. rotundata " was added in printing.

C. EROSA. C. marginata flava albo-punctata.

"Undique aspersa " and " Macula fusca notat medium utriusquelateris "
are the printed emendations.

C. HELVOLA. C. marginata, postice crenata, subtus flava immaculata,
supra albo punctulata.

The final remark was unwritten, and the size not mentioned : " marginis
gibbi" was "margine exteriore gibbo", and " subcrenati " was "latere
subcrenato."

C. STOLiDA. C. marginata variegata cinereo testaceoque.

" Quinque " and "adspersis " were not in the original.

C. ocELLATA. C marginata lutea, ocellis nigris.

C. FLAVEOLA. C. marginata fulva, albo punctata.

C. PORARiA. C. marginata subviolacea, albo punctata.

C. PEDicuLUS. C. transversim sulcata.

" List. 168. t. 3. f. 17." and "Barr. 1. 1326. f. 28." were cited in addi-
tion to the printed synonyms. The last four words of the description were
not in the copy.

C. NUCLEUS, C. sulcata punctata tuberculis, rostrata.

" Pet. Amb. 1. 16. f. 11." was cited as illustrative.

C. STAPHYLiEA. C punctis elcvatls sine striis, subrostrata.

The printed " minus " has been substituted for the earlier " vix " ;
LINN. PEOC. — ZOOLOGY. 5

G6 MR. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULEICiE.

" lutea " for " flava " ; and " totam basin " for " maximam partem baseos."

C. GLOBULUS. C. rostrata Isevis.

The printed additions were " alba s.", " extremitate utraque " (in place
of " postice"), *' Superficies punctis vix manifestis notata", and " excur-
rentes in strias".

BULLA.

Testa subrotunda, inflata, Isevis. Apertura oblonga, non utrinque . den-
tata. Spira obsoleta. Columella obliqua.

The Murex jicus and rapa of the printed edition were originally located
in this genus, from which Auris Midce, Auris Judee, and achatina were ex-
cluded : the two former were placed in Morion, the last in Buccinum.

B. OVUM. B. birostris, labio dentato.

"Arg. t. 21. f. A." "Pet. Gaz. t. 94. f. 7." " Pet. Amb. t. 8. f. 6.'*
were additional references in the written copy : " magnitudine ovi galli-
nacei", "apice et basi producta", were emendations during the printing.
The " dilatata " was originally modified by a "parum."

B. voLVA. B. birostris, rostris elongatis striatis.

"List. t. 711. f. 63" had been added to the copy by the hand of Lin-
naeus. The mode of reference (not, as in the earlier Miitings, by sections
and chapters) evinces that this addition was, in all probability, subsequent
to the publication of the work.

B. VERRUCOSA. B. angulata, aucta utrinque puncto osseo.

The correct synonyms of "Arg. t. 21. f. M.'* and "Pet. Gaz. t. 97.
f. 22." were found in the manuscript : the printed emendations were, " mag-
nitudine ovi passerini ", " uti anterius ", and " granis duobus " for the earlier
" punctis."

B. GiBBOSA. B. angulata, cingulo elevato.

"Bonan. 249", "List. t. 711. f. 64", "Pet. Gaz. t. 15. f. 5", were
cited in the copy: " prsecedentis magnitudine", "solidiorque", with the
modification of "cylindrica" by a preceding "sub", were press emen-
dations.

B. NAUCUM. JB. rotundata pellucida.

The size was not at first mentioned.

B. AMPULLA. B. rotundata opaca.

The printed " nulla " replaced the earlier " descendens, nuda ", and
"pallido-testacea " the written " albida." The " antice, nullus vero postice "
was an emendation of the press.

B. PHYSis. B. spira obtusa, lineis crispata.

" Ssepe", "hiansque", " tenue", and the name, are not to be found in
the written copy : " apicem " was the reading for the printed " ventrem,
adnatum."

B. AMPLUSTRE. B. spira elevata, fasciis incarnatis.

B. PALLIDA. B. spira elevata acuta, corpore cylindrico.

So very many changes has this puzzhng species experienced in the
works of our author, that it has been thought advisable to transcribe the
written description from the manuscript copy : —

ME.S.HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULRICjE.' 67

Testa ovato-cylindrica, glabra. Spira convexo-conica, mucronata. Co-
lumella multum torta. Color lividus, longitudinaliter griseo undulatus.

This evidently was a very different shell from the four-plaited, pale pink,
and often variegated specimen described in the printed copy. The de-
scription of the outer lip, the name, and the terms "solida", "laevigata,
obsoletior " were, likewise, additions of the press.

B. CANALicuLATA. B. cyliudrica laevis, spirae anfractibus canaliculatis.

The entire account of this species was added to the manuscript in the
Linnean handwriting.

B. ACHATiNA. Buc. glabrum, apertura integra.

"Colum. Aphr. 18. t. 16" was the omitted synonym : " vel inaequaliter
ovata" and the entire account of the base (merely described as "vix mani-
feste emarginata") were the printed additions.

B. AuRis-MiDiB. Morion ovali-oblongum, spira rugosa, labio inte-
riore bidentato.

Figure 122 of Klein's seventh plate was correctly quoted as illustrative :
" crudae " preceded *' niger.''

B. AuRis-JuDiE. Morion oblongus, spira laevi, labio interiore tri-
dentato.

B. SOLID ULA. B. ovata opaca striata, spira elevata.

I do not doubt, from the " ovata", that Tornatella flammea was the shell
originally here intended ; for the inharmonious account of the inner lip
(as well as of the outer one) was not found in the manuscript, — from which,
too, the erroneous reference to Bonanni was at first absent. The " acuti-
uscula" was " obtusiuscula " : the " postice rotundata, autice acuta" was
an improvement upon the earlier " pone gibba."

B. LiviDA. B. spira elevata obtusa, corpore cylindrico.

This heading makes no mention of the columellar plication of the shell
so named in the ' Systema,' and confirms my surmise of their distinctive-
ness. The name livida was not originally attached to the description, but
had been added (together with " obsoletis ") by Linnaeus, from a mistaken
identification.

There has evidently been some error in the comparison with Voluta Caffra.
I suspect that Conus bullatus was meant, as the contrasting characters
answer admirably. " Differt a B. pallida et livida, quod testa solida — an-
fractus spirae canaliculati ". This passage shows that " fragilis et spirae
anfractus obtusae " referred to livida, not to Caffra.

VOLUTA.

Testa oblonga, subconvexa, basi emarginata, replicata in canalem rec-
tum. Columella plicata oblique. Labio integro.

The genus appears to comprehend precisely the same members as in the
published edition. They were arranged in se<itions exactly corresponding
with the Lamarckian genera of Oliva, Voluta, Mitra, and Marginella.

V. PORPHYRIA. V. spira basi obliterata, labio medio retuso.

5*

68 ME. S. HA NLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULEICiE.'

Linnaeus spoilt his excellent earlier description by his attempted emen-
dations. The interpolated " Faux sajpius rufescens " (misprinted virescens),
and the reference to Gualtieri's figure O. (0. erythrostoma), formed no part
of the original version.

The *' Varietas fere sola est V. Olivee " was an afterthought.

V. Oliva. V. spirae basi reflexa.

The synonyms were thus distributed. To var a, Rumph. t. 39. f, 2, and
Gualt. t. 23. f. B ; to var. ff, Rumph. t. 39. f. 3; to var. e, Arg. t. 16.
f. R ; to var. d (" Caesius atro-undatus," not " Fusco undulatus " as printed),
Rumph. t. 39. f. 4. The expressions " ponderosa " and " magis sulcatum '*
were not in the original.

V. IspiDULA. V. spira adscendente, margine unico.

" Pet. Gaz. t. 59. f. 8," cited in the * Systema/ was also written in the
manuscript : not so the " Varietas forte praecedentis V. Oliva.'* None
of the drawings exhibit the produced spire, which must have resembled
that of O.jaspidea. The earlier name was ispida.

V. GLABELLA. V. ovata laevis, labii margine reflexo, basi rotundata.

The reference to Gualtieri(a doubtful figure) was not or ginally inserted.
The intended name was V. polita.

V. Caffra. V. fusiformis laevis.

The absurdity of asserting, in relation to this and the next species, that
each resembled the other, but was larger, arose from the circumstance that
when our author, in revising the labours of his amanuensis, added " sed
major," he omitted to erase it from the following species.

V. VULPECULA. V. fusiformis angulata inermis, transversim striata.

Of the ample details the first two paragraphs only were found in the
manuscript. The proposed name was F. picta.

V. PLTCARIA. r. fusiformis, anguhs antice subspinosis.

The intended appellation angulata was changed from an erroneous im-
pression of the identity of the species with the Turricula plicata of Rum-
phius. " Mucronatis " and " albidus *' were emendations. " Bonan. 8.
f. 65 " was referred to, as in the * Systema '.

V. PERTUSA. V. fusiformis, labro denticulato, striata punctis pertusis.

V. denticulata was the name originally proposed for this Mitre.

V. MiTRA. V. fusiformis laevis, labro denticulato.

The final paragraph was not in the manuscript, where " Bonan. 3. t. 119,
120 ", and " Klein, 36. Mitra episcopi", the former cited in the ' Systema',
the latter a mere name, were quoted as illustrative.

V. MUSIC A. V. spinis obtusiusculis, columella plicis 8.

The reference to the letters X. and Y. of Gualtieri (neither of which are
illustrative) stood not thus in the original : the characteristic Z. of that
work was the figure really cited. The printed edition has been enlarged
by an " ob " before " ovate " the addition of " solida ", and the description
of the lips.

V. VESPERTiLio. V. spinis acutis, columella plicis 4.

MR. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE 'MUSEUM ULEIC^.' 69

The only printed additions are " ob " before " ovato'*, " s. glauca", and
" fuscis lineis " in place of the " saturatius."

V. iETHioPiCA. V. spinis fornicatis cingentibus apicem papillarem.

" Habitat in inari Pacifico ", " Pet. Amb. t. 7. f. 5 " (copied from Rum-
phius, t. 31. f. B.), and "Bonan. t. 3 f. 1 " (cited in the * Systema') were
the unprinted additions.

V. CYMBiUM. The entire account of this shell was in the handwriting
of Linnaeus, and inserted at a later period than the mass of species. The
decided reference to Gualtieri was not in the manuscript.

V. DLL A was not mentioned in the written catalogue.

In addition to the species pubhshed in the ' Museum, ' the following were
also characterized in the manuscript : —

V. FABA. V. ovata, antice subplicata, labii exterioris margine reflexo,
basi rotundata.

Bonan. 3. f. 49.

Testa magnitudine vix fabae, ovalis, laevis, antice subplicata, livida, punc-
tis fuscis aspersa. Spira testae i brevior, subplicata. Labium exterius re-
flexum, basi rotundatum integrum.

This was evidently the shell so designated in the * Systema.'

V. GRANULATA. V. fusiformis, sulcis longitudinahbus, striisque trans-
versalibus.

Rumph. Mus. t. 29. f. V.

Arg. Conch, t. 12. f. V.

Testa facie antecedentis, sed sulci et striae contrariae, fusiformis, sulcis
longitudinahbus elevatis obtusis, striis transversalibus exaratis. Color ci-
nereus, fasciis linearibus 2 rubris ex punctis. Spira longitudine ventris.
Apertura praecedentis.

This was the V. sanguisuga of the ' Systema.'

The preceding species referred to was

V. LIMA. V. fusiformis, sulcis transversis, striisque longitudinahbus.

Rumph. Mus. t. 28. f. T.

Testa fusiformis, scabriuscula, striis longitudinahbus secundum testam,
et sulcis secundum anfractus adscendentibus margine acutiusculis. Color
albidus sulcis elevatis rubris — albidus sulcis elevatis flavis albo interruptis.
Spira longitudine ventris. Apertura oblonga, intus alba. Basis acuta,
emarginata. Labium exterius integrum j interius nullum. Columella den-
tibus 4 obliquis.

These features fairly enough suit the Mitra filosa, generally, and with
reason, supposed to be the V.Jilaris of the * Mantissa.' The cited figure
however, seems M. gracilis of Reeve.

BUCCINUM. '

The species which compose this group in the * Museum ' were originally
separated under many generic designations.

70 ME. S. HANLEY ON THE LINKEAN MS OY THE ' MUSEUM ULEIC^.'

1. BucciNUM. Testa ovata, ventricosa. Apertura Integra, semilunaris,
superne extrorsum, postice introrsum.

2. Cassida. Testa ovata, gibba. Cauda reflexa oblique. Apertura
longitudinalis, obliqua.

3. Lyra. Testa ovata, ventricosa. Apertura ovata, patens, pone sub-
marginata. Labium interius nullum. Columella compressa, nitida.

4. TuRRicuLA. (No definition : evidently intended for all the turreted
shells.)

5. Morion. Testa oblonga, inermis. Apertura oblonga, labio interiore
reflexo unidentato.

In the first were located the Dolia, and B. echinophorum ; in the second
the Cassides, with B. papillosum and arcularia ; in the third the Harpce
and Purpuree ; in the fourth the Terebrce ; in the fifth B. glans, spiratum,
glabratum.

B. undosum was located in Murex.

B. PERDix. B. umbilicatum subsulcatum, basi recta.

The proposed name was B.pennatum, adopted from Rumphius : "lu-
nari-patula " was not in the manuscript.

B. POMUM. B. exumbilicatum, labio utroque dentato.

"Barr. Ic. t. 1325, f. 12" (cited in the ^ Sy sterna'), and " Klein, 95.
Semicassis, striata, costosa", were the additional synonyms of the manu-
script : "s. sulcata", " nullum, interne ", " at vero in adultioribus accres-
cit planum album", were subsequent emendations.

B. DOLiUM. B, emarginatum subsulcatum rugosum, labio exteriore
reflexo dentato.

The Dolium fimhriatum, or, as Deshayes prefers it, D. Minjac (the Malay
name was Bia Minjac in Rumphius, who preceded Adanson), was assuredly
the shell described in the ' Museum ', as the recorded dentation of the outer
lip clearly manifests. An excellent figure of it in Petiver (" Gaz. t. 99.
f . 11 ") was cited in the original copy, where the drawing of Gualtieri was
not referred to.

B. ECHINOPHORUM. B. (changed to Cassida) tuberibus (" quaterna
serie " interpolated) nodosum.

The reference to Rumphius was correctly written 1, not I, in the original,
where " albido-flavescens " was the indicated colouring. The printed emen-
dations were "quadruplici s. quintuplici", instead of "triplici", and the
entire account of the aperture, which at first ran simply as follows, " La-
bium exterius crassius, margine tenuiore, interne subrugosum, obsolete
dentatum."

B. TUBEROSUM. B. tubcribus gemina serie nodosum.

The entire published account of this species had been interpolated by
Linnoeus in the written copy, with the exception of the " color pallidus."
The ''nodis anterioribus " was a misprint for "nodis acutioribus."

Gualtieri's admirable figure of the Cassis tuberosa of authors was not,
however, cited, which confirms my statement that the species of the ' Mu-
seum ' was not the Cassis usually so designated.

MR. S. HANLEY ON THE LINKEAN MS. OP THE ' MUSEUM ULBI0J3.' 71

B. coRNUTUM. Cas, acuminibus antice cingentibus, superficie reticu-
lata.

The I in the reference to Rumphius was a misprint for the written 1 :
" maculata " was originally " maculis griseis."

B. RUFUM. Cas. nodis sparsis.

'* Pyri " was a misprint for the written *' pugni '*. Neither the " maculis
fuscis " nor the " Variat tota albo colore " were originally present. The
Rumphian name rubra was the one written.

B. FLAMMEUM. Cas. longitudinalitcr striata, antite subnodosa.

To the solitary synonym our author had added " List. t. 1004. f. 69 "
and " Sloan. Hist. 2. p. 242. n. 2 ". The final remark was not in the copy.

B. TESTicuLus. Cas. Isevis, striis longitudinalibus, sulcis transver-
salibus.

** Vix uUus " was at first " nuUus " : *' laeve " was not present.

B. DECussATUM. Cas. laevis, striis decussatis, labio exteriore dentato.

" Bonan. Clas. 3. t. 15/ " was an additional synonym.

B. AREOLA. Cas. glabra, spira papillosa.

The erroneous references to Gualtieri, and to the figure 2 of Rumphius,
were not present in the original, nor was there any allusion made to the
sculpture of the inner lip.

B. ERiNACEUS. Cas, subsulcata, antiee nodosa, labio edentulo, pos-
tice extrorsum denticulato.

The entire account of this Cassis was interpolated by Linnaeus in the
pages of his amanuensis.

B. GLAUCUM. Cas. glabra, antice muricata, labio dentato, postice ex-
trorsum denticulato.

The superfluous A in the reference to Gualtieri was a misprint : " inferne "
was " interne " : the " acuminata " and " marginatum " were emendations.

B. viBEX. Cas. glabra, labio edentulo, postice extrorsum denticulato.

The figures 8 and 9 of Rumphius were not cited.

B. PAPILLOSUM. Cas. papillis decussatis, labio tenui, extus denticulato,
fauce glabra.

*' Rectum " followed " exterius " in the written copy, wherein " s. al-
bidus " and " antice sinu excavata *' were not to be found.

B. GLANS. Morion labio exteriore denticulato, interiore bidentato.

" Labium exterius margine postico denticulato " was omitted in printing.

B. ARCULARIA. Cgs. longitudiualitcr sulcata, labio exteriore tenui,
interiore maximo.

B. cosTATUM. Lyra costis longitudinalibus, antice prominulis, alternis
obsoletis.

This diagnosis but ill suits the Many -ridged Harp, which, of late, has
been considered identical.

B. HARPA. Lyra costis longitudinalibus antice mucronatis.

The shell is described in the MS. as " striata subtilissime longitudinalitcr '%
and " Pet. Amb. t. 2. f. 2", " Pet. Gaz. t. 48. f. 13'* (the latter quoted
also in the * Svstema') are there substituted foi the reference to Gualtieri.

72 ME. S. UANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF TUE 'MUSEUM ULBICiE.'

The printed additions are considerable ; to wit, " costse vero striis trans-
versis", " anfractibus costis raueronatis", " denticulatum."

B. Persicum. Lyra laeviuscula, labii margine crenulato.

The erroneous citation of Grew (t. 9. f. 5, 6) in the ' Systema ' had been
adopted in the manuscript.

B. PATULUM. Lyra muricata spinis obtusis.

Neither the erroneous reference to Gualtieri, plate 51. f. A (which was
designed for Purpura h(Bmastoma), nor the ** color interne rufescens", is to
be found in the manuscript.

B. SMARAGDULus. Lyra glaberrima, columella denticulata.

Neither the erroneous reference to d'Argenville, nor the specific name
derived from his figure, is to be found in the MS. The proposed appel-
lation was L. vitrea. " Simillima Cassid. lapillo, sed glabra, et columella
crenata " is the unprinted remark.

B. SPIRATUM. Morion umbilicatus, anfractibus distinctis canaliculo.

The specified colouring was " alba, maculis longitudinalibus fuscis " :
" pone bifidum " followed " integrum." The intended name was M. ca-
naliculatus.

B. GLABRATUM. Morion umbilico descendente flexuoso.

d'Arg. Conch, t. 12. f. G.

" Testa oblonga, acuminata, obtusiuscula, glaberrima, anfractibus con-
fluentibus, Neritarum maximarum pondere. Color albo-flavescens, nitidus.
Apertura obliqua, profunde emarginata. Labium exterius integemmum.
Labium interius antice reflexum adnatum, dein solutum brevius flexuosum,
descendens ad basin. Sulcus profundus distinguit basin testae. Umbilicus
pone labium interius descendens ad basin sulco.'*

B. viRGiNEUM. I can find no account of this shell in the written copy.

B. UNDosuM. The nearest approach to this species seems the variety
B. of the Murex succinctus (the shell so named in the ' Mantissa').

M. Isevis, sulcis transversis laevibus, angulo marginali.

d'Arg. Conch, t. 12. f. N. Bon. 3. f. 47.

Testa ovata, absque tubercuhs, magnitudine nucis, exarata sulcis trans-
versis paUidis, eminentibus vero lineis luteis. Spira obtusa, anfractibus
rotundatis. Cauda teretiuscula. Apertura ovata, margine crasso, nee alia
costa laterali crassa.

Var. B. Rugis s. angulis obliteratis 5 longitudinalibus.

B. MACULATUM. Turricultt elongata, anfractibus laevibus iutegerrimis.

The I. of Gualtieri, and the reference to d'Ai'genville,were printed emen-
dations.

B. CRENU LATUM. Turric. elongata, anfractibus margine crenatis.

The reference to Gualtieri was an emendation.

B. STRIGI LATUM. Turric. elongata, oblique striata.

B. DUPLICATUM. Turric. elongata emarginata, anfractibus bipartitis
striatis.

MR. S. HANLEX ON THE LINNEAN MS. OE THE ' MUSEUM ULRICA.'

STROMBUS.

This genus, rendered more natural by the omission of S. lividus and
ater (assigned to Turricula), appeared under the designation of Harpago
with the following definition : —

Testa depressa, nodosa. Apertura longitudinalis. Labium antice dila-
tatum ultra basin.

The Strombi of the manuscript were the young of this genus (erased by
Linnaeus) and certain Lamarckian Fusi, PyrulcB, and Fasciolarice.

S. CHIRAGRA. Har. labii spinis laevibus 6, extimis recurvis, fauee
striata.

" Bar. Icon. 327. f- L " was an additional synonym.

S. scoRPius. Har. labii spinis nodosis 7j fauce striata.

The published account was enlarged by the following passages, which are
not to be found in the written copy: ''crenulato cincta", " lato, brevi",
" s. incarnata", " s. testaceo-nebulosus ". " Distinctum '* was originally
" obscuro", and "repandus, inflexus" was " denticulatus."

S. LAMBis. Har. labii spinis laevibus 7, fauce laevi.

" Bar. Icon. t. 1326. f. 7 " was the synonym omitted in printing. The
name was borrowed from d'Argenville.

S, MiLLEPEDA. Har. labii spinis laevibus 10.

"Anteriora" was "posteriora" in the manuscript.

S. LENTiGiNOSUS. Har. labio inermi integro rotundato, angulis pluri-
bus nodosis.

The " aut marginatum " was "fragile, diaphanum", so that a young shell
appears to have furnished the materials for description.

S. GALLUS. Har. labio inermi mucronato, cingulo dorsali spinoso.

S. AuRis-DiANiE. Har, labio inermi muricato, cauda recurva, lobo in-
curvato.

The " 32. f. H." was a misprint for the written *' 17- f. O." The printed
additions are " usque " and " Color testaceo et albido nebulosus."

S. PUGiLis. Har. labio inermi obtuso, spira spinosa distincta, basi
emarginata.

" Nitida", and " sed spira albida", were not found in the original.

S. LuHUANUS. Har. labio obtuso, antice posticeque emarginata.

Few of the details were present in the original copy, but appear to have
been added, to discriminate the species from the allied gibberulus, " Spira
obtusa brevis" was added by the hand of Linnaeus ; " saepe subplicati",
" postice lobo obsoleto instructum ", "intus ", "Columella nigricans**,
" Cauda nulla, sed postice emarginata", were all absent from the MS.

S. GIBBERULUS. Har. labio inermi, dorso laevi, spira repanda.

The printed additions are " subtus planiusQula", "laeves", "fuscum",
and the final remark.

S. LATissiMUS. Har. labio inermi rotundato, spira subnodosabreviore,
dorso laevi.

74 MR. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULEIC^.'

S. EPiDROMis. Har. labio inermi dilatato, dorso laevi, spira subnodosa.

The S. epidromis, as it originally stood in the manuscript, was a recog-
nizable species, and precisely identical with the shell so named in the
* Systema ' ; for the erroneous reference to Gualtieri was not present,
neither was " carinato," nor any of the discordant details from " interius "
to the termination. As the printed description now stands, it would suit
S. emarginatus or succinctus, at the least, equally well. I doubt not our
author, when correcting the press, forgot his own species, and added the
partial essentials of one species to those of another.

S. Canarium. Har. labio inermi dilatato, dorso spiraque Isevibus.

The erroneous reference to plate 37 of Rumphius was not present in the
written copy, which contains the additional synonyms of ** Pet. Gaz. t. 98.
f. 1 1 ", and " Klein, t. 4. f. 73 " : the latter was not there originally. The
early description has been improved, in the press, by the addition of
" obovata", " Faux laevis, alba", and " longitudinaliter subundulatus."

S. viTTATus. Har. labiis inermibus, spirae anfractibus vitta interstinctis.

S. URCEUS. Har. labiis inermibus striatis, dorso nodoso.

The erroneous reference to Gualtieri was not present in the original, but
in place of it the 37. W. of Rumphius (S. mutabilis) : " Spira testa bre-
vior, plicato-subnodosa " was, likewise, absent. " Klein, 49, urceus fim-
briatus" (a name for Rumph. t. 37. f . F & W) was interpolated by our
author.

S. ATER. Turricula labiata.

Neither the reference to Rumphius, nor the " et postice emarginatum "
were found in the original. This confirms my expressed belief that the
Museum species (to which no name was at first attached) was distinct from
that of the * Systema.'

S. LiviDUS. Turric. labiata, anfractibus serie subspinosa.

This was located in a section of Turricula distinguished as having the
outer lip dilated and rounded.

Besides the above, the following unprinted details were found in the
manuscript : —

The Strombus gigas was described at length under the appellation of
Harp ago gigas.

Har. labio inermi rotundato, dorso spiraque subulato-spinosis.

Gualt. t. 34. f. A. Bar. Icon. 1727. t. 7-

Testa gibba, maxima, magnitudine capitis. Cauda obtusa. Spira spinis
patentibus, subulatis, vaUdis. Anfractus desinens in dorso spina. Series
in dorso spinarum maximarum ferme conicarum. Labium dilatatum, ro-
tundatum, spira longius, vix adnatum spiraj. Faux glabra, nitida, incar-
nata. Color pallidus.

The Strombus dentatusi was also defined (without a specific appellation)
by the following characters : —

Har. labio dentato, testa laevis, plicato-nodosa.

Testa simillima reliquis, longitudine articuli digiti, lavis, flavescens, sub-

ME. S. HANLEY OS THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULEICiE.' 75

plicata, plicis antice acurainatis nodis. Spira acutiuscula, similiter plicata,
nodosa. Labium exterius minus dilatatum, postice margine dentatum et
interne fuscum, striatum. I^abium internum crassum, integrum, laeve.

The Strombus palustris, although not pubhshed until the twelfth edition
of the ' Systema,' had been already defined in the ' Museum ' as Turricula
cornea.

Tur. decussatim rugosa, labio dilatato.

Rumph. 101. t. 30. f. Q. Strombus palustris.

Testa erassa, rudis, pyramidalis, cornea aut plumbea, anfractibus 12 et
ultra, secundum spiras transversim aliquot striis exarata, longitudinaliter
subplicata, adeoque sine spinis rugosissima. Labium dilatatum, rotunda-
tum, concavum, edentulum.

MUREX.

The definition of this genus ran as follows : —

Testa subovata, spinosa. Apertura coarctata, ovata, desinens in canalem
tubuloso-conniventem.

This was evidently designed for the Murices proper. The other species
of the * Museum ' were distributed in the groups of Cassis, Turricula,
Bulla, and Strombus. The last was defined as follows ; " Testa obverse
conica, nodosa, labium exterius angulum transversalem superne formans ;
interius nullum. Columella incurva. Cauda Integra."

M. HAUSTELLUM. M. caudatus, subinermis, nodosus.

" Suturis'* was originally " costis". The printed emendations are "gibbis,
adglutinatis ", " costati et nodosi", "subtus rima longitudinali clausa",
*' margine'*, and the final remark.

M. TRIBULUS. M. caudatus, spinis subulatis trifariis.

" Olear. Mus. t. 39. f. 1 " was cited in the transcript, to which Linnaeus
had added " Bonan. 269 " and " List. t. 902. f. 22", all which synonyms
are present in the * Systema.' The printed additions are " suturis 3 lon-
gitudinalibus, adglutinatis, incrassatis", "secundum suturas : superficies
transversim striis elevatis distinctis", "recta*'.

M. coRNUTUS. M. caudatus, spinis subulatis serie gemina.

The s. in the reference to Rumphius was a misprint for the written 5 :
" Pet. Gaz. t. 68. f. 12" (as in the ' Systema') was present in the copy.
The expressions " striata ", " conicae ", " obliquo situ ", and the final remark,
are the printed additions.

M. TRUNCULUS. M. subcaudatus, spinis simplici serie.

The description of the tail and account of the variety were not originally
present : " suturis " was, at first, " plicis", and " adglutinatis " was " an-
trorsum adnatis".

M. RAMOSUS. M. dsedaleus triangularis, spira longitudine ventris.

Had the original manuscript been printed,' the multitude of species con-
fused under this appellation would have been somewhat lessened. For the
cited figures of M. infiatus (Rumph. t. 26. f. A, and Gualt. t. 38. f. A), with
that of another short-spired Murex (Arg. t. 19. f. C), were separated from

76 ME. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE

the rest, and quoted for a M. unguis-odor, the brief definition of which was
" M. dsedaleus triangularis, spira ventre breviore.'*

The published details, and the drawings of the longer-spired and more
slender-bodied Murices (Rumph. t. 26. f. 1 ; d'Arg. 1. 19. f. E, H.), appeared
as M. lichenoides.

I consider, then, that in that event the M. adustus (Arg. t. 19. f. H.),
which would tolerably suit the definition, would have been considered the
typical form, and M. axicornis (Rumph. t. 26. f. I, and d'Arg. 1. 19. f. E.),
the variety y.

M. SCORPIO. M. daedaleus quadrangularis, spira subcapitata.

The ill-judged final remark was not in the copy.

M. SAXATiLis. M. daedaleus quinquangularis, spira contigua.

The idea of this being a mere variety was not expressed in the original.

M. RAN A. M. angulatus subdepressus, costis lateralibus.

The R. of d'Argenville was properly referred to the variety B. The
" alba ", " sulcis transversis ", and " Dorsum anfractum simplici cingulo
aculeato " were not in the copy.

M. LAMPAS. M. angulatus tuberculis nodosis, cauda flexuosa, labio
interiore laevi.

The earlier reading of " una alterave ruga *' was " uno alterove denticulo."

M. FEMORA I.E. M. angulato-triqueter : angulis antrorsum acuminatis.

The intended name was M. triqueter, Grew's engravings (f. 7, 8) of the
species were correctly cited, and the erroneous reference to Rumphius was
not inserted. The printed additions were unimportant — " exarata", "re-
pando", " sub " before " edentula", and " levissime".

M. LOTORiUM. M. angulatus, tuberculis conicis, cauda flexuosa, labio
interno rugoso.

" Subter " was a misprint for the written " inter " : the " ut in proximis "
was a printed addition.

M. RUBECULA. M. angulatus, sulcis moniliformibus, costis lateralibus,
dorsalique.

"Gualt. t. 49. f. I", was rightly cited as illustrative : " ex ** preceded
" Hneis ".

M. RETICULARIS. Ctts. iuffiquaUs gibba reticulata, cauda elongata.

The erroneous reference to Rumphius was not present in the manuscript.
As corroborative of my expressed belief in the identity of the species de-
scribed in the ' Museum ' with the Triton ! mulus, it may be observed, that
our author has wholly separated this and the allied anus from the true
Tritons and Ranellce, and that the original heading corresponds accurately
with the peculiar characteristics.

M. ANUS. Cas. inaequalis, gibba nodosa, labris rugosis.

"Pet. Gaz. t. 74. f. 9" and •' Pet. Amb. t. 6. f. 4 " were the unprinted
synonyms. The"rugisreticulato-intertextis", "irregularis", and" patens "
were emendations.

M. RiciNus. M. ecaudatus, ore utrinque dentato.

" ^qualibus, ad labium majoribus " was not in the coi>y.

MR. S. HANLEY ON TUE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULRICJE.' 77

M. CAPiTELLUM. M. ecaudatus ovatus, columella rugosa, labio eden-
tulo, superficie inermi rugosa.

"Alba " followed "edentula", and ''Umbilicus ad basin" terminated
the description in the original : the word " striis " was a subsequent intro-
duction.

M. TURBiNELLus. M. ecaudatus, turbinatus, columella dentata, spinis
explicatis.

The printed additions are " anteriores ", " nodulosa ", " alba"," Cauda vix
ulla", and " Variat colore albo spira longiore ".

M. Ceramicus. M. ecaudatus, utrinque acuminatus, columella dentata,
spinis conicis.

" Rumph. t. 49. f. L." was an unpublished synonym.

M. NODUS. M. ecaudatus ovatus, labio denticulato.

As " Gualt. t. 28. f. R." was quoted, and " aut nigris, conicis, obtusius-
culis" (a character which probably belonged to some distinct species
erroneously supposed to be a variety) was not inserted in the manuscript,
I feel convinced that the Purpura hystrix of authors was the species
designed in the * Museum Ulricae.'

M. HYSTRIX. M. ecaudatus edentulus, fauce Isevi.

M. MANCiNELLA. M. ccaudatus, edentulus fauce striata.

This original heading, and the absence of the erroneous synonym from
the MS., confirm the received opinion of the identity of the Museum
species (not that of the 'Systema') with Purpura mancinella.

M. HippocASTANUM. M. ccaudatus cdcntulus, faucc edentula integra,
spinis serie triplici.

Gualtieri's erroneously cited figure was not indicated in the manuscript.
No specific name had been originally attached to the description.

M. MELONGENA. M. ccaudatus edentulus fauce patula laevi, spinis
serie duplici.

" Bonan. 3. f. 186 " had been added to the synonymy by our author.
The details were less copious than in the published edition, " apice solo
acuminatus " being the meagre substitute for the entire description from
" Spira " to the end.

M. Ficus. Bui. caudata, striis reticulatis, spira obtusa.

** Pet. Amb. t. 6. f. 9 " was an omitted synonym. The shell described
in the ' Museum ' was assuredly not t\\e ficus of most writers.

M. RAP A. Bui. caudata, striis longitudinalibus, spira acuta.

M. Fusus. Turric. caudata leevis, labio dentato.

" Bonan. f. 121 " and the name had been added to the MS. by Linnaeus.

M. Babylonius. Turric. caudata, transversim angulo sulcata, labio
marginali versus basim sinu exciso.

M. coLUS. Turric. caudata striata, labio exteriore crenato.

The printed emendations were " longa " and " s. angulati." The name
was added by Linnaeus. The following unnamed Turricula succeeded the
species in the manuscript copy : —

T. caudata striata, longitudinaliter sulcata.

78 MR. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULEICJ3.'

Testa parva, striis plurimis secundum anfractus. Anfractus seabri, sulcis
longitudinalibus 15. Color anfractuum superne griseus inferne pallidus.
Apertura ovata. Rostrum baseos rectum, testae dimidio brevius. Labium
tantum exterius integrum. An filia praecedentis ?

M. MORio. Strom, spira subnodosa, labio exteriore intus rugoso.

The synonymy, as might be expected (for Seba was unknown to Linnaeus
when the descriptions were written), was not in the original.

M. COCHLIDIUM. Strom, spira pyramidata, anfractibus planis.

The reference to Seba, the name, and the " Cauda subulata, longitudine
testse " were not present.

M. CANALicuLATUS. Strom. spira subconvexa, anfractibus distantibus.

The *' Anfractus distincti canaliculo per omnes spiras," the name, and
the reference to Seba, were the printed additions. " Habitat in Canada.
Kalm." was appended.

M. Aruanus. Strom, incurvus spinosus ventricosus, angulo obsoleto.

The objectionable name (for assuredly the Buccinum Aruanum of Rum-
phius suits not " spinosus ") was not present in the original, but had sub-
sequently been added by our author, who seems to have erased the original
" Habitat in Canada. Kalm." I doubt not that Pyrula carica was in-
tended.

M. PERVERSUS. Strom, inversus.

The wretched engraving of Gualtieri was not cited.

M. Tritonis. Cas. pyramidalis laevis, columella dentata.

"Bonan. 3. f. 188 " stood in the place of Seba. The printed additions
were " plerisque", " et suturis variis alternis crassis", and the specific epi-
thet. " Genus difficile eruitur " was written after the description, and the
following note erased : — " Ad genus retuli ob labium interius adnatum
in quibusdam latius, ob suturas verrucosas, ob caudam canaliculatam
parum elevatam, ob labium postice dentatum, quae omnia affinitatem
arguunt."

The Triton nodiferus was probably designed by the following description,
which succeeded that of M. Tritonis : —

Cas. (corrected by Linnaeus to Murex) Neptuni. C. pyramidalis nodosa,
columella dentata.

Testa maxime facie statura et colore praecedentis. Anfractuum angulus
summus nodis promiuentibus, unde et spira nodosa evadit, quod non in
prsecedente. Apertura praecedentis. Labium interius magis dilatatum,
maximeque planum. Columella non dentata. Habitat Constantinopoli.
Edw. Carleson.

M. TRAPEZIUM. Strom, spira nodosa, labio denticulato, columella
rugosa.

M. ALUCO. Turric. recurvirostra, spinosa, serie simplici.

Gualtieri was not cited, and the reference was to *• N. Strombus tubero-
sus" {Cerithium aluco), not O. (C nodulosum) of Rumphius. The inner
lip was described as "non adnatum, sed prominens" : "s. fuscis", and
** Variat cauda recta, &c.", were not in the original.

ME. S. HANLET ON THE LIITNEAN MS. OE THE ' MUSEUM ULRICiE.' 79

Besides the published species, the following had been written, but omitted
in printing : —

TuRRicuLA ALBA. T. alba recurvirostra, anfractibus margine crenu-
latis.

Bon. 3. t. 84. Rumph. t. 30. f. K. Pet. Gaz. t. 56. f. 4. d'Arg. Conch,
t. 14. f. P. Gualt. Test. t. 57. f. D.

Testa laevis. Anfractus circiter 15, margine subcrenati. Color albus,
saepius saturatior ad marginem anfractuum. Apertura ovata, rostro cana-
liculate, recurvo. Labium interius adnatum, dente unico obsoleto.

This was evidently identical, from its synonymy, with the M. vertagus of
the * Systema.'

TuRRicuLA SENTicosA. T. reflexo-cmarginata, costis reticulatis.

d'Arg. Conch, t. 12. f. O.

Testa gibba, costis saepius 12 perpendiculari-obliquis, intertextis striis
lamellosis transversis ad anastomosases muricatis, unde admodum scabra
evadit. Anfractus ventricosi, saepius x. Color griseus. Apertura ovata,
interne striata, emarginata, parum reflexa.

Evidently this was identical with the M. senticosus of the * Systema.'

M. OLEAGiNEUS. M. auguUs sulcis insequalibus, labio interiore rugoso,
costis altemis.

Gualt. Test. t. 49. f. G. d'Arg. Conch, t. 13. f. M.

Habitus et structura rubeculee, at octies major, nee vivide pictus, sed
colore testaceo fasciis fuscis longitudinalibus. Apertura intus saturate
crocea, rugis albis.

Apparently this was the Triton pileare of authors, — not the Mediterranean
shell (T. corrugatus) termed M. pileare in the * Systema.'

M. piLEUS Helveticus. M. angulis rotundatis, tuberculis conicis,
apertura utrinque canaliculata.

d'Arg. Conch, t. 12. f. D. Rumph. t. 28. f. D.

Testa ovata, admodum inaequalis, adspersa nodis conicis tuberculatis
inaequalibus. Costae latere antico membranaceae, primae 2 oppositae, reli-
quae alternae. Color flavus. Apertura hians, antice etpostice canaliculatae,
faux intus striata. Labium exterius dentatum, intus dilatato-membra-
naceum.

This suits very fairly the Triton lampas of authors ; far better, indeed,
than does the M. Lampas of the * Museum Ulricae.'

M. suBULATus. M. ecaudatus, pyramidahs.

Testa subulata instar turris, anfractuum undecim, reticulata striis elevatis
decussantibus punctis contignationem eminentibus. Costae oppositae et
alternae. Color albus, maculis flavescentibus. Apertura ovata. Labium
exterius crassum, intus dentatum. Interius dentato-glabrum.

Both Triton ! maculosus and Ranella candisaia approach the ideal por-
trait, yet neither of them precisely agrees.

Under the name of Trochus turritus our author appears to have first
described his Murex radula.

Trochus exumbilicatus, pyramidatus, anfractibus duplici serie muricatis.
Gualt. t. 58. f. F.

80 MB. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OE THE * MUSEUM ULBICiE.*

Testa elongata, flavescens s. testacea. Anfractus 16, connexi sutura
crenulata, dorso duplici serie instructi punctis eminentibus pallidis. Aper-
tura subtetragona, subtus in canalis rudimentum desinens.

The Murex Neritoideus of the * Sy sterna ' was thus described.

Lyra Neritoides. L. testa nodosa subrotunda.

Gualt.

Testa crassa, ponderosa, alba cum rubedine tincta, figura Neritae, mag-
nitudine juglandis, cincta anfractibus 5 e nodis obtusis crassiusculis. La-
bium interius depressum, longitudine pictum macula ferruginea.

TROCHUS.

Testa conica. Apertura quadrangularis, basi columella contorta, sinu
descendens.

The last five words had been substituted for " absque sinu evidente."

T. MACULATUS. T. coutorto-umbilicatus conicus, vertice subnodoso.

The printed description and the synonymy are so veiy dissimilar to the
written one, that I entertain no doubt that an early definition of T. Nilo-
ticus {with references to "Olear.Mus. t. 9. f. 5" and "Bonan. 3. f. 102")
was transmuted into that of a granular species, by the addition of " quasi
granis exasperata," &c.

T. SOLARIS was not mentioned in the manuscript.

T. PERSPECTivus. T. crenato-umbilicatus convexus obtususi margine
acuto.

"Bonan. 3. f. 27, 28 " was quoted, as illustrative : "costa crenata", not
*' costa concava", was the earlier reading.

T. HYBRIDUS. T. crenato-umbilicatus, convexus, undique obtusus.

The proposed name was T. spurius. The " absque carina, rotundata "
was " absque angulis, glabra" : " albo, flavoque " preceded " variegata".

T. Pharaonius. T. umbilicatus subovatus striatus, punctis globu-
losis, labio dentato.

" Habitat in mari rubro, frequens. D. Hasselquist." was written : the
final remark was absent.

T. Magus. T. umbihcatus convexo-conicus nodosus.

The '* cinereo nebulosa " was a manuscript emendation by Linnajus.

T. muricatus. Except' that "obverse" precedes "ovata", both the
diagnosis and the details are precisely similar to the printed account.

T. scaber. T. umbilicatus subovatus, sulcis alternis majoribus moni-
liformibus.

The erroneous figure of d'Argenville was not cited in the original, nor,
indeed, was any name attached to the description. The whorls were said
to number from 6 to 8 (not 4 or 5) ; and the aperture was termed " ovata,"
not " subrotunda." " Pallida ", the final remark, and the present con-
struction and enlargement of the passage relative to the inner lip (which at
first ran thus, " Labium posticum coadunatum, sinu postico excisum "),
had been added by Linnaeus himself.

ME. S. IIAT^LEY 01^ THE LINNEAK MS. OF THE * MUSEUM ULEIC^.' 81

T. LABio. T. exumbilicatus ovatus striato-tuberculatus, labio dentato.

The erroneous figure of d'Argenville was not cited ; " variegata " was
the earlier reading of " marmorata"; "aliquot" of " et punctis"; "ex-
terao " of " margine". Linnaeus himself had enlarged the account of the
inner lip from the earlier " postice sinu excisum " to its present length.

T. zizYPHiNUS. T. umbilicatus conicus, striis papillosis.

This is clearly not the imperforated zizypUnus of the ' Systema/ Gualtieri
was not referred to ; " ambitu marginati ", and " in aliis clausus", were not
in the copy : " columella parum obliqua " was an addition in the Linnean
handwriting.

T. TELESCOPiuM. T. cxumbilicatus pyramidatus, striis cxaratus; labio
postice recurvato, spirali, integro.

" Bon. 92", and " Klein 26. Pseudotrochus striatus", were the additional
synonyms of the MS.

T. DOLABRATUS. T. umbiUcatus, labio postico recurvato sulcato, ovato-
pyramidalis, glaber.

The whorls were at first called imbricated. The " basis rotundata", and
" in superioribus vero unica*', had been added by Linnaeus.

TURBO.

Testa conica. Apertura orbicularis, Integra.

T. PERSONATus. T. cxumbilicatus inermis convexus, labio postice
diducto.

The I of the reference to Rumphius was a misprint for the written 1. A
drawing of Gualtieri (t. 64. f. O), which accords not with the description
of this species, was an additional synonym. The name had been added
subsequently. Turbo cidaris agrees in most respects.

T. PETHOLATUS. T. cxumbiUcatus ovatus laevis, anfractibus sursum
obsolete angulatis.

The written version furnishes us with the additional synonyms of " Gualt.
t. 64. f. F.", and "Klein 40. t. 2. f. 51." ; the latter (also cited in the ' Sy-
stema ') was added by our author when he admitted the at first excluded 5.
6 of the synonym of Rumphius. The admission of the rounded-whorled
variety ? was evidently an after-thought.

T. CHRYSOSTOMUS. T. exumbilicatus subovatus rugosus striatus, spinis
fornicatis.

" Klein 41. t. 7. f- 126 " (cited in the * Systema '), and the printed "in
superiore serie majoribus " . had been added by Linnaeus in the original
account.

T. tectum-Persicum. T. exumbilicatus subovatus, spinis iabtusis
reflexis, subtus papillosus.

" Forte sola varietas sequentis a loco " has b,een remarked by our author,
who did not admit in his MS, the deceptive figure of d'Argenville.

T. PAGODUS. T. exumbilicatus conicus spinis obtusis concatenatis,
subtus papillose striatus.

LINN. PEOC. — ZOOLOGY. 6

82 MB.S.HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE 'MUSEUM ULEIC^.'

Neither " acuminata", nor the inappropriate " rotundata", were in the
original account of this well-known species.

T. CALCAR. T. exumbilicatus depressus, anfractibus supra spinis for-
nicato-compressis scabris.

To his printed synonyms Linnaeus has added " Gualt. t. 65. f. N. P.",
" List. Hist. t. 608. f. 46", and "Klein t. 1. f. 27". The "fornicatis"
was an emendation.

T. MARMORATUS. T. cxumbilicatus subovatus nodosus laevis.
T. PICA. T. urabilicatus Isevis conicus denticulo urabilicali.
" Habitat in Barbados, Jamaica", which corrects the stated locality of
the ' Systema,* and "Bonan. 29, 30", "Pet. Gaz. t. 70. f. 9", were the
additional particulars of the manuscript copy.

T. ARGYROSTOMUS. T. umbilicatus subovatus, striatus lineis dorsalibus.
The erroneous references to Gualtieri and d'Argenville, were not present :
" OS argenteum variegatum " was written after the reference to Rumphius,
which name belongs to figure 3, not to 4, whose colouring, moreover, ex-
cludes it from being illustrative. The intended specific name was " os
variegatum."

T. MARGARiTACEUS. T. exumbilicatus subovatus, (? angulo) dorsali
elevato, ore postice diducto.

Rumphius was not referred to in the original, where " subtilissimis "
was in the place of " variis " : the printed " margine albo " was a subsequent
emendation.
T. DELPHINUS. T. umbilicatus depressus hispidus, spinis ramosis.
" Pet. Amb. t. 3. f. 1 ", and "Grew Mus. 1. 11. f. 5, 6", were also cited.
T. DiSTORTUS. T. umbilicatus muricatus undique spinulis brevibus.
The final remark was not in the original.
T. scALARis. T. cancellatus conicus, anfractibus distantibus.
"Pretium immensum, ssepe 100 ducatorum", was the final remai'k in-
stead of the printed one. " Pet. Amb. t. 2. f. 9 ", was an additional
synonym in the written version.

T. CLATHRUS. T. cancellatus pyramidatus, anfractibus contiguis Isevibus.

All the synonyms of the tenth edition of the ' Systema,* together with

" Johnst. t. 11, f. 9", were present in the MS., but most of them, together

with the final remark, had been subsequently added to the copy by our author.

T. CRENATUS. T. cancellatus pyramidatus, anfractibus contiguis supra

crenatis.

The details of the ' Museum ' were refeired to before their publication.
" Pyramidalis " was the earlier reading for " turrita" ; " ssepe " was absent :
" transversim " preceded " crenati."

T. UVA. T. cancellatus ovatus, anfractibus contiguis imbricatis.
" Pet. Gaz. t. 27. f. 2. Olivaris " was the unpublished additional syn-
onym, and the intended name was borrowed from that work. " Longitu-
dinalibus " was " transversis " in the copy, where " ut latus planum non
conspiciatur exterius distincta linea " terminated the account of the volu-
tions : the colouring (" alba ") was not indicated.

MR. S. HANLET OF THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULRICJ3.' 83

T. CORNEUS. T. umbilicatus, anfractibus teretibus decussatim striatis,
oris margine reflexo.

The " s. cornea", the name, and the " vix manifeste " had been added to
the original account, which latter was referred to previous to its publica-
tion.

T. iMBRicATUS. T. pyramidalis, anfractibus deorsum subimbricatis.

The " prsecedentibus tribus", here mentioned, were not those which the
species now follows, but nos. 358, 359, 360, after which it was placed in
the MS. "Grisea" had been added by Linnaeus.

T. REPLICATUS. The entire account of this shell was interpolated in
the MS. by Linnaeus.

T. ACUTANGULUS. T. pyramidalis, sulco unico acuto majore.

The last four words of the details were written subsequently to the earlier
description, to which no name was then appended.

T. DUPLICATUS. T. pyramidahs, sulcis 2 acutis.

"Bonan. 3. f. 114", and "List. 160. t. 3. f. 7", were additional syn-
onyms ; both, however, were quoted in the * Systema.* The "color albus ",
and the term " obtusiores ", were in the Linnean handwriting.

T. TEREBRA. T. pyramidatus, sulcis 6 acutis.

" Bonan. 3. f. 115" was in the place of the doubtful figure of Ruraphius ;
the indicated colouring was simply "pallida" : the "obsoletum" was an
afterthought.

HELIX.

Testa cochleata, laevis. Apertura subrotunda segmento circuli exempto.

Except scarabceus and amarula, the members of this genus were located
in the same group as in the published edition.

H. scARAB^us. Morion ovatus subanceps, labio utroque tridentato.

The " ovata, adeo" has replaced the earlier "ita", and "angulata" the
original " articulata". The account of the aperture was not inserted in the
manuscript, wherein " List. Hist. 577- f. 31 ", and " Klein 11. 1. 1 . f. 23",
had been inserted in the Linnean handwriting.

H. LAPiciDA. H. marginata perforata convexa carinata.

"Cincta" was a press emendation. The only written synonym was
"Faun. Suec. 1298".

H. ocuLus-CAPRi. H. marginata perforata subcarinata.

*' Pet Gaz. t. 7^' f. 6. " was indicated as a synonym. The name was
Latinized from the " I'ml de bouc " of d'Argenville, who has, however,
represented an utterly difi"erent shell.

H. CAROCOLLA. H. submargiuata imperforata carinata, labio interiore
recto.

D'Argenville's figure was, evidently, not at first considered sufficiently
illustrative to be referred to : it was not cited in the written copy. " Co-
nicoplaniuscula " was the reading for " convexa", " segmento circuli " (the
5 without any sequence was absurd) for " semiovata " : the size, as usual,
was not given.

6*

81 MR. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULEICJ3.'

H. coRNU-MiLiTARE. H. marginata imperforata subcarinata, labio
interiore explanato.

The deceptive figure of Gualtieri was not at first cited.

H. CORNEA. H. marginata convexa umbilicata, spira plana.

** Faun. Suec. 1304 " was in place of the reference to * Lister's English
Conchology,' a work apparently unknown to our author when he first drew
up the Museum Catalogue. I doubt the identity of this shell (the intended
name for which was tahellaris) with the cornea of the * Systema.'

H. coRNU-ARiETis. H. utriuquc depressa.

'* List. Hist. t. 136. f. 40 " was written by our author in the manuscript
copy.

H. AMPULLACEA. H, subrotunda, sursum ventricosior glabra.

The original reading of " anfractus superne ventricosi " was " abdomen
superne ventrioosius ". The erroneous reference to Gaultieri was not at
first attached to the description. The species of the Museum was evidently
distinct from that of the ' Systema.'

H. GLAUCA. H. subrotunda acuminata, labro postice marginato.

H. ciTRiNA . H. umbilicata convexa obtusa.

The final remark was an afterthought.

H. ARBUSTORUM. H. marginata perforata convexo-acuminata, ore sub-
orbiculari, margine duplici, antice elongato.

"Faun. Suec. 1295" was the only synonym; the work of Lister on
English Conchology not having been at first known to Linnaeus.

H. UNGULINA. H. marginata perforata spiralis convexa, ore subor-
biculato.

The " Gualt." was a misprint for the written " Rumph."

H. LUTARIA. H. ovata-oblonga umbilicata, interne coloratiore.

" Habitat frequens in lutosis fluviis, lacubus." May not the Valvata
piscinalis be the shell intended ?

H. PERVERSA. H. ovato-oblonga subperforata glabra.

"Pet. Gaz. t. 44. f. 7", and "Grew. Mus. t. 10. f.9'% citedin the *Sy-
stema', were also referred to in the MS. " Alba", and "in quibusdam ",
were interpolations in the Linnean handwriting : H. sulphur at a was the
intended designation.

H. lANTHiNA. H. subrotunda obtusa patula diaphana.

The entire account of this beautiful shell was written by Linnaeus sub-
sequently to the labours of his amanuensis : the twelve last printed words
were not present. The cited figure of Gualtieri was not admitted, as a re-
presentation, but only alluded to in the final remark of " Confer Gualt.
t. 64. f. O." " List. Hist, t, 572. f. 23", and " Sloan. Jam. 2. p. 239. t. 1.
f. 4 " were indicated as delineations.

H. NEMORALIS. H.

" Habitat ubique in Europae nemoribus ", and " Argen. t. 32. f. 8", were
the unprinted additions. Lister's English Conchology was not, of course,
mentioned. " Flavescens", and " nigro-purpurascens ", were not in the
original.

MR. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. OF THE ' MUSEUM ULRICA.' 85

H. HiEMASTOMA. H. imperforata subrotunda fusca fascia longitudinali
subrecta alba, ore purpureo.

H. DECOLLATA. H. eloDgata Isevis truncato-miitilata.

"Pet. Gaz. t. 66. f. 1", and "Habitat in Arabia. Hasselquist. Santa
Cruz. Petiv." were the unprinted additions. The entire account was in the
handwriting of our author.

H. AMARULA. Nerita edentula oblonga, anfractibus multifariam den-
ticulatis.

Our author was evidently puzzled as to the generic position of this pecu-
liar-looking shell, for he has written " Habitu accedit ad Volutas vesper-
tiliones, ore Helicibus, sed labium interius planum, et affinitas cum ante-
cedent! fiat, ut hie relinquatur." The preceding shell alluded to was N.
corona.

H. Neritoidea. H. convexa longitudinaliter striata.

The erroneous reference to Gualtieri was not present in the written copy.

H. perspicua. H. convexo-ovata, labio interiore nuUo, apertura ad
apicem usque pervia.

The then unpublished details of both this and the preceding were re-
ferred to in the tenth edition of the * Systema.' Patens was the proposed
specific appellation.

H. haliotoidea. H. depresso-planiuscula obtusissima, ore ovali
dilatato.

None of the cited figures were at first accepted by our author, who only
added that of Rumphius to the earlier description, and wholly omitted the
rest. " Transverse " preceded " striata ".

NERITA.

Testa subrotunda, obtusa. Labium interius planum, transversim trunca-
tum, depressum.

The generic arrangement was similar to that of the printed version.

N. canrena. N. edentula umbilicata, spira mucronata, labio reflexo
bifido.

When Linnaeus first described this shell, under the appellation of N.
musica, he did not admit a single one of the cited figures as illustrative.

N. GLAuciNA. N. edentula convexa, umbilico simplici semiclauso gib-
boso dicolore.

None of the deceptive figures were at first referred to, but had been
added at a subsequent period ; and that of Rumphius again erased. N.
luteola was the intended name.

N. ALBUMEN. iV. edentula subrotunda, umbilico teretiusculo.

The present heading agrees with the subsequent details, which could not
be affirmed of the printed one borrowed from the ' Systema.* The MS., in
some degree, clears up the extraordinary confusion in which the Linnean
species was enveloped. There were two N. albumens in the written copy.
The shell here described (assuredly not the lobed albumen of the ' Systema ')
was originally termed hepatica or luteola (for both had been erased). The
true albumen was described as " edentula subrotunda, umbilico subcordaf/).

86 MR. S. HANLEY ON THE LTNNEAN MS. IN THE ' MUSEUM ULEIC-ai.'

labri interioris lobo explanato " and the only figure referred to was "Rumph.
t. 22. f. B." "Klein 13. Platystoma vitellum compressum" was also
mentioned. This description was suppressed, and the other species retained,
with the erroneous designation, and the faulty synonymy, attached. Nor
was this the only change. In order to include the Natica vitellus of authors
(" Rumph. t. 22. f. A. Valvata laevis prima s. vitellus " had been quoted
by our author) the " aut lutea", " aut maculis albis ", had been added to
the earlier description : so, likewise, had been " Apertura rotundata, semi-
cordata", and **glabrum,planiusculum, nitidum." I suspect, then, that whilst
the ideal of the albumen of the * Systema * was any hemispherical or flattened
Natica with a labial lobe (such as Nat. albumen, didyma, olla, Sfc), the
albumen of the * Museum', as printed, was composed of Natica rufa
("Rumph. 22. f. D.''was quoted in the MS.) and vitellus (for A, not B, of
Rumphius was the letter indicated in the MS.).

N. MAMMILLA. The entire account of this common shell was added in
the Linnean handwriting. The inappropriate " aut lutea " was not at first
present.

N. CORONA. N. edentula, simpUci spira spinosa.

" Pet. Amb. t. 3. f. 4.", a mere copy of the Rumphian figure, was also
quoted. The 19 in the reference to d'Argenville was a misprint for the
written 10. N. spinosa was the intended designation.

N. RADULA. JV. edentula sulcata, tuberculis aequalibus.

The valvata granulata of Rumphius (t. 22. f. M.) was referred to as illus-
trative.

N. CORNEA. JV. edentula, obsolete striata.

N. BIDENS. iV.

"Obsoletis" followed "duobus": the name had been written subse-
quent to the description.

N. viRGiNEA. N. subedentula ovata laevis.

" Dentibus pluribus minutissimis " preceded "oris"; "Pet. Gaz. t. 11.
f 3" was in the place of the delusive figure of d'Argenville : the variety d
was a subsequent addition.

N. POLiTA. N. laevis, labiis dentatis.

The 1 in the synonym of Rumphius was a misprint for the written I.

N. PELERONTA. N. Striata, labiis dentatis, interiore planiusculo rugoso.

The erroneous synonym was added, along with the name peleronta, to
the written details : N. rufa was the original appellation.

N. ALBiciLLA. N. striata, labiis subdentatis, interiore tuberculato.

N. HiSTRio. N. sulcata, transversim striata, labio interiore dentato.

The name, and the synonym, were added by Linnaeus to the written
details.

N. PLICATA. N, sulcata, labiis profunde dentatis, interiore rotundato,
exteriore utrinque dentibus acutis conicis.

The variety alluded to was a subsequent addition. The details of the
* Museum ' had been quoted, in anticipation, for this species.

N. GROSS A. iV. sulcata labiis dentatis, interiore convexo rugoso.

ME. S. HANLET ON THE LINNEAN MS. IN THE ' MUSEUM TJLEICJG.' 87

N. CHAMiELEON. N. sulcata, labiis dentatis, interiore rugoso tuber-
culato.

"Habitat in Banda", and " compositis '* after "subtilissirais", are the
unprinted additions,

N. UNDATA. N. sulcata, labiis dentatis, interiore rugoso, tuberculato.

The erroneous figure of Gualtieri was not cited when the description was
drawn up, but added to the details, along with " confluentibus. Spira
acuta prominens '*, when the present name was substituted for the earlier
nebulata.

N. EXUVIA. N. sulcata, labiis dentatis, interiore denticulato.

HALIOTIS.

Testa univalvis, patens, convexa. Spira obsoleta, lateralis. Foramina
lateralia pervia.

H. MiD^. H. subrotunda, utrinque nitida.

Humana was the intended specific appellation.

H. TUBERCULATA. H. subovata, rugis transversis tubereulatis.

The reference to Lister was an emendation.

H. STRIATA. H. ovata, transversim rugosa, longitudinaliter striata.

No name was attached to either this or any member of the genus, except
the first.

H. VARIA. H. ovata, striis longitudinalibus, majoribus tubereulatis.

H. MARMORATA. H. ovata, striis longitudinalibus, transversis obsoletis.

H. AsiNiNA H. oblonga, extra foramina angulata, striis elevatis.

H. PARVA. H. ovata, angulo inter foramina et spiram.

All the headings in this genus are similar to those in the ' Sy sterna '.

PATELLA.

Testa conica, convexa. Spira regularis nulla vera.

The limits of this genus were precisely those of the printed edition.

P. EauESTRis. P. ungue fornicali nutante.

P. NERiTOiDEA. P. Integra ovata, apice subspirali, labio laterali.

" Supra " preceded " convexa ", and the " fere " was before " apice ".

P. CHiNENSis. P. conica latior Isevis, labio intemo laterah.

This was an addition to the original catalogue.

P. PORCELLANA. P. basi intcme labiata, pone mucronato-subspiralis.

P. CREPiDULA was not mentioned in the manuscript.

P. SACCHARINA. P. margiuc sinuato, carinata, costis 7-

"Pet, Amb. t. 3. f. 3", and "Klein 117. t. 8. f. 4", were additional
synonyms : both are in the * Systema.'

P. BARBARA. P. dcutata, costis 19 elevatis.

P. GRANULARis. P. margine dentato, striis elevatis mucronibus im-
bricatis.

The erroneous reference to Gualtieri was not in the original.

P. GRANATiNA. P. margiuc angulato, striis 11 Isevibus.

" Interius" was the earlier reading of "subtus".

88 MR. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. IN THE ' MUSEUM ULEICiE.'

P. TUBERCULATA. P. dcntata conica tuberculata, postice sima.

Sima was the earlier name in the MS., but was erased by Linnaeus.

P. LUTE A. P. integerrima striata, vertice mucronato inflexo.

P. UNGUIS. P. ovali-oblonga, apice emarginata, muerone dorsali
carinato.

Unguiformis was the intended appellation.

P. TESTUDINARIA. P. ovata glabcrrima integerrima.

P. RUSTICA. P. integra, striis 60 obtusiusculis.

P. FUSCA. P. ovata integerrima, striis elevatis, vertice obtuso.

The intended name was cinereo-nigricans.

P. CRUCIATA. P. ovalis convexa integerrima, cruce picta.

P. RETICULATA. P. conica corapressa, superficie reticulata.

The suggestion I have elsewhere made that this uncertain shell might
prove the European Pedicularia, induces me to remark that, although P.
Sicula has been supposed to be a comparatively modern discovery, Favanne
had long ago delineated it in the fourth plate (f. H. 1.) of his enlarged
edition of d'Argenville.

P. NiMBOSA. P. conica ovalis, costis confei-tis, vertice perforate.

The discrepancy between the heading borrowed from the ' Systema', and
the after details, is removed by the substitution of the original one. The
shell was termed perforata (not nimbosa), and was wrongly identified by
Linnaeus with the striated brown Fissurella of the * Systema'.

In addition to the printed species, the two following were present in the
manuscript copy.

P. SOLARIS. P. ovata integerrima, striis subnodosis, vertice acutiusculo.

Testa ovata, diaphana, magnitudine extimi articuli digiti, margine inte-
gerrimo, Isevis, striis subtilissimis insequalibus numerosissimis, fasciis lon-
gitudinalibus rubris albo passim maculatis. Mucro acutiusculus obhquus
albidus.

This was placed in the section having a simple margin.

P. PERFOLIATA. P. couica, rccliuata, perfoliata.

Testa magnitudine coryli nucis, conica, sed cono retro inclinato, acutis-
sima, alba, imbricata lamellis horizontaliter testam cingentibus. Margo
integer, ovalis, antrorsum gibbus s. dilatatus. Cavitas profunde glabra.

This description very fairly suits the Patella antiquata of the twelfth
edition of the * Systema*.

DENTALIUM.

Testa univalvis, subcylindrica, utrinque aperta. Spira regularis nulla.

Although the Serpulce were intermingled, it is clear that they did not
accord with the above definition.

D. ELEPHANTiNUM. D. subulatum subarcuatum, angulatum.

The synonymy of the tenth edition was appended. Lister excepted ; the
erroneous 13 of the reference to the Gazophylaceum was erased. Dens
elephantis was the proi)Osed trivial name.

ME. S. HANLEY ON THE LINNEAN MS. IN THE ' MUSEUM ULEIC^.' 89

D. ENTALis. D. subulato-cylindricura, subarcuatuin.
The terminal details were not furnished.
D. dentalium was the intended appellation.

SERPULA.

In the original version of the * Museum Ulricae/ the members of this
genus are not separated from the Dentalia (a proof, among many others,
of the early date of this catalogue). Linnaeus, however, when revising
the transcript, had meditated the withdrawing of S. arenaria and lumbri-
calis, and constituted for them a nameless genus with the following
definition : —

Testa tubulosa, isthmis concamerata, dissepimentis integris, nee per-
foratis, s. communicantibus.

This genus would have been the equivalent of the modern Vermetiis.

S. TRIQUETRA. D. triquctrum, adhaerens.

The reference to Gualtieri (whose figure was somewhat uncertain, yet
probably designed for Vermilia triquetra) was queried. The proposed
name was D. parasiticum.

S. CONTORTUPLICATA. D. tcrctiusculum, depressum, rugosum.

There was at first no name to the description of this shell ; but it was
added in the handwriting of Linnaeus.

S. GLOMERATA. JD. tcrcs glomcratum.

The ' decussato-rugosa ' of the * Systema *, applicable to the * Vermetus
subcancellatus'y the shell designed in that work, was not inserted. Gualtieri's
figure is that of Vermetus glomeratus, for the colouring of which * alba '
would be a most inappropriate term.

S. LUMBRicALis. D. spira divaricata teretiusculum, integrum.

D'Arg. t. 29. f. 1. was an additional synonym,

S. ARENARIA. JD. tcrcs rcctiusculum intestiniforme.

Despite the name borrowed from Rumphius, the Vermetus gigas was the
object defined in the tenth edition of the * Systema*. The absence from
the manuscript of the reference to Gualtieri's drawing of that shell, and
" rcctiusculum " in the written diagnosis, confirms the conclusion pre-
viously arrived at, that the Septaria arenaria of authors was the species
intended in the * Museum Ulricse ' : it was subsequently termed S, poly-
thalamia by Linnaeus. The delusive " subangulata " of the supposititious
diagnosis was of course absent.

The V. gigas was probably intended by the following unpublished de-
scription.

D. INTESTINIFORME. D. tcrcs flexuosum intestiniforme.

Testa rudis crassitie digiti et ultro, flexuosa vario modo in diversis, integra,
intus laevis.

S. ANGUINA. '

The two very dissimilar Siliquarics united under this appellation in the
' Museum Ulricae,' were originally held distinct. The prickly variety was
the unpublislied type, and was thus defined : —

90 ME. WALKER ON DIPTEBA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE.

D. ANGUiNUM. D. spira insequali angulata aculeata, sulco longitudinal!
perforata.

Rumph. 125. t. 41. f. H. Solen anguinus.

Lang. Test. 6. Tubulus vermicularis crista dentata.

Testa albida, teretiuscula, angulis 9 obsoletis. . Anfractus inaequales,
nunc confertiores, nunc remotiores. Sulcus longitudinalis in superiore
latere perforatus serie punctorum. Spinse breves, fomicata ad angulos
in latere inferiore.

Condensation, that peculiar faculty of the mental organization of Lin-
ngeus, induced him to suppress this description, and attach the species, as
a variety, to the form he had simultaneously characterized as

D. spira elongata, teretiusculum, inerme, fissura longitudinali.

Gualt. test. 10. f. z.

To this latter the published details belong, except the expression " pas-
sim concatenata et quasi poris pertusa " (which was a subsequent and fal-
lacious addition), and the account of the variety.

S. PENIS. D. teres, extremitate radiata disco cylindris poroso.

" Bonan. i. f. 38.", indicated in the tenth edition of the * Systema ', was
among the synonyms. The " Stigma, &c." was an addition ; so too were
" Isevis," " tubulosis ", and " sequalibus". The term " hemisphaerico " has
replaced the earlier " convexo."

In addition to the published species, the S. Spirorbis of the * Systema '
appears to have been indicated as

D. PLANORBE. D. spira plana, adhaerens.

It. W. Goth. 170. Dentalium testa spirali plana adhserente.

Plane. Conch. 13. n. 3. Vermiculus in littore Veneto foliis algae ad-
haerens.

Testa minima, magnitudine nuper ab ovo exclusae cochleae, cujus formam
omnino gerit, at plana omnino est, et altero latere omnino fuci foliis ad-
haeret.

This was evidently diflferent from the Serpula planorhis of the * Systema.*

Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects collected at Makessar in
Celebes, by Mr. A. B. Wallace, with Descriptions of New
Species. By Teangis Walkee, Esq , E.L.S.

(Read June 2nd, 1859.)

Fam. CTJLICIDiE, Haliday.

Gen. Megaehina, JDesvoidy.

V 1. Megarhina iMMiSERicoRS, n. s. Mas. Nigra, squamosa, capite
thoraceque viridibus, hujus disco cupreo, proboscide palpis pedibus-
que purpureis, femoribus subtus fulvis, tarsis intermediis albo bifas-

ME. WALKEE ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE. 91

ciatis, tarsis posticis albo unifasciatis, pectore argenteo, abdomine
cyaneo fasciculis lateralibus albis subapicalibus nigris apicalibus aura-
tis, alis subcinereis apud costam nigricantibus.
Male. Black. Head and thorax with green metallic scales ; disc of the
latter with cupreous scales. Proboscis, palpi, and legs purple ; femora
tawny beneath ; middle tarsi with two white bands ; hind tarsi with
one white band. Pectus silvery. Abdomen blue, widening from the
base to the tip, with small white tufts of hairs along each side ; four
larger black subapical tufts, two gilded apical tufts. Wings slightly
greyish, blackish along the costa i veins black. Length of the body
5 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Gen. CiTLEx, lAnn.

2. CuLEX OBTUBBANS, n. s. Fcsm. Nigricans, thoracis disco fusco,
abdomine eupreo apice viridescente, gutta subapicali alba, fasciis ven-
tralibus latis albis, pedibus subcupreo squamosis, femoribus subtus
albis, alis cinereis.

Female. Blackish. Proboscis pale ; its sheaths dark, longer than the
thorax. Disk of the thorax with brown tomentum. Abdomen with
cupreous tomentum, and with a slight greenish tinge towards the tip ;
a white subapical dot ; underside with broad white bands. Legs with
a cupreous tinge ; femora whitish beneath. Wings grey ; veins black,
fringed. Length of the body 2f lines ; of the wings 4^ lines.

3. CuLEX iMPATiBiLis, H. s. Mus. Subcupreo-nigcr, capite albopunc-
tato, pectore albo guttato, abdomine fasciis interruptis albis, genubus
albis, femoribus posticis albis apice nigris, tarsis intermediis basi albis,
tarsis posticis albo bifasciatis, alis cinereis.

Male. Black, with a very slight cupreous tinge. Head with shining white
points. Sheaths of the proboscis dark tawny, longer than the thorax.
Pectus with shining white dots. Abdomen with interrupted shining
white bands, which are most complete beneath. Knees white ; hind
femora white, with black tips ; middle tarsi white at the base ; hind
tarsi with two white bands. Wings cinereous ; veins black, fringed.
Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 3 lines.
/ 4. CuLEX IMPELLENS, n. s. F(Bin. Fuscus, subtus testaceus, probos-
cide nigricante albo-fasciato, pedibus pallidis, femoribus albidis apice
obscurioribus, tarsorum articulis basi albis, alis cinereis.
Female. Brown, testaceous beneath. Proboscis blackish, with a white
band, a little longer than the thorax. Legs with pale reflections ;
femora whitish, with darker tips ; joints of the tarsi white at the base.
Wings grey ; veins black, fringed. Length of the body 2| lines ; of
of the wings 4 Unes.

Gen. Anopheles, MeAgen.

6. Anopheles vanus, n.s. Mas. Cinereo-fuscus, gracihs, antennis

92 MB. WALKEE ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

late plumosis, pedibus testaceis longis gracillimis, tarsorum articulis
basi albis, alls subcinereis antice nigro punctatis.
Male. Cinereous brown, slender. Proboscis full half the length of the
body. Palpi nearly half the length of the body. Antennae broadly
plumose. Legs testaceous, long, very slender; joints of the tarsi
white at the base. Wings slightly cinereous, with black points on
the fore part ; veins black, fringed. Length of the body 2^ lines ;
of the wings 4 lines.

Fam. TIPULID^, Haliday.
Gen. LiMNOBiA, Meigen.

The following species, in the structure of the wing-veins, does not accord
with any of Meigen 's divisions of the genus. The mediastinal vein
ends at about three-fourths of the length of the wing; the subcostal
ends at seven-eighths of the length, and is connected with the radial
by a transverse veinlet at its tip ; the radial, the cubital, and the 1 st
and the 3rd externo-medial are long and of equal length ; the 2nd
externo-medial springs from the 1st, at one-fourth of its length;
the 3rd externo-medial is connected by a transverse veinlet near its
base with the subanal.

6. LiMNOBiA iMPONENS, u. s. Ochracca, palpis antennisque nigri-
cantibus, his thoracis dimidio brevioribus, thorace antico valde elon-
gato et attenuato, abdomine piceo, alis subcinereis longis angustis,
stigmate nigricante longissimo, halteribus piceis basi testaceis.

Ochraceous. Proboscis, palpi, and antennae blackish, the latter moni-
liform setaceous, not half the length of the thorax. Thorax much elon-
gated and attenuated in front. Abdomen piceous. Wings greyish, long
narrow ; veins black, testaceous at the base and along the costa from
the base to the stigma, which is blackish and very long ; halteres
piceous, testaceous at the base. Length of the body 7 (?) lines ; of
the wings 16 lines.

Glen. TiPXTLA, lAnn,

7. TiPULA INFINDENS, u. s. FcRm. Fusca, capite apud oculos subtus-
que cinereo, antennis basi testaceis thorace brevioribus, thorace vittis
quatuor ochraceis, abdominis apice ochraceo, pedibus fulvis longis-
simis, femoribus apice fuscis, alis cinereis apud costam luridis.

Female. Brown. Head cinereous about the eyes and beneath. An-
tennae setaceous, submoniliform, testaceous at the base, shorter than
the thorax. Thorax with a slight cinereous tinge, and with four dull
ochraceous stripes. Abdomen ochraceous at the tip. Legs tawny,
slender, very long ; tips of the femora brown. Wings cinereous,
lurid along the costa to the stigma, which is brown ; veins black,
tawny at the base. Length of the body 10 lines; of the wings 24
lines.

MB. WALKEE ON DIPTEBA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 93

8. TiPULA iNORDiNANS, D. s. Mtts. Fusca, capitc pallide cinereo
vitta fusca, antennis testaceis thorace valde longioribus, articulis basi
nigris nodosis setigeris thorace vittis quatuor pallide cinereis, abdo-
minis lateribus ventreque testaceis, segmentis basi nigro postice albo-
marginatis, pedibus nigris longissimis, femoribus dimidio basali tes-
taceis apices versus albo fasciatis, tibiis albo fasciatis, tarsis albo bifas-
ciatis, alis hyalinis striga costali subapicali nigricante, venis transversis
nigro nebulosis.

Male. Brown. Head pale cinereous, with a brown stripe. Antennae
testaceous, slightly setaceous, much longer than the thorax ; joints at
the base black, nodose, setigerous. Thorax with four pale cinereous
stripes; pectus pale cinereous. Abdomen testaceous beneath and
along each side, thickened towards the tip ; segments whitish at the
base, black along the hind borders. Legs black, slender, very long ;
femora testaceous for half the length from the base, with a white sub-
apical band ; tibiae with a white band beyond the middle j tarsi with
two broad white bands. Wings hyaline, with a blackish costal sub-
apical streak; veins and stigma black, the latter small; transverse
veins and forked subapical vein clouded with black ; veins testaceous.
Length of the body 9 lines ; of the wings 16 lines.

Gen. Ctenophoba, Fahr.

9. Ctenophora incunctans, n. s. Mas. Atra, capite thoraceque
laete ochraceis, antennarum ramis longis aequalibus subpilosis, abdo-
mine basi ochraceo. Foem. Thoracis disco saturate ochraceo. Var, /3,
Capite thoraceque saturate ochraceis, alis albido strigatis et guttatis.

Deep black. Male. Head and thorax bright ochraceous. Antennae
with long equal shghtly pilose branches. Abdomen ochraceous at the
base. Female. Disc of the thorax deep ochraceous. Var. Head and
thorax deep ochraceous. Wings with five whitish streaks and two
exterior elongated whitish dots. Length of the body 8-10 lines; of
the wings 18-22 lines.

10. Ctenophora gaudens, n. s. Mas et Foem. Lsete ochracea, ab-
domine apicem versus nigro, pedibus nigris, femoribus ochraceis apice
nigris, tibiis fascia basali Candida, alis nigricantibus basi ochraceis,
fascia exteriore albida.

Male and Female. Bright ochraceous. Abdomen black towards the
tip. Legs black ; femora ochraceous, black towards the tips ; tibiae
with a snow white basal band. Wings blackish, ochraceous at the
base, with a whitish exterior band which is attenuated hindward.
Male. Antennae with long, equal, slightly pilose branches. Length of
the body 7-10 lines ; of the wings 14-16 lines.

94 ME. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

Fam. STEATIOMID^, Haliday.
Q-en. Ptilocera, Wied,

11. Ptilocera smaragdina. Walk. Dipt. pt. 3. 525.
Inhabits also the Philippine Islands.

12. Ptilocera smaragdifera, n. s. Mas. Nigra, thorace pubes-
cente vittis duabus smaragdinis, lateribus purpurascentibus, abdo-
mine nigricanti-cyaneo squamis lateralibus viridibus, tarsis basi ob-
scure rufescentibus, alis subhyalinis, dimidio basali antice nigricante
postice cinereo.

Male. Black. Thorax thickly pubescent, purplish along each side,
with two emerald green dorsal stripes. Abdomen blackish blue, with
green scales along each side. Tarsi dark reddish towards the base.
Wings nearly hyaline ; basal half blackish in front, cinereous hind-
ward ; veins black, yellow along the costa exteriorly. Length of the
body 5 lines j of the wings 8 lines.

Gren. Hermetla., Latr.

13. Hermetia remittens, n. s. Mas et Fam. Nigra, capite antico
livido, antennis basi subtus lividis apice albis, thorace vittis tribus
cinereis, abdomine seneo-nigro, tibiis basi tarsisque albidis, alis ni-
gricantibus basi subhyalinis. Mas. Abdominis dimidio basali livido.

Male and Female. Black. Head livid in front ; a whitish line along
the eye on each side of the front. Antennae livid beneath towards
the base ; apical joint elongate-fusiform, white at the tip, as long as
all the other joints together. Thorax with 3 indistinct cinereous
stripes. Abdomen slightly bronzed, livid for half the length from the
base in the male. Tibiae at the base and tarsi whitish. Wings black-
ish, nearly hyaline at the base ; halteres livid. Length of the body
78 lines; of the ^dngs 12-14 lines.

Q-en. Stratiomts, Geqffr.

14. Stratiomys immiscens, n. s. Mas. Nigra, antennis fulvis par-
vis, scutelli margine postico spinisque pallide flavis, abdomine pallide
flavo fasciis tribus dorsalibus latis nigris postice excavatis, pedibus
flavescentibus, femoribus tibiisque nigro fasciatis, tarsis nigris, alis
limpidis.

Male. Black. Head beneath and thorax with whitish down. An-
tennae tawny, short. Scutellum along the hind border and spines pale
yellow. Abdomen pale yellow, with three broad black dorsal bands,
whose hind borders are much indented. Legs yellowish ; femora and
tibiae with black bands; tarsi black. Wings limpid; veins brown;
halteres pale. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

15. Stratiomys finalis, n. s. Fcew. Nigra, aureo-tomentosa, capite

MR, WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 95

subtus fulvo, antennis fulvis parvis, thorace vittis tribus nigris, tho-
racis margine postico spinisque pallide flavis, abdomine fulvo, pedibus
pallide fulvis, alis limpidis.
Female. Black with gilded tomentum. Head tawny beneath, with two
more or less tawny calli above the antennae, which are tawny and
short. Thorax with three black stripes; scutellum with the hind
border and the spines pale yellow. Abdomen tawny, paler beneath.
Legs pale tawny. Wings limpid; veins tawny; stigma testaceous.
Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Gren, Clitellaria, Meigen.

16. Clitellaria festinans, n. s. Mas. Nigra, aureo-tomentosa,
antennis rufescenti-fulvis apices versus nigris, thorace fascia vittisque
duabus aureis, scutelli spinis apice rufescenti-fulvis, abdomine vittis
tribus macularibus aureis, pedibus luteis, alis luteis postice cinereis
apice nigricantibus.
Male. Black, thick, with gilded down. Antennae nearly as long as the
breadth of the head ; scape reddish tawny, fusiform, longer than the
flagellum, which is black and lanceolate. Thorax and pectus with an
interrupted downy band ; thorax with two downy stripes, and with
two lateral black spines ; scutellum with a downy border, and with
two stout spines, whose tips are reddish tawny. Abdomen with three
rows of downy spots ; the middle spots triangular ; the lateral spots
oblique. Legs and halteres luteous. Wings luteous along the costa,
cinereous hindward, where the veins are bordered with black ; tips
broadly blackish ; a black dot adjoining the luteous stigma. Length
of the body 6 lines; of the wings 12 hues.
F(£,m. ? Nigra, cinereo-tomentosa, antennis scape intus fulvo, thoracis
vittis duabus abdominisque macuKs cinereis, femoribus tibiisque
albidis apices versus nigris, tarsis basi albidis, alis obscure cinereis
fascia lata subapicali nigricante.
Female ? Black. Head shining, with white tomentum about the eyes.
Antennae shorter than the breadth of the head ; scape linear, tawny
on the inner side, much shorter than the flagellum, which is lanceolate.
Thorax with two stripes of cinereous tomentum and with two lateral
spines; scutellum with two stout spines; pectus with silvery cine-
reous tomentum. Abdomen with cinereous tomotose spots, which are
disposed in three rows. Femora and tibiae whitish black towards
the tips ; tarsi whitish at the base. Wings dark grey, with a broad
blackish subapical band ; veins and stigma black ; halteres whitish.
Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 10 hues.
17. Clitellaria gavisa, n. s. Mas. Nigra, albido-tomentosa, an-
tennis testaceis apices versus nigris, thoiface vittis duabus aureis, scu-
telli spinis apice flavis, abdomine vittis tribus macularibus aureis, pedi-
bus flavis apices versus nigricantibus.
Male. Black, with whitish down. Antennae shorter than the breadth
of the head ; scape testaceous, longer than the flagellum, which is

96 ME. WALKEE ON DIPTEEA COLLEOTEB AT MAKESSAR.

pilose. Thorax with two stripes of gilded toraentum, and with two
lateral spines; spines of the seutellum yellow towards their tips.
Abdomen with three rows of gilded tomentose spots, the dorsal spots
triangular; the lateral spots oblique. Legs yellow; tarsi black
towards the tips. Wings cinereous, blackish towards the tips and
about the transverse veins ; veins black, yellow towards the base ;
halteres yellow. Length of the body 3} lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Fcem. ? Cinereo-tomentosa, thoracis vittis abdominisque niaculis cine-
reis, pedibus albidis, femoribus tibiis tarsisque apice nigris alis cinereis,
fascia subapicali nigricante.

Female? With cinereous tomentum. Head white and shining about
the eyes. Stripes of the thorax and spots of the abdomen cinereous.
Legs whitish ; femora, tibiae and tarsi black towards the tips. Wings
cinereous with a blackish subapical band.

Gren. OxYCEEA, Meiff.

18. OxYCERA MANENS, n. s. Mus ct FcRM. Nigra, cinereo-sub-
tomentosa, antennis fulvis, pedibus pallide fulvescentibus aut lividis,
alis vix cinereis. Mas. Thorace aureo-subtomentoso.

Male and Female. Black, slightly covered with cinereous tomentum.
Head white and shining about the eyes. Antennae tawny. Thorax of
the male slightly covered with gilded tomentum. Legs dull pale
tawny or livid ; hind tibiae black. Wings hardly cinereous ; veins and
stigma pale in the male, black in the female. Length of the body 3
lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Q-en. Saegus, Fair.

19. Sargus repensans, n. s. Mas. Testaceus, pubescens, vertice
nigro, palpis lanceolatis, arista nigra, tibiis tarsisque posticis nigris,
his albo cinctis, tarsis anterioribus apice nigris, alis cinereis apices
versus nigricantibus.

Allied to S. aurifer.

Male. Testaceous, pubescent. Vertex black. Palpi lanceolate, ex-
tending along two-thirds of the space between the mouth and the
antennae ; arista black. Hind tibiae and hind tarsi black, the latter
white towards the tips, which are black ; anterior tarsi with black tips.
Wings cinereous, blackish towards the tips ; veins black, testaceous at
the base. Length of the body 9 lines; of the wings 20 lines.
, 20. Sargus remeans, n. s. Fam. Niger, pubescens, thorace purpu-
rascente-nigro, vittis duabus lateralibus pectoris disco tibiisque ante-
rioribus supra sordide albidis, alis nigricantibus. Mas. ? Antennis
piceis, thorace purpurascente-cupreo, pectore livido, abdominis seg-
ments albido-marginatis, alis fuscescente, cinereis extus albido-stri-
gatis.

Allied to S. tenebrifer.

MR. WA.LKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 97

Female. Black, pubescent. Head wanting. Thorax purplish black,
with a dingy whitish stripe along each side ; disk of the pectus dingy
whitish. Anterior tibiae dingy whitish above. Wings blackish; veins
black ; halteres dingy whitish, with blackish knobs. Length of the
body 9 hues; of the wings 20 lines.

Malel Black. Head whitish about the mouth. Antennae piceous.
Thorax purplish cupreous, with a dingy whitish stripe along each
side ; pectus livid. Abdomen with two lanceolate apical appendages ;
hind borders of the segments whitish. Wings brownish cinereous,
with slight whitish streaks on the exterior areolets. Length of the
body 7 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

21. Sargus redhibens, n. s. Fcem. Cyaneus, antennis fulvis, tho-
racis lateribus anticis purpurascentibus, abdoraine purpureo, pedibus
albidis, tibiis posticis feraoribusque nigricante strigatis, alis cinereis.
Var. /3. Vertice purpureo, thorace viridi.

Female, Blue. Antennae tawny. Thorax purplish on each side in
front. Abdomen purple, much broader than the thorax. Legs
whitish ; femora with a blackish streak above towards the tips ; hind
tibiae with a blackish apical streak. Wings cinereous ; veins black ;
stigma blackish. Halteres tawny. Var. ^. Vertex purple. Thorax
green. Length of the body 3|-4 lines ; of the wings 7-9 lines.

This may be a local variety of S. metallinus, but differs from that species
by the dark marks on its hind legs, and by the wing-veins being black
at the base.

22. Sargus mactans, n. s. Fcem. Cupreo-viridis, abdomine cupreo,
pedibus testaceis, tibiis posticis basi nigris, alis cinereis apices versus
obscurioribus.

Female. Cupreous green, with cinereous down. Head wanting. Ab-
domen cupreous. Legs testaceous; hind tibiae black for half the
length from the base. Wings cinereous, darker from the discal areolet
to the tips ; veins black ; stigma brown ; halteres testaceous. Length
of the body 4^ lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

23. Sargus inactus, n. s. Mas. Albido-testaceus, vertice nigro,
thoracis disco scutellique apice purpureis, pectore maculis duabus
cupreis, alis cinereis.

Male. Whitish testaceous. Vertex black. Disk of the thorax and scu-
tellum towards the tip purple ; pectus with a cupreous spot on each
side. Wings cinereous; veins black; stigma dark brown; discal
areolet shorter than that of the two preceding species. Length of
the body 5 ? lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

XT

Gen. Ner^a, Walk.

24. Nerna impendens, n. s. Mas et Foem. Nigra, cinereo-subto-
mentosa, antennis tarsis posterioribus halteribusque testaceis, tarssi

LINN. PROC. — ZOOLOGY. 7

98 ME. WALKER ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAB.

anticis tibiisque piceis, alls cinereis apud costam exteriorem nigri-
cantibus.
Male and Female. Black, with very slight cinereous pubescence. An-
tennae, posterior tarsi, and halteres testaceous ; tibiae and fore tarsi
piceous. Wings cinereous, blackish along the exterior part of the
costa ; veins and stigma black. Length of the body 3i lines ; of the
wings 6 lines.

G-en. SoLVA. n. g.

Corpus lineare. Proboscis lanceolata. Palpi porrecti, lineares, caput
non superantes. Antennae lanceolatae. Scutellum inerme. Abdomen
thorace longius. Pedes breviuscuh, femoribus posticis incrassatis sub-
serratis. Alee sat angustge.

Body linear. Head not broader than the thorax. Proboscis lanceolate.
Palpi porrect, linear, rounded at the tips, not extending beyond the
head. Antennae lanceolate, shorter than the breadth of the head;
joints indistinct. Thorax with a humeral callus and a hnear callus on
each side. Scutellum unarmed. Abdomen rather longer tlian the
thorax. Legs rather short ; hind femora incrassated, minutely ser-
rated beneath ; hind tibiae very slightly curved, appUed to the femora.
Wings rather narrow ; 1st and 2nd cubital veins rather long; length
of the discal areolet more than thrice its breadth ; 3rd and 4th exter-
no-medial veins connected towards the border; anal and subanal
veins connected at some distance from the border.

25, SoLVA INAMCENA, n. s. F(Bm. Cinereo-nigra, palpis, thoracis
callis, scutello, abdominis lateribus, ventre pedibusque testaceis, an-
tennis testaceis apice nigris, abdominis segmentis testaceo marginatis,
alis subcinereis.

Female. Cinereous black. Mouth, palpi, calli of the thorax, scutellum,
abdomen beneath and along each side except at the base, legs, and
halteres testaceous. Antennae testaceous except towards the tips.
Hind borders of the abdominal segments testaceous. Wings greyish ;
veins black, testaceous towards the base. Length of the body 2^-3
lines; of the wings 5-6 lines.

Gren. Ampsalis, n. g.

F(Efn. Corpus elongatum, sublineare. Antennce filiformes ; flagellum
lineare. Thorax longi-ellipticus ; scutellum bispinosum. Abdomen
ellipticum, thorace paullo latius non longius. Pedes longiusculi. Al(S
angustae.

Female. Body elongate, nearly linear. Head a little broader than the
thorax. Eyes prominent. Palpi very short. Antennae filiform, much
longer than the breadth of the head ; flagellum linear, about twice the
length of the scape ; joints indistinct. Thorax elongate-elliptical ;
scutellum armed with two obliquely ascending spines. Abdomen

ME. WALKEE ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE. 99

elliptical, a little broader but not longer than the thorax. Legs rather
long. Wings narrow; 1st cubital vein about one-fourth the length
of the 2nd ; four externo-medial veins complete ; subanal vein curved,
joining the anal vein at some distance from the border ; discal areolet
elongated and attenuated exteriorly ; exterior side very short,

26. Ampsalis geniata, n. s. Fcem. Ferrugineo-fusca, antennis ni-
gris basi fulvis, thorace vittis duabus testaceis, scutello testaceo, apice
spinisque et pectoris disco nigris, abdomine nigro, basi vittis duabus
interruptis laterahbus pedibusque testaceis, alis cinereis apices versus
fuscescentibus.

Female. Ferruginous brown. Antennae black, tawny towards the base.
Thorax with two testaceous stripes; scutellum testaceous; tip and
spines black. Disk of the pectus black. Abdomen black ; base and an
interrupted stripe along each side testaceous. Legs and halteres tes-
taceous. Wings grey, brownish in front towards the tips; veins
black, testaceous at the base ; stigma testaceous. Length of the body
6 lines ; of the wings 1 1 lines.

Gen. Teacana, n. g.

Mas et Fcerti. Corpus elongatum. Proboscis lanceolata. Atitennee
graciles, filiformes, capite transverso vix breviores. Thorax longi-ellip-
ticus; scutellum bispinosum. Abdomen thorace paullo longius et
latius. Pedes longiusculi. Alee longae, non latae.

Male and Female. Body elongate. Head rather broader than the fore
part of the thorax. Mouth lanceolate ; palpi very short. Antennaj
slender, filiform, about as long as the breadth of the head ; 3rd joint
long ; 4th and following joints shorter. Thorax elongate-elliptical,
with a distinct linear callus along each side ; scutellum armed with
two obliquely ascending spines. Abdomen elongate-elliptical, most
attenuated towards the base, a little broader and longer than the tho-
rax. Legs rather long. Wings long, not broad ; 1st subcubital vein
hardly one-third the length of the 2nd ; four externo-medial veins
complete ; subanal vein curved, joining the anal vein near the border ;
discal areolet oblong, narrower exteriorly ; exterior side very short.

27. Tracana iterabilis, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Cinereo-nigra, capite
antico fulvo, antennis albido-flavis basi nigricantibus, pedibus fulvis,
tibiis posticis femoribusque nigro-fuscatis, alis cinereis apices versus
nigricantibus. Mas. Abdomine fulvo maculis lateralibus nigris. Fam.
Abdominis basi lateribusque fulvis.

Male and Female. Cinereous black. Head in front and calU of the
thorax tawny. Antenna; whitish yellow, blackish at the base. Legs
tawny ; femora and hind tibiae banded with black. Wings grey, black-
ish towards the tips ; veins black ; halteres tawny. 3Iale. Abdomen
tawnv, with some black spots on each side. Female. Abdomen tawny

7*

100 MB. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

at the base and along each side. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the
wings 10 lines.

Gen. EosAPHA, n. g.

Mas et Foem. Corpus angustum, elongatum, lineare. AntenncB gra-
ciles, filiformes, capite transverso longiores ; articulus 3"* fusiformis.
Scuiellum spinis duabus longis acutis armatum. Abdomen thorace
vix longius aut latins. Pedes breves. Alee angustse.

Male and Female. Body narrow, elongated, linear. Mouth and palpi
extremely short. Antenna; slender, fihform, longer than the breadth
of the head ; 3rd joint long, fusiform ; joints of the flagellum indi-
stinct. Thorax nearly linear, a little narrower in front ; scutellum
armed with two long, acute, hardly ascending spines. Abdomen sub-
fusiform, narrowest towards the base, very little broader and longer
than the thorax. Legs short. Wings narrow ; 1st cubital vein nearly
half the length of the 2nd ; three complete externo-medial veins ; sub-
anal vein curved, joining the anal vein at some little distance from the
border ; discal areolet oblong ; exterior side short.

28. RosAPHA HABiLis, u. s. Mtts et Fam. Fulva, capite antennis-
que nigris, his basi fulvis, thoracis macula antica elongata, spinis apice,
tibiis posticis apices versus tarsisque anterioribus nigris, tarsis posticis
albis apice nigris, alis cinerascentibus apices versus nigris. Fam.
Abdomine supra nigro, basi lateribusque fulvis.

Male and Female. Tawny. Head black, white beneath along the eyes.
Antenna? black; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd joints tawny. Thorax with an
elongated black spot in front ; spines of the scutellum black towards
the tips. Hind tibiae towards the tips and anterior tarsi black ; hind
tarsi white with black tips. Wings greyish, blackish in front towards
the tips ; veins black, tawny at the base ; stigma ferruginous brown.
Female. Abdomen black above, except at the base and along each side.
Length of the body 3^ lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Gen. EuBA, n. g.

Fam. Corpus breve, crassum, latum. Caput parvum. Antennce capite
transverso vix breviores. Scutellum inerme. Abdomen globosum,
thorace valde latius. Pedes breves. Alee mediocres.

Female. Body thick, short, broad. Head much narrower than the
thorax. Proboscis and palpi very short. Antennae nearly as long as
the breadth of the head ; 3rd joint broader and longer than the flagel-
lum, of which the joints are short, compact, and minutely setulose.
Thorax a little longer than broad; scutellum unarmed. Abdomen
globose, very much broader and a little longer than the thorax. Legs
short. Wings moderately broad ; 1st cubital vein not one- third of
the length of the 2nd ; four complete externo-medial veins ; subanal

MB. WALKER ON DTPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 101

vein curved, joining the anal vein at some distance from the border ;
discal areolet elongated exteriorly, irregularly triangular ; exterior side
very short.

29. RuBA INFLATA, n. s. Mas. Testacea, valde pubescens, capita
subtus guttis duabus nigris, alis sub-cinereis apices versus fuscescen-
tibus, stigraate flavescente.

Male. Testaceous. Head with a black dot on each side of the mouth.
Flagellura of the antennae black. Thorax and abdomen very pubes-
cent. Wings slightly greyish, brownish towards the tips, and espe-
cially so in front ; veins black, testaceous at the base ; stigma yellowish.
Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Gen. TiNDA, n. g.

Fcem. Corpus longiusculum, depressum. Caput oblongum, margine
postico elevato. Antennce capite transverso vix breviores ; articulus
3"* fusiformis ; flagellum compressum, lanceolatum. Scutellum spi-
nosum. Abdomen ellipticum, thorace latius non longius. Pedes breves,
graciles. Alee angustse.

Female. Body somewhat elongated and depressed. Head somewhat
oblong ; eyes nearly contiguous in front, diverging hindward, where
there is an elevated margin. Mouth and palpi very short. Antennae
nearly as long as the breadth of the head ; 3rd joint fusiform, fully half
the length of the flagellum, which is compressed and lanceolate, and
with indistinct joints. Thorax slightly widening hindward ; scutellum
with six ? very minute spines. Abdomen elliptical, broader but not
longer than the thorax. Legs short, slender. Wings narrow; 1st
cubital vein less than one-third the length of the 2nd ; three com-
plete externo-medial veins; subanal vein joining the anal vein at some
distance from the border ; discal areolet elongated, its exterior side
very short.

30. TiNDA MODiFERA, n. s. F(£m. Nigra, antennis basi testaceis,
pedibus testaceis, femoribus posterioribus supra obscurioribus, alis
cinereis costam versus subnigricantibus.

Female. Black, hardly shining. Antennae testaceous towards the base.
Legs testaceous; posterior femora somewhat darker above, except
towards the base. Wings grey, slightly blackish along most of the
costa ; veins black ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 3 lines ;
of the wings 5 lines.

Gren. SARijaA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus contractum, breve, latum, crassum. Vertex gibbosus.
Oculi magni. Antennce brevissimae ; articulus 3^^ rotundus ; arista
apicalis, gracillima. Thorax gibbosus ; scutellum elevatura, conicum,
postice productum. Abdomen transversum, thorace brevius. Pedes
breves, graciles, simplices. Ala breviusculae.

102 MR. WALKEE ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE.

Male. Body contracted, short, broad, thick. Head almost as broad
as the thorax ; vertex gibbous ; eyes large, bare ; mouth extremely
short and small ; antenna; very short, 3rd joint round ; arista apical,
very slender, a little longer than the antennae ; thorax gibbous ; scu-
tellum very gibbous, forming an upright cone, somewhat gibbous and
conical hindward, w here it is horizontal j abdomen a little broader than
long, much shorter than the thorax ; legs short, slender, simple ; wings
rather short ; veins in structure like those of Oxycera,

31. Saruga conifera, n. s. Mas, Anthracina, antennis pedibus-
que albido-testaceis, thorace maculis duabus magnis flavo-tomentosis,
femoribus nigris, genibus fulvis, alis albidis.

Male. Coal-black ; antennae and legs whitish testaceous ; thorax with
a large yellow tomentose spot on each side in front of the scutellum ;
femora black ; knees tawny ; wings whitish vitreous ; veins and stigma
whitish testaceous, the former black towards the base. Length of the
body 2J lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Fam. TABANID-^, Leach.
Gren. Tabanijs, Linn.

32. Tabanus succurvus, n. s. Fcem. Nigricanti-fuscus, capite feiTu-
gineo, callo longo lanceolato gracillimo, palpis piceis, antennis nigris,
segmentorum abdominalium marginibusposticis subpallidioribus, tibiis
subtus rufescenti-piceis, alis obscure cinereis apud venas fusces-
centibus.

Female. Blackish brown. Head ferruginous, with a long lanceolate
and very slender callus between the nearly contiguous eyes ; under
side clothed with black hairs. Proboscis black. Palpi piceous. An-
tennae black ; 3rd joint with a small horn. Hind borders of the ab-
dominal segments slightly paler in the middle. Tibiae reddish piceous
beneath. Wings dark grey, brownish about the veins towards the
base ', veins black, piceous towards the base ; fore branch of the cubital
vein simple, nearly straight ; halteres ferruginous, with luteous knobs.
Length of the body 1 1 lines ; of the wings 22 lines.

33. Tabanus factiosus, n. s. F(Bm. Nigricanti-fuscus, capite tes-
taceo, callo nigro gracili lanceolato, palpis piceis, thorace cinereo, ab-
domine rufescenti-piceo, maculis dorsalibus trigonis albidis, segmen-
torum ventralium marginibus posticis testaceis.

Female. Blackish brown. Head with testaceous tomentum and with a
slender lanceolate black callus between the eyes. Proboscis black ;
palpi piceous. Antennae with a very small horn. Thorax with cine-
reous down ; pectus paler and more thickly clothed with paler down.
Abdomen reddish piceous, with a whitish triangular spot on the hind
border of each segment ; hind borders of the ventral segments testa-
ceous. Legs piceous; femora black ; tibiae tawny beneath. Wings
grey, with a brownish tint in front ; veins black, ferruginous towards

ME. WALKEE ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE. 103

the base ; fore branch of the cubital vein simple, nearly straight ;
halteres ferruginous, with whitish-yellow knobs. Length of the body
10 lines ; of the wings 22 lines.

34. Tabanus reducens, n. s. F(£m. Cinereo-niger, capite albido,
callo nigro longo clavato, palpis albidis, antennis nigris vix dentatis,
thorace vittis quatuor cinereis, abdomine vittis tribus albidis, segmentis
ventralibus albido marginatis, tibiis fulvis apice nigris, alis cinereis
striga subcostali nigricante, halteribus piceis apice testaceis.

Female. Cinereous black. Head whitish, clothed with white hairs
beneath ; callus black, long, clavate ; palpi whitish ; antennae black,
with an extremely small tooth ; thorax with four cinereous stripes ;
pectus cinereous ; abdomen with three whitish stripes, the dorsal one
much more conspicuous than the lateral pair ; hind borders of the
ventral segments whitish ; tibiae tawny with black tips. Wings cine- .
reous, with a blackish sub-costal streak ; veins black ; fore branch of
the cubital vein simple, nearly straight ; halteres piceous, with luteous
knobs. Length of the body 10 lines; of the wings 20 lines.

35. Tabanus spoliatus, n. s. Mas, Cinereo-niger, albido tomen-
tosus, capite cinereo, palpis testaceis, antennis nigris basi rufescentibus
vix dentatis, thoracis lateribus fulvescentibus, abdomine rufescente
maculis dorsalibus trigonis albidis, segmentis ventralibus albido mar-
ginatis, tibiis rufescentibus nigro lineatis, alis cinereis apud costam
fuscescentibus, halteribus albidis.

Allied to T. univentris and to T. internus, but distinct.

This may prove to be the male of T. reducens, though it is very differ-
ent in appearance. Male. Cinereous black, with whitish tomentum,
which is visible when viewed horizontally ; head cinereous ; palpi tes-
taceous, very short ; antennae black, reddish at the base, with an ex-
tremely small tooth ; thorax dull-tawny along each side ; abdomen
reddish, with a small triangular whitish spot on the hind border of
each segment ; hind borders of the ventral segments whitish ; tibiae
reddish with a black line ; wings cinereous, brownish along the costa ;
veins black, ferruginous at the base ; fore branch of the cubital vein
simple, nearly straight ; halteres whitish. Length of the body 9 lines ;
of the wings 16 lines.

36. Tabanus iMMixTUS,n. s. Fmm, Cinereo-niger, capite albido, callo
nigro longo angusto sublineari, palpis albidis, antennis nigris basi rufis
vix dentatis, abdomine ferrugineo apice nigro maculis trigonis mar-
ginibusque posticis testaceis, tibiis fulvis, alis cinereis apud costam
subluridis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Cinereous black ; head whitish ; callus long, black, slender,
nearly linear ; palpi whitish ; antennae black, red at the base ; tooth
extremely small and obtuse ; abdomen fermginous, black towards the
tip ; each segment with a triangular spot and the hind border testa-
ceous ; tibiae tawny ; wings cinereous, slightly lurid along the costa ;

104 MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAB.

veins black, ferruginous at the base ; halteres testaceous. Length of
the body 6 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

37. Tabanus FLEX! MS, u. s. Fffiwi. Ciuercus, testaceo tomentosus,
callo nigro longo gracillimo, palpis testaceis, antennis ochraceis sub-
dentatis apice nigris, abdomine ferrugineo fusco maculis dorsalibus
trigonis marginibusque posticis testaceis, tibiis basi fulvis, alis cinereis
apud costam subluridis fusco bifasciatis, halteribus testaceis apice albis.

Female. Cinereous, with testaceous tomentum ; head with a black, long,
extremely slender callus j palpi testaceous ; antennae ochraceous, with
black tips and with a very small black tooth ; pectus whitish ; abdo-
men ferruginous brown ; each segment with a large triangular spot
and with the hind border testaceous ; tibise tawny towards the base ;
wings cinereous, somewhat lurid along the costa, with two irregular
brown bands; 1st band short, discal, 2nd abbreviated hindward ;
veins black, feiTuginous at the base ; fore branch of the cubital vein
simple, nearly straight ; halteres testaceous with white tips. Length
of the body 8 lines ; of the wings 16 lines.

Gen. Chrtsops, Meigen.

38. Chrysops fasciatus, Wied. See Vol. L p. 112.

Fam. ASILIDiE, Leach.

Subfam. Mtdasites, Walk.

Q-en. Mydas, Fahr.

39. Mydas basifascia, n. s. Fcem. Atra, antennis clavatis, ab-
domine fascia basali flava apice nitente, femoribus tibiisque posticis
rufescentibus, alis cinereis apud venas ochraceis.

Female. Deep black ; antennae clavate, a little linger than the breadth
of the head ; abdomen with a slender yellow band very near the base,
shining at the tip ; hind femora and hind tibiae reddish ; wings cine-
reous, ochraceous about the veins, which are also ochraceous. Length
of the body 12 lines ; of the wings 22 lines.

Subfam. Dasypogonites, Walk.
Gren. DiscocEPHALA, Macquart.

40. DiscocEPHALA PANDENS, u. s. Mas. Picea, proboscide palpis-
que nigris, pectore thoracisque lateribus albidis, abdomine subtus pal-
lide cinereo maculis lateralibus nigris, pedibus fulvis, genibus nigris,
tarsis piceis, alis fuscescentibus cinereo strigatis et marginatis, halte-
ribus albidis. Fcem. Abdomine fulvo, alis cinereis.

Male. Piceous ; front facets of the eyes large; proboscis and palpi black ;
raystax with four bristles; pectus and sides of the thorax whitish;
abdomen beneath pale-cinereous, with black shining spots along each
side ; legs tawny ; trochanters and knees black ; tarsi piceous ; wings

MR. WALKEE ON BIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE. 105

brownish, cinereous along the hind border, and with cinereous streaks
in the disks of the areolets; halteres whitish. Female. Abdomen
and halteres tawny; wings cinereous. Length of the body 4-5 lines;
of the wings 10-12 lines.

Subfam. Laphrites, Walk.
Gren. Laphria. Fahr.

41. Laphria concludens, n. s. Fcem. Aurata, capite pilis flavis,
antennis flavis articulo 3** rufescente fusiformi, thorace vittis tribus
nigris, abdomine fulvo lituris duabus fasciaque interrupta fasciisque
duabus ventralibus nigris, pedibus fulvis, alis cinereis apud apices
nigricantibus, halteribus pallide flavis.

Female. Gilded; head clothed with pale-yellow hairs; mystax with
several bristles ; proboscis hnear, tawny ; antennae yellow ; 3rd joint
reddish, elongate fusiform ; thorax with 3 black stripes, the lateral
pair abbreviated ; abdomen tawny ; 4th and 5th ventral segments with
black bands ; 4th dorsal segment with a slight black mark on each side ;
5th with a widely interrupted black band ; legs tawny ; wings cine-
reous, blackish towards the tips ; veins black, ferruginous towards the
base ; halteres pale yellow. Length of the body 1 1 lines ; of the
wings 20 lines.

42. Laphria Vulcanus, Wied. See Vol. L p. 10,

43. Laphria Taphius, Walk. Cat. Dipt. pt. 2, 380.
Inhabits also the Philippine Islands.

44. Laphria requisita, n. s. MasetFcem. Viridis, capite aurato,
antennarum articulo 3° longi-fusiformi, femoribus posticis incras-
satis, alis nigricantibus basi et apud costam cinereis, halteribus tes-
taceis. Mas. Femoribus anterioribus incrassatis, halteribus ex parte
nigricantibus. Fcem. Abdomine purpurascenti-cyaneo basi viridi.

Male and Female. Green; head gilded in front, with whitish hairs
beneath ; mystax with a few black bristles ; third joint of the antennae
elongate-fusiform ; hind femora incrassated . Wings blackish, cinereous
near the base and along nearly half the length of the costa ; veins
black ; halteres testaceous. Male. Anterior femora incrassated ;
halteres partly blackish. Female. Abdomen purplish blue, green
towards the base. Length of the body 7-9 lines; of the wings 14-16
lines.

45. Laphria partita, n. s. Mas. Nigra, capite aurato, antennarum
articulo 3° sublineari, thorace lineis tr^ibus cinereis, lateribus ochraceo-
pilosis, maculis duabus humeralibus testaceis, abdomine apice cyanes-
centi-nigro dimidio basali ochraceo-piloso, pedibus aurato- pilosis, fe-
moribus incrassatis, alis nigricantibus dimidio basali fere sublimpido,
halteribus testaccis. Fmm. Antennarum articulo 3" longi-fusiformi,

106 ME. WALKEE ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE.

maculis duabus humeralibus albidis, abdomine nigricauti-cupreo,
dimidio basali cinereo piloso.
Male. Black ; head brightly gilded above, clothed with luteous hairs
beneath ; mystax with some black bristles ; 3rd joint of the antennae
nearly linear, conical at the tip, a little longer than the 1st and the 2nd
together ; thorax with three slender cinereous lines ; sides with ochra-
ceous hairs; two humeral testaceous spots; abdomen bluish-black
towards the tip ; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd segments with oehraceous hairs ; legs
with gilded hairs and with black bristles ; femora incrassated, especially
the hind pair; wrings blackish, almost limpid for nearly half the length
from the base, which is partly blackish ; the blackish part emitting
some streaks into the limpid part ; veins black ; halteres testaceous.
Female. Third joint of the antennae elongate fusiform ; two humeral
whitish spots ; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd abdominal segments with cinereous
hairs; following segments blackish cupreous. Length of the body
7-9 lines ; of the wings 14-16 lines.

46. Laphria complens, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, capite argenteo, anten-
narum articulo 3** fusiformi, thorace strigis duabus anticis obliquis
maculisque duabus pectoralibus argenteis, abdomine purpureo maculis
duabus argenteis, pedibus purpurascenti-nigris, femoribus non incras-
satis, alis nigricantibus, halteribus apice testaceis.

Female. Black ; head silvery, with black hairs beneath ; mystax with
several black bristles ; third joint of the antennae fusiform ; thorax
with an oblique silvery streak on each side in front ; pectus with a sil-
very spot on each side ; abdomen purple, with a silvery spot on each
side of the 4th segment ; legs purplish-black ; femora not incrassated ;
wings blackish ; veins black; discal veinlet and third externo- medial
vein nearly forming one straight line ; halteres with testaceous knobs.
Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

47. Laphria dioctrioides, n. s. Foem. Nigra, tenuis, linearis, facie
pectoreque argenteis, antennis linearibus, abdomine maculis lateralibus
pedibusque fulvis, femoribus posticis nigro fasciatis, tibiis tarsisque
posticis nigris, alis cinereis, halteribus pallide flavis.

Female. Black, slender, linear ; face silvery ; mystax with four black
bristles ; antennae slender, linear, nearly as long as the breadth of the
head ; pectus silvery ; abdomen with tawny dots along each side ; legs
tawny ; a black ring on each hind trochanter ; hind femora with a
black band ; hind tibiae and hind tarsi black, the latter tawny beneath ;
wings cinereous ; veins black ; halteres pale yellow. Length of the
body 2j lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Subfam. Asilites, Walk.
Gen. Tetjpanea, Macq.

48. Trupanea strenua, n. s. Foem. Nigra, robusta, capite fusces-
centi-cinereo, pilis subtus flavescenti-cinereis, abdomine fuscescenti-

ME. WALKEB ON DIPTEBA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAB. 107

nigro fascia basali fascicular! alba apice nigro nitente, pedibus crassis,
alis fuscescentibus vitta sordide albida, halteribus fulvis.
Female. Black, stout ; head brownish cinereous, very thickly clothed
beneath with yellowish cinereous hairs; epistoma very prominent;
mystax with a few black bristles above and with many yellowish cine-
reous bristles below ; palpi with short black bristles ; 3rd joint of the
antennae elongate conical ; thorax with black bristles hindward and
along each side ; pectus cinereous ; abdomen brownish black, with a
basal band of white tufts ; tip black, shining ; legs very stout ; pul-
villi reddish ; wings brownish ; radial areolet with a dingy whitish
stripe; veins black; halteres tawny. Length of the body 11 lines;
of the wings 22 hues.

49. Trupanea calorifica, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Ochracea, capita
aurato, antennis nigris,thorace vittato, abdomine maculis magnis trans-
versis subquadratis nigris, pedibus rufis crassis, tarsis nigris, alis cine-
reis vitta sordide albida, halteribus fulvis. Mas. Pectore abdonrine-
que cinereis, hujus fascicule subapicali argenteo. Fam. Pectore
testaceo, abdomine fulvo.

Male and Female. Ochraceous ; head gilded in front, thickly clothed
beneath ; epistoma prominent ; mystax with numerous gilded bristles
and above with a few black bristles ; palpi with short black bristles ;
antennae black ; third joint fusiform ; thorax with slender indistinct
stripes ; abdomen with a large black transverse subquadrate spot on
each segment ; legs red, very stout ; tarsi black ; wings cinereous ;
radial areolet with a dingy whitish stripe ; veins black ; halteres tawny.
Male. Head with whitish hairs beneath ; pectus and abdomen cine-
reous, the latter with a silvery-white subapical tuft. Female. Head
with gilded hairs beneath; pectus testaceous; abdomen tawny.
Length of the body 9-11 lines; of the wings 18-20 lines.

Gren. AsiLUS, Imn.

50. AsiLUS DETERMINATUS, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Cinereo-niger, ca-
pite subaurato, antennis nigris, thorace vittis tribus cinereis, pedibus
fulvis robustis, femoribus nigro vittatis, tibiis apice tarsisque nigris,
alis fuscis, halteribus testaceis. Mas. Abdomine pilis basalibus lu-
teis. Foem. Abdomine pilis basalibus cinereis dimidio apicali stylato.

Male and Female. Cinereous black ; head slightly gilded in front, with
pale hairs beneath ; epistoma not prominent ; mystax with many pale,
and above with a few black bristles ; antennae black ; third joint lan-
ceolate ; arista nearly as long as all the preceding joints ; thorax with
three cinereous stripes, the lateral pair dilated towards the humerus
on each side ; pectus cinereous ; legs tawny, stout ; femora striped
above with black ; tarsi and tips of the tibiae black ; wings brown ;
veins black ; halteres testaceous. Male. Abdomen with luteous
hairs towards the base. Female. Abdomen with cinereous hairs

108 ME. WALKEE ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE.

towards the base ; nearly half the apical part stylate. Length of the
body 10-12 lines ; of the wings 18-20 lines.

61. AsiLUS INTRODUCENS, n. 8. F(£m. Cinereo-niger, capite aurato,
antennis nigris, thorace vittis duabus lateribusque einereis, abdo-
mine fasciculis quatuor basalibus einereis dimidio apicali stylato,
pedibus nigris robustis rufo variis, alis fusceseentibus, halteribus fulvis.
Masl Capite argenteo, abdomine fascia basali fasciculari fasciaque
subapicali albidis latis, alis obscure einereis.

Female. Cinereous black ; head gilded in front, with cinereous hairs
beneath ; epistoma slightly prominent ; mystax with several gilded
bristles, and above with a few black bristles : antennae black ; 3rd
joint lanceolate, nearly as long as the arista : thorax with two cinereous
stripes, which are dilated on each humerus ; sides and pectus cinereous :
abdomen with two cinereous tufts on each side at the base ; nearly
half the apical part stylate : legs black, stout j femora red beneath
and partly above; tibiae with a broad red band: wings brownish,
somewhat paler towards the base and about the borders of the posterior
areolets ; veins black ; halteres tawny.

Male ? Head silvery in front ; mystax with several white, and above with
a few black bristles ; abdomen with a broad whitish tufted band at
the base, and with a broad whitish subapical band ; wings dark cine-
reous, partly paler, as in the female. Length of the body 8-12 lines ;
of the wings 12-16 lines.

62. AsiLUS AREOLARIS, u. s. Mas. Cinereo-niger, capite aurato, an-
tennis nigris basi fulvis, thorace vittis tribus einereis, abdomine apice
nigro nitente segmentis cinereo marginatis, pedibus fulvis, tarsis pos-
terioribus nigris, alis fuscescenti-cinereis pallido lituratis triente basali
albido, halteribus testaceis. F(£m ? Antennarum articulo 3° fusiformi,
alis fusceseentibus hyalino lituratis.

Male. Cinereous black ; head gilded in front, clothed with black hairs
beneath ; ejistoma prominent ; mystax with many gilded bristles, and
above with a few black bristles ; antennae black, tawny towards the
base ; thorax with three slender cinereous stripes, sides and pectus
cinereous ; abdomen black and shining at the tip, hind borders of the
segments cinereous ; legs tawny ; posterior tarsi black ; wings brown-
ish cinereous, with paler marks in most of the areolets, white on more
than one-third of the length from the base ; veins black, tawny towards
base ; halteres testaceous.

Female ? Epistoma less prominent ; third joint of the antennae fusiform,
hardly half the length of the arista ; wings brownish ; marginal areo-
lets with a nearly colourless spot in each. Length of the body 10
lines ; of the wings 18 lines.

63. AsiLUS TENUicoRNis, u. s. F(£m. Cinereus, capite argenteo,
antennis testaceis parvis, thorace vittis duabus fusceseentibus, abdo-
mine obscure cinereo segmentis testaceo marginatis, pedibus fulvis,

ME. WALKER OJf DTPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 109

genubus tarsisque nigris, alis cinereis apice obscurioribus, halteribus
testaceis.
Female. Cinereous ; head silvery white in front ; epistoma very sUghtly
prominent ; mystax with some white bristles, and above with very few
black bristles : antennae testaceous ; 3rd joint conical, much shorter
than the 1st joint, and not more than one-fourth of the length of the
arista : thorax with two brownish stripes : abdomen dark cinereous ;
hind borders of the segments testaceous : legs tawny ; tarsi, except at
the base and knees, black : wings cinereous, dark cinereous towards
the tips ; veins black, tawny towards the base ; halteres testaceous.
Length of the body 8 hnes ; of the wings 14 lines.

Gren. Ommatius, llliger.

54. Ommatius scitulus, n. s. Mas et Fosm. Fulvus, gracilis, capite
cinereo antice albo, antennis nigris basi fulvis, thoracis disco cinereo-
nigro, pectore testaceo, abdominis segmentis pallido marginatis, alis
cinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Male and Female. Tawny, slender ; head cinereous above, white in
front ; mystax with several white bristles ; antennae black, tawny
towards the base. 3rd joint lanceolate, arista not longer than the 3rd
joint ; disk of the thorax cinereous black ; pectus testaceous ; hind
borders of the abdominal segments pale ; tarsi black towards the tips ;
wings cinereous ; veins black, tawny towards the base ; halteres tes-
taceous. Length of the body 6-7 lines ; of the wings 11-12 lines.

55. Ommatius strictus, n. s. Mas. Niger, angustus, capite argen-
teo, pectore albido-cinereo, abdomine fusco maculis trigonis nigris,
segmentis albido marginatis, pedibus fulvis, genibus tarsisque nigris,
alis subcinereis extus nigricantibus, halteribus testaceis.

Male. Black, narrow ; head silvery white in front ; mystax with very
few white bristles ; third joint of the antennae elongate-conical ; arista
a little longer than all the preceding joints together ; pectus whitish
cinereous; abdomen brown, each segment with a black triangular
spot and with a whitish hind border ; legs tawny ; knees and tarsi
black, the latter tawny at the base; wings greyish, exterior half
blackish; veins black; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 4-4.^
lines ; of the wings 7-S lines.

Gen. Leptogaster, Meigen.

56. Leptogaster munda, n. s. Mas. Cinerea, capite argenteo, pro-
boscide antennisque fulvis, thorace hneis duabus fuscis, abdomine
longo gracili apicem versus subdilatato, segmentorum marginibus ma-
culisque quatuor subapicalibus testaceis, pedibus fulvis, femoribus
tibiisque posticis nigro fasciatis, alis subcinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Male. Cinereous ; head silvery white ; proboscis and antennae tawny ;
thorax with two brown lines ; abdomen long, slender, slightly dilated

110 ME. WALKEE ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE.

towards the tip, hind borders of the segments testaceous, two tes-
taceous spots on each side towards the tip ; legs tawny, hind femora
and hind tibiae with a black band on each ; wings shghtly greyish ;
veins black, tawny at the base ; halteres testaceous. Length of the
body 6 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Fam. LEPTID^, Westw.
Gren. Leptis, Fahr,

57. Leptis ferruginosa, Wied. See Vol. I. p. 118.

HeUomeia ferruginea, Dolichall.

Dr. Dolichall has described this species and several other Diptera in a
Zoological Journal published in Java. I am unable to refer to this
work, but have adopted the names with which he has ticketed the
species in Mr. "Wallace's collection.

HeUomeia has the aspect of Leptis, but is distinguished by the subanal
and anal veins being united before they join the border of the wing,
thus agreeing with Chrysopila, from which it differs in the shorter
third joint of the antennae^ and in the more slender arista.

Gren. SUEAGINA, n. g.

Fcsm, Corpus Ime&re. Co^m^ thorace vLx angustius. Pro&osm porrecta,
compressa, capitis latitudine pauUo brevior. Palpi lanceolati, porrecti.
Antennce brevissimae; articulus S^^^ rotundus; arista gracilis, nuda.
Abdomen subdepressum, thorace non duplo longius, apice obtusum.
Pedes nudi, inermes, longiusculi, sat graciles. Alee mediocres, areola
discali longissima.

Female. Body linear, moderately broad. Head almost as broad as the
thorax ; vertex and front of equal breadth. Proboscis porrect, com-
pressed, a little shorter than the breadth of the head. Palpi lanceo-
late, contiguous to the proboscis. Antennae very short ; 3rd joint
round ; arista slendei*, bare, longer than the antenna. Thorax a little
narrower in front. Abdomen somewhat flat, less than twice the length
of the thorax, obtuse at the tip. Legs bare, unarmed, rather long
and slender. Wings moderately long and broad ; radial vein slightly
curved ; forks of the cubital vein a little longer than the preceding
part; 3rd externo-medial vein inclined beyond the discal areolet
towards the 4th, which is straight; subanal and anal veins united
close to the border ; discal areolet nearly six times longer than broad,
its fore side hardly angular.

58. SuRAGiNA ILLUCENS, n. s. F(Bm. Cinereo-nigra, capite argenteo-
cinereo supra atro, palpis antennisque nigris, thorace vittis duabus
cinereis, abdomine basi cinereo maculis duabus magnis basalibus apice-
que testaceis, pedibus nigris, femoribus testaceis nigro cinctis, tibiis
intermediis luridis, alis fuscis postice cinereis albo bifasciatis et bi-
strigatis.

ME. WALKER ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. Ill

Female. Cinereous black ; head silvery grey, deep black above ; probos-
cis, palpi, and antennae black ; thorax with two cinereous stripes ;
pectus cinereous ; abdomen cinereous at the base ; two large basal
and lateral spots and the tip testaceous ; legs black, femora testa-
ceous, anterior femora black towards the base, hind femora with a
broad black band, middle tibiae lurid ; wings brown, cinereous along
the basal part of the interior border ; two white abbreviated bands
and two white intermediate streaks ; veins black ; halteres testaceous,
with black knobs. Length of the body 7 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

Fam. BOMBYLIDJE, Leach,
Subfam. Theretites, Walk.

Gren. Thereva, Latr.

59. Thereva congrua, Walk. See Vol. 11. p. 90.

Subfam. Bombtlites, Walh.
Gen. Anthrax, Fair.

60. Anthrax Tantalus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iv. 260. 15.
Inhabits also Hindostan, China, and Java.

61. Anthrax semiscita. Walk. See Vol. I. p. 118.

62. Anthrax pretendens, n, s. Fcem. Nigra, fulvo tomentosa,
thorace strigis duabus albidis, abdomine fasciis albidis maculisque
duabus apicalibus albis, alis subcinereis basi nigris apud costam nigri-
cantibus, halteribus albidis.

Female. Black ; head with tawny tomentum in front, cinereous behind
and beneath ; thorax with tawny hairs in front and on each side, a
whitish streak on each side by the base of the wing ; abdomen with
whitish bands, and with a white spot on each side at the tip, sides
with tawny hairs at the base ; wings slightly cinereous, black at the
base, blackish along nearly half the length of the costa ; veins black ;
radial vein forming a right angle at its base, curved towards its tip ;
fore branch of the cubital vein deeply curved ; externo-medial veins
almost straight; subanal and anal veins approximate on the hind
border ; halteres whitish. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings
12 lines.

This and the two following species belong to the group of which A.
hottentotta is the type.

63. Anthrax antecedens, u. s. Fmm. Nigra, flavescente pilosa,
capite cinereo, abdomine fasciis late interruptis guttisque duabus
apicalibus albis, lateribus anticis albo pilosis, alis hyalinis basi nigri-
canti-fuscis.

Female. Black ; head cinereous in front and beneath ; thorax with pale-

112 ME. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

yellowish hairs in front and on each side ; abdomen with broadly
interrupted white bands, a white dot on each side at the tip, sides
with white hairs towards the base ; wings hyaline, blackish brown at
the base j veins black ; radial vein curved towards the tip ; fore branch
of the cubital vein deeply curved ; externo-medial veins straight ; sub-
anal and anal veins somewhat approximate on the hind border.
Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

64. Anthrax congrua, n. s. Mas. Nigra, albo pilosa, capite abdo-
minisque lateribus nigro pilosis, abdomine fasciis duabus palUdis, alis
subcinereis basi et apud costam nigricantibus, litura costali basali
argentea.

Male. Black ; head and sides of the abdomen clothed with short black
hairs; antennae very short, 3rd joint round; thorax clothed with
white hairs in front and along each side ; abdomen with two slender
pale bands ; wings slightly greyish, blackish at the base and along half
the length of the costa, which has a silvery mark at its base ; veins
black ; radial vein curved towards its tip ; fore branch of the cubital
vein deeply curved ; externo-medial veins straight ; subanal and anal
veins somewhat approximate on the hind border. Length of the body
3 lines; of the wings 6 lines.

65. Anthrax demonstrans, n. s. Foem. Nigra, flavescente pilosa, ca-
pite cinereo, abdomine fascia subinterrupta guttisque duabus apicalibus
albis, lateribus nigro pilosis basi luteo pilosis, alis nigricantibus basi
et apud costam nigris.

Female. Black ; head with cinereous toraentum behind and beneath ;
thorax with yellowish hairs on each side ; abdomen with a white
middle band, which is almost interrupted in the middle and slightly
dilated on each side, a w'hite dot on each side at the tip ; sides with
black hairs, and at the base with luteous hairs ; wings blackish, black
at the base and along the costa ; radial vein forming a rounded angle
at its base, as deeply curved towards its tip as is the fore branch of the
cubital vein, to which it is parallel ; 1st and 2nd externo-medial veins
undulating, 3rd nearly straight ; subanal and anal veins approximate
on the hind border. Length of the body 5 hues; of the wings 10
lines.

66. Anthrax pr^edicans, n. s. Foim.; Nigra, nigro pilosa, antennis
brevissimis articulo 3° rotundo, pedibus piceis, alis nigricantibus,
albido strigatis, apice et apud marginera posticum cinereis.

Female. Black ; head and sides of the thorax and of the abdomen
clothed with short black hairs ; antennae very short, 3rd joint round ;
legs piceous; wings blackish, dark grey at the tips and along the
hind border ; discal, pobrachial, 3rd externo-medial, and anal areolets
with whitish streaks; radial vein undulating towards its tip; fore-
branch of the cubital vein slightly curved; externo-medial veins
straight ; subanal and anal veins approximating closely on the hmd

ME. WALKER OK DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MATIESSAR. 1 13

border ; hind side of the discal areolet forming a right angle, and emit-
ting thence the stump of a vein. Length of the body 4^ lines ; of
the wings 9 lines.

^7' Anthrax degenera. Walk. See Vol. I. p. 15. var. Mas et
F(£m. Nigra, angusta, fulvo-pilosa, capite cinereo, antennarum ar-
ticulo 3** conico, pectore subargenteo, abdomine fasciis duabus ventre
pedibus halteribusque fulvis, tarsis nigris, alis fuscis, apiee margine-
que postico cinereis.

Male and Female. Black, narrow, head cinereous ; 3rd joint of the an-
tennae conical; arista very short; thorax with tawny hairs ; pectus silvery
cinereous ; abdomen with two lateral tawny stripes, which are broadest
in the female ; underside, legs and halteres tawny ; tarsi black ; wings
brown, long, narrow, cinereous towards the tips and along the hind
border ; radial vein curved towards its tip : fore branch of the cubital
vein slightly curved, sharply angular at its base; externo-medial
veins straight ; subanal and anal veins approximate on the hind bor-
der. Male. Hind femora with black tips ; angle of the fore branch
of the cubital vein emitting the stump of a vein.

Var. ^. Female. Sides of the abdomen less tawny ; wings dark brown,
cinereous at the tips ; fore branch of the cubital vein deeply curved,
with its angle emitting the stump of a vein. Length of the body 31-5
lines ; of the wings 8-12 Hues.

This species is closely allied to A. fervida, and, like the two preceding
species, approaches the Australian group (sub-g. Neuria), which is
distinguished by the long wings with contorted veins.

68. Anthrax proferens, n. s. Mas. Atra, angusta, abdominis la-
teribus basalibiis albo-pilosis, alis longis atris apud marginem posticum
exteriorem limpidis, puncto discali albo, litura exteriore transversa
albida.

Male. Deep black, slender ; head clothed with short black hairs ; an-
tennae and arista very short ; 3rd joint round ; abdomen with white
hairs on each side at the base ; wings long, deep black, limpid along
the exterior part of the hind border ; a white point in the discal areolet,
and a little transverse whitish mark at the base of the fore branch of
the cubital vein ; the latter deeply curved. Length of the body 4 hnes ;
of the wings 12 lines.

Allied to the group of which A. hyalacra is the type.

Gen, Ststropus, Wied.

G9. Systropus sphegoides, n. s. Mas. Niger, capite albido-tes-
taceo, antennis apices versus lanceolatis) thorace strigis quatuor late-
ralibus pallide flavis, abdomine lurido basi et apicem versus nigro,
petiolo longissimo, femoribus subtus tibiisque apice luridis, alis nigri-
cante-cinereis, halteribus albidis nigro fasciatis.

Male. Black ; head white behind, whitish testaceous in front about the
LIIfN. PEOC.—ZOOLOGY. . 8

114 ME. WALKEE ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE.

eyes ; proboscis longer than the breadth of the head, its sheaths diver-
ging and convoluted at the tips ; antennae a httle longer than the pro-
boscis, lanceolate towards the tips ; thorax with two pale-yellow streaks
on each side, one in front, the other behind the wing ; abdomen lurid,
black at the base, above, and towards the tip, where it is fusiform ; its
petiole very long and slender ; femora beneath and tibiae towards the
tips lurid ; wings blackish grey ; veins black j halteres whitish, with a
black subapical band. Length of the body 7 lines ; of the wings 8
lines.

Earn. DOLICHOPIDiE, Leach.
Gen. PsiLOPrs, Meigen.

70. PsiLOPUS SPECTABiLis, n. s. Mus. Aurco-viridis, capite pur-
purascente-cyaneo, antice argenteo, antennis testaceis, thorace vittis
tribus cupreis, scutello cyaneo, abdominis lateribus cupreis, pedibus
flavis, alis albis, costa lituris duabus costalibus lutescentibus, halteribus
testaceis.

Male. Bright golden green ; head purplish blue, with silvery tomentum
in front ; antennae testaceous ; arista black, shorter than the thorax ;
thorax with three bright cupreous stripes ; scutellum blue ; pectus
silvery ; abdomen bright cupreous along each side ; legs yellow ; tarsi
black towards the tips ; wings white, brown along the costa and on
more than one-third of the length from the tips, with the exception
of the hind border ; the costal brown part including two transverse
lutescent marks, beyond which there is a brown band ; veins black ;
fore branch of the praebrachial vein nearly straight ; discal transverse
vein straight ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 4 lines ; of
the wings 8 lines.

71. PsiLOPUS FiLiFER, n. s. Mtts. Viridcscente-cyancus, capitc pcc-
toreque argenteis, antennis pedibusque nigris, arista longissima, ab-
domine viridi fasciis nigris, tibiis anterioribus albidis, alis subcinereis.
F(£m. ? Viridis, capite cyaneo, tibiis anterioribus testaceis.

Male. Greenish blue ; head and pectus with silvery white tomentum ;
antennae black ; arista much longer than the body ; abdomen green,
with a black band on the base of each segment ; legs black, long,
slender ; anterior tibiae dingy whitish ; wings slightly cinereous ; veins
black ; fore branch of the praebrachial vein much curved ; discal trans-
verse vein very slightly undulating.

Female ? Bright green ; head blue, its fore part and the pectus with
silvery white tomentum; abdomen with. black bands; anterior tibiae
testaceous ; discal transverse vein straight. Length of the body 2^
lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

72. PsiLOPUS ^STiMATus, u. s. Mus. Viridis, capite pectoreque
argenteis, antennis nigris basi testaceis, abdomine fasciis latis nigris,
pedibus flavescentibus, femoribus posticis apice tarsisque nigris, alis
subcinereis, halteribus testaceis.

ME. WALKER ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKES SAE. 115

Male. Bright green ; head in front and pectus silvery white ; antenna?
black, testaceous at the base; arista about as long as the thorax ; ab-
domen with a broad black band on the base of each segment ; legs
yellowish, stout; tarsi black; femora paler than the tibiae; hind
femora with black tips; wings greyish; veins black; cubital vein
slightly curved ; fore branch of the prsebrachial vein much curved ;
discal transverse vein straight; halteres testaceous. Length of the
body 2|- lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

73. PsiLOPUs ABRUPTUS, n. s. Mas. Viridis, capite cyaneo, facie pec-
toreque subargenteis, antennis pedibus halteribusque nigris, abdomine
cyanescente-viridi, alis cinereis.

Male. Bright green ; head blue ; its fore part and the pectus somewhat
silvery ; antennae black ; arista hardly longer than the thorax ; abdo-
men bluish green ; legs black ; wings grey ; veins black ; fore branch
of the cubital vein forming a much rounded right angle, from whence
it is straight to its tip ; discal transverse vein straight, parted by half
its length from the border, and by less than its length from the fork
of the cubital ; halteres black. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the
wings 4 lines.

Gren. DoLiCHOPirs, Latr.

74. DoLiCHOPUS ciNEREUs, n. s. Mas. Cinereus, capite albo, an-
tennis fulvis, pectore albido, abdomine fasciis aeneo-nigris, pedibus
testaceis, tarsis anterioribus apice nigricantibus, tibiis posticis apice
tarsisque posticis nigris, alis cinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Male. Cinereous, not metallic ; head white between the eyes ; antennae
tawny ; 3rd joint elliptical ; arista black, much longer than the an-
tennae ; pectus whitish ; abdomen with an aeneous black band on each
segment ; legs testaceous, stout ; anterior tarsi blackish towards the
tips ; hind tarsi and tips of hind tibiae black ; wings grey ; veins black ;
praebrachial vein forming a right angle at its flexure, much curved
from thence to the border ; discal transverse vein slightly bent out-
wards ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings
6 lines.

75. DoLiCHOPus PR^DicANS, u. s. F(Bm. Cinereus, capite pectoreque
albis, antennis fulvis, thorace vitta apiceque viridibus, abdomine ma-
culis lateralibus albis, pedibus testaceis, femoribus posticis nigto Hnea-
tis, alis cinereis basi nigricantibus, halteribus fulvis.

Female. Cinereous ; head and pectus white ; antennae tawny : arista
black, longer than the antennae ; thorax with a dorsal stripe and the
hind part green; abdomen with whitfe spots along each side; legs
testaceous, stout ; tibiae beset with black spines ; tarsi black towards
the tips ; hind femora with a black line ; wings cinereous, blackish
towards the base ; veins black ; praebrachial vein gently cm'ved out-
wards at its flexure, straight from thence to the border ; discal trans-

116 ME. WALKEE OIT DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE.

verse vein straight ; halteres tawny. Length of the body 2i lines j of
the wings 4 hnes.

76. DoLiCHOPUs PROVECTUS, n. s. Fcem. Viridis, capite pectoreque
argenteis, antennis nigris latiusculis basi testaceis, thorace vittis duabus
Tiigris, abdomine fasciis argenteis, pedibus nigris, robustis spinosis,
tibiis testaceis, alls obscure cinereis.

Female. Bright green ; head in front and pectus silvery white ; antennae
black, rather broad, testaceous towards the base ; 3rd joint conical ;
arista much longer than the antennae ; thorax with a black stripe on
each side ; abdomen with silvery white bands ; legs black, stout, spi-
nose ; tibiaj testaceous ; wings dark grey ; veins black ; praebrachial
vein forming a very obtuse angle at its flexure, straight from thence
to the border ; discal transverse vein straight. Length of the body
2\ lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

'J'J. DoLiCHOPUS pRiEMissus, u. s. Mas. Obscure viridis, capite
pectoreque cinereis, antennis nigris, abdomine viridescente-nigro, pedi-
bus nigris vix spinosis, tibiis ferrugineis, alis obscure cinereis, hal-
teribus fulvis.

Male. Approaches the Psilopi in some of its characters. Dark green ;
head in front and pectus cinereous ; antennae black, very small and
short ; 3rd joint conical ; arista as long as the breadth of the head ;
abdomen greenish black ; legs black, hardly spinose or setose ; tibiae
ferruginous ; wings dark grey ; veins black ; praebrachial vein hardly
bent between the straight discal transverse vein and the border ; hal-
teres tawny. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 3.j lines.

78. DoLiCHOPUS PROVENiENs, n. s. Foim. Obscure viridis, capite
albo, antennis nigris, thorace vittis duabus pectoreque cinereis, ab-
domine cyanesceute-viridi fasciis cupreis, pedibus nigris, femoribus
anterioribus apice tibiisque fulvis, alis nigricantibus, halteribus fulvis.

Female. Dark green ; head white in front and about the eyes ; antennae
black ; 3rd joint round ; arista shorter than the breadth of the head ;
thorax with two cinereous stripes ; pectus cinereous ; abdomen bluish
green, with cupreous bands ; legs black ; tibiae and tips of anterior
femora tawny ; wings blackish ; veins black ; praebrachial vein quite
straight ; discal transverse vein straight, parted by twice its length
from the end of the subanal vein ; halteres tawny. Length of the
body 2 lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Gren. Cheysotus, Meigen.

79. Chrysotus exactus, n. s. Mas. Obscure viridis, cinereo-tomen-
tosus, antennis pedibusque nigris, abdomine obscure cupreo, tibiis
anticis fulvis, alis cinereis.

Male. Dark green, with cinereous tomentum ; antennae black ; 3rd
joint conical ; arista much shorter than the breadth of the head ; ab-
domen dark-cupreous ; legs black ; fore tibiae tawny ; wings grey ;

MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 117

veins black ; pracbrachial vein hardly bent exteriorly ; discal transverse
vein parted by more than four times its length from the end of the
subanal vein. Length of the body l^ line; of the wings 2 lines.

Gen. DiAPHORUS, Meigen.

80. DiAPHORUS RESUMENS, Wlk, See Vol. 11. p, 93.

Tarn. LONOHOPTEEIDiE, Curtis.
Gen. Cadrema, n. g.

Mas. Corpus breviusculum, sat gracile. Caput thorace vix angustius ;
facies subobliqua. Antennee brevissimae ; arista apicalis, longa, sub-
pubescens. Abdomen ovatum, thorace vix longius. Pedes posteriores
robusti; tibiae posticse calcare apicali arcuata. Ales angustse, lan-
ceolatae.

Male. Body rather short and slender ; head nearly as broad as the
thorax; face slightly oblique. Antennas extremely short ; arista long,
apical, minutely pubescent. Abdomen oval, hardly longer or broader
than the thorax. Posterior legs stout ; hind tibiae with a curved apical
spur. Wings narrow, lanceolate ; cubital vein and praebrachial vein
parallel, the latter ending at the tip of the wing ; discal transverse
vein straight, ending at full thrice its length from the border and at
nearly thrice its length from the praebrachial transverse.

81. Cadrema Lonchopteroides, n. s. Mas. Testacea, antennis
luteis, thoracis disco et metathorace nigris, abdoraine apicem versus
nigricante, alis vitreis macula apicali nigricante.

Male. Testaceous ; antennae luteous ; disk of the thorax and meta-
thorax black; abdomen blackish towards the tip; wings vitreous,
w ith a blackish apical spot ; veins black, testaceous towards the base.
I^ength of the body 1| line ; of the wings 4 lines.

Pam. PLATYPEZID^, Haliday.
Gen. Platypeza, Meigen.

82. Platypeza glaucescens, u. s. Mas ei Foem. Piceo-nigra,
capite gutta atra, thoracis disco cyanescente-cinereo, abdomine nigro,
pedibus halteribusque piceis, tarsis albidis, posticis dilatatis, alis vitreis.

Male and Female. Piceous black ; head with a deep black dot in front ;
disk of the thorax with a bluish-cinereous tinge ; abdomen black j
legs piceous ; tarsi whitish ; hind tarsi dilated ; wings quite vitreous ;
veins black ; discal transverse vein parted by nearly twice its length
from the border, and by more than twice its length from the fork of
the prsebrachial vein; fore branch of the latter joining the termination
of the costal vein at the tip of the wing, close to the end of the cubital
vein; halteres piceous. Length of the body 1-1^ line ; of the wings

il8 MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAEESSAR.

Fam. SIPPHID^, Leach.
G-en. Ceria, Fair,

83. Ceria lateralis, n. s. Mas. Nigra, capite vittis guttisque
duabus, thorace maculis octo, pectore fasciis duabus, abdomine ma-
culis duabus basalibus fasciisque duabus flavis, antennarum petiolo
pedibusque rufis, alls subcinereis, basi costa strigaque fuscis, halteribus
flavis.

Male. Black ; head with two yellow stripes in front, and with a yellow
dot on each side at the base of the antennae ; petiole of the latter red-
dish ; 3rd joint elongate-fusiform : thorax with three yellow calli on
each side ; scutellum with two oblique fusiform yellow spots which are
united hindward ; pectus with a yellow band on each side ; abdomen
with a slender petiole which is as long as the terminal fusiform part ;
a yellow spot on each side of the base; hind borders of the 1st and
2nd segments yellow ; legs red ; tarsi piceous ; wings greyish, dark
brown at the base, whence a dark brown streak proceeds to the disk ;
costa dark brown, blackish exteriorly ; veins black ; halteres yellow.
Length of the body 12 hues ; of the wings 16 lines.

Gen. MiLESiA, Latr,

84. MiLESiA coNSPiciENDA, n. s. Mas et Foim. Nigra, capite flavo
maculis duabus nigris, palpis antennisque rufescentibus, thorace vittis
fasciis maculisque duabus, scutelli margine abdomineque fasciis tribus
flavis, abdomine fasciis tribus chalybeis, pedibus luteis, femoribus
nigro vittatis, tar sis nigris apice luteis, alis cinereis apud costam fuscis.

Male and Female. Black ; head yellow, with an elongate black spot
above the antennae, and with another above the epistoma ; mouth
black ; palpi and antenna3 reddish ; thorax with two yellow stripes ;
each of its sides in front with a large yellow spot, the latter connected
with a band across the pectus ; two yellow bands, the 1st interrupted ;
scutellum bordered with yellow ; pectus with two yellow bands on each
side; abdomen with three yellow bands and with three chalybeous
bands ; 3rd yellow band slightly interrupted ; legs luteous ; femora
striped beneath with black ; tarsi black, v/ith luteous tips ; wings grey,
brown along the costa ; veins black ; halteres yellow. Male. Abdo-
men with a subapical interrupted band ; 1st band notched on the hind
side. Female. First abdominal band slightly interrupted. Length
of the body 8-9 lines; of the wings 14-16 lines.

Gen. Graptomyza, Wied.

85. Graptomyza tibialis, Wlh. See Vol. II. p. 95.

F(£m. ? Lutea, crassa, lata, pubescens, vertice et epistomatis linea nigris,
thoracis maculis duabus, disco postico, scutelli pectorisque discis cu-
preo-nigris, abdomine fasciis tribus nigris, femoribus anterioribus
tibiisque nigro fasciatis.

FemaUl Luteous, pubescent, broad, thick; vertex black; epistoma

MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 119

conical, forked at the tip, with a black line ; proboscis longer than the
thorax, black towards the base ; arista plumose ; two large spots on
the thorax, its disk hindward, disk of the scutellum and disk of the
pectus cupreous black; abdomen highly arched, with three black
bands which are produced and slightly interrupted in the middle ;
apical band very broad ; tibiae and anterior femora with black bands ;
wings with a luteous stigma. Length of the body 6 lines 5 of the
wings 8 lines.

Gen. Eristalis, Latr.

86. Eristalis crassus, Fahr. Ent. Syst. IV. 281, 12.
Inhabits also Hindostan.

87. Eristalis ^sepus, Wlk. Cat. Dipt. pt. 3, 625.
Inhabits also China.

88. Eristalis bomboides, n. s. Mas. Ater, capite albo, arista
nuda, thorace pubescente fascia cinerea fasciaque chalybeo-nigra, pec-
tore cinereo, abdomine fasciis quatuor chalybeo-nigris, vittis duabus
ventralibus latis albidis, tibiis basi flavis, alis nigricante-fuscis cinereo
marginatis, halteribus flavis.

Male. Deep black ; head with black hairs on the front and with white
tomentum in front and behind ; arista simple ; thorax thickly pubes-
cent, having in front a cinereous band which is tawny on each side,
and a chalybeous black hinder band; scutellum chalybeous-black ;
pectus cinereous ; abdomen with four chalybeous-black bands ; the
1st widely interrupted; under side with a broad short whitish stripe
on each side ; hind (and anterior ?) tibiae yellow at the base ; wings
blackish -brown, cinereous towards the tips and along the hind border ;
veins black ; halteres yellow. Length of the body 5h lines ; of the
wings 11 lines.

G-en. Helophiltjs, Meigen.

The two following Helophili may be merely varieties of H. quadri-
vittatus.

89. Helophilus CONSORS. n. s. ikfas. Niger, thorace vittis quatuor
flavis, scutello luteo, abdomine vittis tribus luteis tribusque chalybeis,
tibiis basi luteis, femoribus posticis incrassatis, alis cinereis apud cos-
tam fuscescentibus, halteribus flavis.

Male. Black; thorax with four yellow stripes; scutellum luteous;
pectus cinereous ; abdomen with three luteous bands and with four
chalybeous bands ; 1st luteous band interrupted, very broad; 3rd and
4th slightly excavated on the hind sidte ; tibiae luteous towards the
base ; hind femora incrassated ; hind tibiae curved ; wings cinereous,
brownish along the costa ; veins black ; halteres yellow. Length of
the body 5 lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

90. Helgphilus conclusus, n. s. Mas. Niger, capite albo, antennis

120 ME. WALKER ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

rufescentibus, arista nuda, thorace vittis quatuor flavis, scutello fulvo,
abdomine fasciis quatuor lineaque transversa flavis fasciaque chalybea,
pedibus nigro-luteis, tarsis nigris, alis cinereis apud costara subfuscis,
halteribus flavis.
Male, Black ; head white, with a black callus above the antennae, which
are reddish ; arista simple j proboscis black ; thorax with 4 yellow
stripes ; scutellum tawny ; pectus with a broad oblique pale yellow
band on each side ; abdomen with 4 yellow bands ; 1st and 2nd bands
very broad ; 1st interrupted ; 2nd interrupted except in front, where
there is a yellow transverse line ; 3rd and 4th narrow, with a chaly-
beous band along the hind border of the 3rd ; legs luteous, shaded
with black j tarsi wholly black ; wings grey, slightly brown along the
costa ; veins black, tawny towards the base ; halteres yellow. Length
of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 9 lines. ^

Gren. Merodon, Fahr.

91. Merodon iNTERVENiENS, n. s. Mtts. Fuscus, flavescentc-cinereo
tomentosus, capite testaceo, antennis nigris, arista nuda, scutello fulvo,
abdomine fasciis septem ventreque testaceis, pedibus fulvis, feraoribus
nigro vittatis, femoribus posticis incrassatis, tibiis posticis nigris, alis
cinereis litura costali nigricante, halteribus flavis.

' Male. Brown ; head with short black hairs on the vertex, white behind,
pale testaceous, and with a brown stripe in front ; proboscis and an-
tennae black ; arista simple ; thorax thickly clothed with yellowish
cinereous down ; scutellum tawny ; pectus cinereous ; abdomen cylin-
dric-conical,with seven testaceous bands; under side testaceous; legs
tawny ; femora striped with black ; hind femora incrassated ; hind
tibiae curved, black; wings cinereous, with a blackish mark by the
middle of the costa ; veins black, halteres yellow. Length of the body
6 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

Gren. YoLXJCELLA, GeoJ/^.

92. VoLUCELLA DECORATA, u. s. Mas. Fulva, oculis thoraceque pu-
bescentibus, hujus disco cupreo-nigro, abdomine cupreo-nigro fasciis
tribus flavis, pedibus piceo-fulvis, tarsis piceis basi fulvis, alis vitreis,
costa lutea extus fuscescente, halteribus apice niveis.

Male. Tawny ; epistonia .very prominent ; eyes pubescent ; arista
broadly plumose ; thorax pubescent ; disk cupreous-black ; abdomen
cupreous-black, with three yellow bands ; 1st band basal ; legs shghtly
shaded with piceous ; tarsi piceous, tawny at the base ; wings vitreous,
luteous and exteriorly brownish along the costa ; veins tawny, black
towards the tips; halteres with snow-white knobs. Length of the
body 7 hues ; of the wings 14 lines.

Gren. Baryterocera, Walk. See Vol. L p. 123.

93. Baryterocera gibbula, n. s. Fxm. Cupreo-nigra, capite fla-

MB. WALKEB ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAB. 121

vescente vitta cupreo-nigra, anteniiis fulvis, thoracis lateribus fasciaque
flavis, abdorninis lateribus fasciis tribus flavis strigisque tribus flavis,
pedibus flavis, tibiis posticis femoribusque nigris apice flavis, alis
cinereis, litura costali fasciisque duabiis exterioribus nigricantibus.
Female. Cupreous black; head in front yellowish with a cupreous-black
stripe; antennae tawny; 3rd joint long, linear, obtuse at the tip;
thorax yellow along each side and with a yellow band in front of the
scutellum ; abdomen yellow along each side and with three yellow
bands; 1st band entire; 2nd nearly interrupted ; 3rd emitting a lan-
ceolate streak in front and twp hindward streaks which extend to the
tip ; legs yellow ; femora and hind tibiae black with yellow tips ; wings
cinereous, with a blackish mark by the middle of the costa, and with
two exterior slender blackish bands; veins black; haltcres yellow.
Length of the body 2^ lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Gen. EuMERrs, Meigen.

94. EuMERUS FiGURANS, n. s. FcBm. Niger, capite albo vitta cyanea,
scutelli margine postico fulvo, abdomine nigro-aeneo fasciis duabus
albis, 2^ interrupta, tarsis subtus genubusque testaceis, alis sub-
cinereis.

Female. Black, nearly cylindrical ; head whitish, with a dark blue stripe
on the vertex ; antennae with whitish tomentum ; 3rd joint somewhat
dilated, rather broader than long ; scutellum tawny along the hind
border ; pectus cinereous ; abdomen aeneous-black, minutely punc-
tured, with two white bands, placed oblique with regard to the seg-
ments, the 2nd interrupted; tarsi beneath an^ knees testaceous;
wings greyish; veins black; cubital vein much contorted; halteres
testaceous. Length of the body 5^ lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Gen. Syritta, St. Farg.

db. Syritta illucida, n. s. Fcem. ^nea, capite argenteo, vertice
nigro punctis duobus nigrio;, antennis pallide rufis, abdomine fasciis
duabus latis interruptis testaceis maculisque duabus subapicalibus
albis, pedibus testaceis, femoribus tibiisque posticis nigris, his rufo
fasciatis, alis subcinereis.

Female. iEneous ; head silvery white ; vertex black, with an elongated
white point on each side ; antennae pale red ; pectus and sides of the
thorax whitish ; abdomen with two broad interrupted testaceous bands ;
apical segment with a white spot on each side at the base ; under side
testaceous except near the tip ; legs testaceous ; hind femora and hind
tibiae black, the latter with a red band ; wings greyish-vitreous ; veins
black. Length of the body 3a lines ; 'of the wings 5 lines.

Gen. Baccha, Fair.

9Q. Baccha dispar, n. s. Mas. Cupreo-nigra, capite chalybeo-nigro
vittis duabus flavis, antennis rufis, thorace maculis quatuor luteis, ab-

122 ME. WALEEn ON DIPTEBA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE.

domine fasciis duabus arcuatis luteis, pedibus rufescentibus, alis sub-
cinereis, costa fasciaque nigricante fuscis, halteribus fulvis. Fcem. Scu-
tello flavo apud discum nigricante, abdominis petiolo fulvo, fascia 2*
non arcuata, apice chalybeo, pedibus testaceis, posticis nigro fasciatis.

Male. Cupreous black ; head chalybeous black, with a yellow stripe
on each side in front ; antennae red, very short ; 3rd joint conical ;
arista black, short ; thorax with two luteous spots on each side ; the
1st pair joining a luteous band on each side of the pectus ; abdomen
petiolated, clavate, with two much-arched luteous bands ; legs reddish ;
wings slightly cinereous, blackish-brown along the costa, and with an
irregular blackish-brown band, which hardly extends to the hind bor-
der ; veins black ; halteres tawny.

Female. Scutellum yellow, with a blackish disk ; abdomen much com-
pressed, with a long slender linear tawny petiole ; the 2nd yellow band
not arched ; tip chalybeous ; legs testaceous ; hind femora slightly
banded with black ; hind tibiae black towards the tips. Length of the
body 4^-5 lines; of the wings 8-9 lines.

Gen. Syephus, Fair.

97' Syrphus consequens, Wlk. See Vol. I. p. 18.

I'am. MUSCID^, Zatr.

Subfam. Tachinides, Walk.

Gen. NEMOEiEA, Mac^.

98. NemoRuEA amplificans, n. s. Fam. Cinereo-nigra, capite tes-
taceo, frontalibus nigris, palpis fulvis, antennis piceis, thorace vittis
quinque nigris, scutello ferrugineo, abdomine piceo fasciis duabus latis
interruptis cinereis, alis cinereis basi et apud costam fuscis.

Female. Cinereous black, with black bristles ; head testaceous, more
cinereous beneath ; frontalia black, slightly widening to the face, with a
row of bristles along each side ; faciaha not bristly ; epistoma not pro-
minent ; palpi tawny ; antennae piceous, not extending to the epistoma ;
3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, full twice the length of the 2nd ;
arista nearly twice the length of the 3rd, stout for full half its length ;
thorax with five slender black stripes, thickly beset with long stout
bristles ; scutellum ferruginous except towards its base ; abdomen
piceous, setose towards its tip ; 2nd and 3rd segments with broad
interrupted cinereous bands along their fore borders; legs stout,
bristly ; wings grey, brown at the base and in front ; veins black ;
prsebrachial vein forming a slightly obtuse angle at its flexure, from
whence it is very slightly curved inward to its tip ; discal transverse
vein straight, excepting a very shght inward bend near its base, parted
by rather more than half its length from the border, and from the flex-
ure of the prsebrachial ; alulae cinereous-white. Length of the body
8 lines; of the wings 14 lines.

ME. WALKER OK DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAB. 123

99. Nemor^a tenebrosa, n. s. Fosm. Cinereo-nigra, capite albido,
frontalibus nigris, oculis pubescentibus, palpis et antennarum articulo
2** rufescentibus, thorace lineis quinque nigris, scutello rufo, abdomine
obscure rufescente tessellis cinereis, femoribus posticis fimbriatis, alls
cinereis, basi costa et venarum marginibus obscure fuscis.

Female. Cinereous black, with black bristles ; head whitish ; frontalia
black, slightly widening to the face, with a row of bristles along each
side and beyond it ; facialia bristly along most of the length ; epi-
stoma not prominent ; eyes pubescent ; palpi reddish ; antennae not
nearly reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, slender, obtuse at the
tip, much less than twice the length of the 2nd, which is reddish ;
arista stout for full half its length, much longer than the 3rd joint ;
thorax with five black lines ; scutellum red, black at the base ; abdo-
men dark reddish, slightly tessellated with cinereous ; legs black,
bristly; hind femora fringed with short black hairs; wings grey,
dark brown at the base, along the costa and along the black veins ;
prsebrachial vein forming a right angle at its flexure, from whence it is
slightly curved inward to its tip ; discal transverse vein much curved
inward near its base, parted by much less than its length from the
border and by rather less than its length from the flexure of the prse-
brachial ; alulae lurid-cinereous. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the
wings 12 lines.

Gren. Masiceba, Maq.

100. Masicera dotata, n. s. F(Em. Cinerea, capite albo, frontalibus
atris, oculis nudis, proboscide palpisque fulvis, thorace vittis quatuor
nigris, abdomine longi-elliptico fasciis cinereis, alis luridis angustis,
dimidio apicali obscure fusco, margine postico cinereo, halteribus tes-
taceis.

Female. Cinereous, beset with numerous long stout black bristles ;
head white, clothed behind and beneath with white hairs ; frontalia
deep black, slightly widening towards the face, with stout bristles
along each side; facialia without bristles except by the epistoma,
which is not prominent ; eyes bare ; proboscis and palpi tawny ; an-
tennae nearly reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint slightly broader to-
wards the tip, which is rounded, about four times the length of the
2nd ; arista stout at the base, very much longer than the 3rd joint ;
thorax with four black stripes ; abdomen elongate-elhptical, its bristles
stouter than those of the thorax ; a cinereous band along the fore-
border of each segment ; lips black, stout, bristly ; wings lurid, nar-
row, dark brown on the exterior half, cinereous along the hind border ;
veins tawny, black exteriorly; praebpchial vein extending rather
beyond the slightly acute angle which it forms at its flexure, much
curved inward from thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein undu-
lating, parted liy rather less than its length from the border and from
the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae cinereous ; halteres testaceous.
Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 12 hues.

I24i ME. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

101. Masicera iiORRENS, n. s. Fam. Albido-cinerea, valde setosa,
capite albo, facie obliqua, oculis pubescentibus, thorace vittis quatuor
nigris, abdomine subfusiformi spinoso fasciis tribus latis subinter-
ruptis albidis, alis cinereis basi et apud costam siibfuscis, alulis albido-
cinereis.

Female. Whitish cinereous, thickly beset with long stout black bristles ;
head white, clothed behind and beneath with white hairs ; frontalia
deep black, hardly widening towards the face, with bristles along each
side and beyond it ; face oblique ; facialia with bristles along nearly
two-thirds of the length ; epistoma not prominent ; eyes pubescent ;
palpi black, rather long ; antennae nearly reaching the epistoma ; 3rd
joint linear, rounded at the tip, full four times the length of the 2nd ;
arista very much longer than the 3rd joint, stout for more than one-
third of its length ; thorax with four black stripes; abdomen nearly
fusiform, more spinose than bristly, with three broad slightly inter-
rupted whitish bands on the fore borders of the segments ; legs black,
stout, bristly ; wings grey, slightly brown at the base and along the
costa; veins black; prsebrachial vein forming a somewhat rounded
right angle at its flexure, near which it is much curved inward and is
thence straight to its tip ; discal transverse vein undulating, parted by
about its length from the border and by much less than its length
from the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae whitish cinereous. Length
of the body 7 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

102. Masicera immersa, n. s. Fosm. Albido-cinerea, capite argen-
teo, oculis nudis, palpis, antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace lineis
quatuor nigris, abdomine nigro fasciis tribus latis interruptis cinereis,
alis cinereis, alulis albido-cinereis albo marginatis.

Female. Whitish cinereous, with a few black bristles ; head silvery
white, with white hairs behind and beneath ; frontalia black, widen-
ing towards the face, with a row of bristles along each side ; facialia
without bristles ; epistoma not prominent ; eyes bare ; palpi black ;
antennae not reaching the epistoma; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the
tip, about four times the length of the 2nd ; arista slender, very much
longer than the 3rd joint ; thorax with four slender black lines ; ab-
domen black, conical, not longer than the thorax, with three broad
interrupted cinereous bands along the fore borders of the segments ;
legs black, stout ; wings grey ; veins black ; praebrachial vein forming
a slightly rounded and obtuse angle at its flexure, from whence it is
slightly curved inward to its tip ; discal transverse vein slightly undu-
lating, parted by much less than its length from the border and from
the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulaj whitish cinereous with white
borders. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

103. Masicera prognosticans, n. s. Foem. Cinerea, gracilis, capite
albo, abdomine nigro cylindrico fasciis albis, alis cinereis, alulis hal-
teribusque albis.

ME. WALKER OIT DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 125

Female. Cinereous, slender; head white ; frontalia deep black, Unear,
with stout bristles along each side ; facialia without bristles ; epistoma
not prominent ; eyes bare ; palpi short, slender ; antennae reaching
the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, about six times the
length of the 2nd ; arista rather slender, not much longer than the
3rd joint; abdomen black, cylindrical, very much longer than the
thorax, with a white band on the fore border of each segment ; wings
cinereous; veins black; prsebrachial vein forming a slightly rounded
and extremely obtuse angle at the flexure, straight from thence to the
tip ; discal transverse vein straight, parted by about its length from
the border, and by much less than its length from the flexure of the
pratbrachial ; alulae and halteres white. Length of the body 21 lines;
of the wings 4| lines.

Gren. EUETGASTER, Macq,

104. EuRYGASTER RiDiBUNDA, n. s. Fffiw. Cincrca, capite argenteo,
oculis pubescentibus, palpis fulvis clavatis, antennis piceis, thorace
lineis quatuor nigris, abdoraine nigro fasciis tribus latis albido-cinereis,
pedibus nigris, alis subcinereis basi et apud costam subluridis, hal-
teribus fulvis.

Female. Cinereous, with black bristles ; head silvery white in front and
behind, clothed behind and beneath with white hairs ; frontalia deep
black, hardly widening towards the epistoma, with a few black bristles
along each side and beyond ; facialia without bristles ; epistoma not
prominent ; eyes pubescent ; palpi tawny, clavate ; antennae piceous,
almost reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, slightly rounded at the
tip, nearly thrice the length of the 2nd ; arista slender, very much
longer than the 3rd joint; thorax with four black lines; abdomen
black, conical, a little broader and longer than the thorax, with three
broad whitish-cinereous bands, somewhat spinose towards tjie tip ;
legs black, hardly bristly ; wings greyish, with a lurid tinge at the
base and along part of the costa ; veins black, tawny towards the base ;
praebrachial vein forming a rounded and obtuse angle at its flexure,
nearly straight from thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein hardly
undulating, parted by little more than half its length from the border,
and by much less than its length from the flexure of the praebrachial ;
alulae cinereous ; halteres tawny. Length of the body 4i lines ; of
the wings 8 lines.

105. EuRYGASTER REMiTTENS, n. s. Fcem. Ciuerca, capite albo,
oculis pubescentibus, palpis, antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace lineis
quatuor nigris, scutello rufo, abdomine nigro fasciis cinereis fere inter-
ruptis, segmenti 2' lateribus rufescentibus, alis cinereis basi fusces-
centibus, alulis albidis.

Female. Cinereous, slightly bristly ; head white, clothed behind and
beneath with white hairs ; frontalia deep black, widening towards the
face, with a row of bristles along each side and beyond ; facialia without

126 ME. WALKEE ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE.

bristles ; epistoma not prominent ; eyes pubescent ; palpi black, short ;
antennae almost reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint slightly widening
towards the tip, which is rounded ; arista slender, very much longer
than the 3rd joint ; thorax with four black lines ; scutellum red, black
at the base; abdomen black, conical, somewhat pilose at the tip,
hardly broader or longer than the thorax, with cinereous nearly inter-
rupted bands ; 2nd segment reddish on each side ; legs black, slightly
bristly ; wings grey, brownish at the base ; veins black ; prsebrachial
vein forming a slightly obtuse angle at its flexure, from whence it
is hardly curved inward to its tip ; discal transverse vein very slightly
undulating, parted by a little more than half its length from the
border, and by about half its length from the flexure of the prae-
brachial; alulae whitish. Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 8
lines.

106. EuRYGASTER APTA, u. s. F(£m. Cincrca, capite albo, oculisnudis,
palpis, antennis, pedibusque nigris, thorace vittis quatuor indistinctis,
abdominis vitta dorsali et segmentorum marginibus posticis nigris,
alis cinereis apud costam fuscescentibus, alulis albido-cinereis.

Female. Cinereous, with few bristles ; head white ; frontalia black,
narrow, linear, with a row of bristles along each side and beyond ;
facialia without bristles ; epistoma not prominent ; eyes bare ; palpi
black ; antennae almost reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, rounded
at the tip, about four times the length of the 2nd ; arista slender,
very much longer than the 4th joint ; thorax with four indistinct black
stripes ; abdomen conical, especially setose towards the tip, very little
longer than the thorax; 1st segment, hind borders of the other seg-
ments and dorsal stripe black ; legs black ; wings grey, brownish
along the costa ; veins black ; praebrachial vein forming an obtuse
angle at its flexure, hardly curved inward from thence to its tip ; discal
transverse vein slightly undulating, parted by much less than its length
from the border, and by a little less than its length from the flexure
of the praebrachial ; alulae whitish cinereous. Length of the body 4
lines; of the wings 7 lines.

107. EuRYGASTERCONGLOMERATA, n. s. FoBm. Cincrco-nigra, capitc
albo, oculis pubescentibus, palpis, antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace
lineis quatuor anticis nigris, thorace postico abdomineque anthracinis,
tibiis posticis subfimbriatis, alis cinereis, alulis testaceo-albis.

Female, Cinereous black ; head white, with white hairs behind and
beneath ; frontalia deep black, linear, with a row of bristles along each
side and beyond; facialia without bristles; epistoma not prominent;
eyes pubescent ; palpi black ; antennae reaching the epistoma ; 3rd
joint linear, rounded at the tip, six times the length of the 2nd ; arista
much longer than the 3rd joint, stout to half its length ; thorax with
four black lines ; hind part and abdomen coal black, shining, the latter
conical, not longer than the thorax, setose towards the tip ; legs black ;

ME. WALKEB OlST DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAB. 127

hind tibiae slightly fringed ; wings grey ; veins black ; prcebraehial vein
forming a hardly obtuse angle at its flexure, almost straight from
thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein undulating, parted by much
less than its length from the border, and by a little less than its length
from the flexure of the prsebrachial ; alulae testaceous white, very
large. Length of the body 4^ lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

108. EuRYGASTER PROMiNENS, n. s. Mos. Cinerco-nigra, capite albo,
oculis pubescentibus, palpis, antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace lineis
quatuor indistinctis, abdominis basi vitta dorsali et segmentorum mar-
ginibus posticis nigris, scutelli apice rufescente, abdomine segment! 2'
lateribus subrufescentibus, alis cinereis, aluUs albis.

Male. Cinereous black j head white, with white hairs behind and beneath ;
frontalia deep black, widening to the epistoma, with a row of bristles
along each side and beyond ; facialia without bristles ; epistoma not
prominent j eyes pubescent j palpi black ; antennae extending to the
epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, narrow, rounded at the tip, full four times
the length of the 2nd ; arista much longer than the 3rd joint, stout to
nearly half its length ; thorax with fom* indistinct black lines ; scutel-
lum reddish towards its tip; abdomen nearly oval, cinereous, not
longer than the thorax; 1st segment, hind borders of the following
segments, and dorsal stripe black ; 2nd segment slightly reddish on
each side; legs black; wings grey; veins black; praebrachial vein
forming a right angle at its flexure, near which it is very slightly
curved mward, and is thence straight to its tip; discal transverse
vein hardly undulating, parted by much less than its length from the
border, and by less than its length from the flexure of the praebrachial ;
alulae white, very large. Length of the body 3^ lines ; of the wings
6^ lines.

109. EuRYGASTER DEDUCENS, n. s. Fcem. Cinerea, capite albo, oculis
nudis, palpis, antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace lineis quatuor, ab-
dominis basi fasciisque tribus nigris, scutello rufescente, alis cinereis
basi nigris, alulis albis.

Female. Cinereous, bristly, head white, with whitish hairs behind and
beneath ; frontalia deep black, widening to the face, with black bristles
along each side and beyond ; facialia without bristles, except by the
epistoma, which is slightly prominent ; eyes bare ; antennae reaching
the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, rather broad, slightly rounded at the
tip, about four times the length of the 2nd ; arista much longer than
the 3rd joint, stout to half its length ; thorax with four black lines ;
scutellum reddish ; abdomen conical, not longer than the thorax,
black at the base, and with three black bands on the hind borders of
the segments ; wings grey, black at the base ; veins black, testaceous
at the base, except along the costa ; praebrachial vein forming an ob-
tuse angle at its flexure, slightly curved inward from thence to its tip ;
discal transverse vein straight, except a slight curve at its base, parted

128 MR. WALKEE OK DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

by a little more than half its length from the border, and by much
less than its length from the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae white.
Length of the body 3| lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

110. EuRYGASTER CONTRACTA, n. s. ¥(£171. Cinerea, brevis, capite
albo, palpis, antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace vittis quatuor nigris,
abdomine nigro fasciis tribus latis subinterruptis argenteo-einereis, ahs
cinereis basi nigricantibus, alulis albis.

Female. Cinereous, short ; head white j frontalia deep black, widening
slightly towards the face, with stout bristles along each side ; facialia
without bristles ; epistoma not prominent j eyes bare ; palpi and legs
black ; antennae reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, rounded at
the tip, about four times the length of the second ; arista stout for
almost one-third of the length ; thorax with four black stripes ', abdo-
men black, nearly oval, not longer than the thorax, with three broad
slightly interrupted silvery cinereous bands ; wings cinereous, blackish
at the base ; veins black ; praebrachial vein forming an obtuse angle
at its flexure, nearly straight from thence to its tip ; discal transverse
vein curved inward towards its base, parted by less than its length
from the border, and by about its length from the flexure of the prae-
brachial ; alulae white. Length of the body 2i lines ; of the wings
4\ lines.

111. EuRYGASTER PROGRESS A, n. s. FcEiKi,. Fulva, capitc subtus et
apud oculos albido, antennis pallide luteis apice fuscescentibus, ab-
domine maculis tribus dorsalibus nigris, alis cinereis apud costam
luridis apice fuscis, halteribus testaceis.

Female, Tawny, with black bristles ; head testaceous, whitish about the
eyes and beneath ; frontalia pale luteous, widening to the epistoma,
beset with bristles along each side; facialia without bristles; epistoma
not prominent ; eyes bare ; antennae pale luteous, almost reaching
the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, brownish towards the tip; arista stout
to about one-third of the length ; abdomen nearly oval, hardly longer
or broader than the thorax, with three black dorsal spots ; tarsi piceous ;
wings grey, lurid along the costa, brown towards the tips, except along
the hind border ; praebrachial vein forming a slightly obtuse angle at
its flexure, much curved inward from thence to its tip ; discal trans-
verse vein undulating, parted by much less than its length from the
border, and by about its length from the flexure of the praebrachial ;
alulae and halteres testaceous. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the
wings 7 lines.

Greu. Metopia, Meigen.

112. Metopia inspectans, n. s. Fcem. Cinerea, capite magno ar-
genteo subconico, facie perobliqua, thorace vittis quatuor, abdominis
vitta dorsali et segmentorum marginibus posticis nigris; alis cinereis,
alulis albis, halteribus piceis.

MR. WALKER 05T DTPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 1 29

Female. Cinereous ; head large, silvery, almost conical in front ; fron-
talia black, linear, with a few bristles along each side ; face very ob-
lique ; facialia without bristles ; epistoma not prominent ; eyes bare ;
proboscis and palpi black, very short ; antennae extending to the epi-
stoma, 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, full six times the length of
the 2nd ; arista longer than the 3rd joint ; stout to nearly half its
length ; thorax with four black stripes, the outer pair interrupted ;
abdomen conical, not longer than the thorax, hind borders of the seg-
ments and dorsal stripe black ; legs black, rather short and stout ;
wings grey ; veins black ; prsebrachial vein forming an almost right
angle and emitting a branch at its flexure, from whence it is slightly
curved inward to its tip; discal transverse vein straight, parted by
much less than its length from the border and by very much less than
its length from the flexure of the praebrachial j alulae white ; halteres
piceous. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

113. Metopia instruens, n. s. FcEm. Cinerea, capite subconico ar-
genteo micante, facie perobliqua, palpis antennis pedibusque nigris,
thorace vittis quatuor nigris, abdomine e maculis nigris trivittato, alis
cinereis.

Female, Cinereous ; head brilliant silvery, almost conical ; face very
oblique ; facialia with bristles along each side ; epistoma not promi-
nent ; eyes bare ; palpi and legs black ; antennaj reaching the epi-
stoma, 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, about six times the length
of the 2nd ; arista longer than the 3rd, stout to about one- third of its
length ; thorax with four black stripes ; abdomen with three rows of
triangular black spots ; wings cinereous ; veins black ; praebrachial
vein forming an obtuse angle, and emitting a branch at its flexure,
slightly curved inward from thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein
straight, parted by more than its length from the border and from the
flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae white. Length of the body 3 lines ;
of the wings 5 lines.

Subfam. Dexides, Walh.
Gen. Dexta, Meigen.

114. Dexia basifera, n. s. Fcem. Testaceo-alba, capitis antici la-
teribus palpisque fulvis, oculis nudis, antennis pallide luteis, tho-
race vittis quatuor nigris, abdomine fulvo fusiformi maculis trigonis
nigris, macula fasciaque testaceis, pedibus nigris longis, femoribus
fulvis apice nigris, tibiis ex parte fulvescentibus, alis cinereis apud venas
nigricantibus, fascia basali obliqua alba, alulis albis.

Group of D. longipes. *

Female. Testaceous white, narrow, bristly ; head somewhat prominent ;
frontalia black, slightly widening towards the epistoma, with a few
long stout black bristles on each side ; facialia without bristles ; epi-
stoma not prominent ; sides of the peristoma tawny r.nd slightly pro-

LTNN. PROC. — ZOOLOGY. 9

130 Mil. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

duced ; eyes bare ; proboscis and palpi tawny, the former geniculated,
rather long; antennae pale luteous, 3rd joint lanceolate, not reaching
the epistoraa, thrice the length of the second ; arista plumose : thorax
with two slender deep black stripes and \a ith two exterior broad black-
ish stripes ; scutellum with six black spines : abdomen tawny, fusiform^
longer than the thorax, with little black hairs, with several black spines,
and with a triangular black spot on the hind border of each segment ;
3rd segment with a testaceous spot at the base, 4th with a testaceous
basal band : legs long, black ; femora tawny, with black tips ; tibiae
partly dark tawny : wings cinereous, blackish along the veins, with an
oblique white basal band; costa black at the base ; veins black, testa-
ceous in the white part; praebrachial vein forming a slightly acute
angle and emitting a short stump at its flexure, curved inward from
thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein undulating, parted by hardly
more than half its length from the border, and by less than its length
from the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae white. Length of the
body 5 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

Mas. Subaurato-cinerea, abdomine testaceo lanceolato longissimo fasciis
maculisque trigonis nigris connexis, pedibus anticis longissimis, alis
apud costam nigricantibus, venis vix nigricante marginatis.

Male. Pale gilded cinereous, narrow^ bristly ; frontalia piceous, widen-
ing much towards the epistoma, with bristles along each side ; sides
of the peristoma much produced ; thorax with four deep black stripes,
the outer pair rather broad ; abdomen testaceous, lanceolate, twice the
length of the thorax ; hind border of each segment with a black band
which is connected with a triangular black spot ; legs very long, fore
legs extremely long ; wings blackish along the costa, hardly blackish
along the veins ; praebrachial vein curved slightly inward near its flex-
ure, almost straight from thence to its tip. Length of the body 8
lines; of the wings 12 lines.

115. Dexia includens, n. s. Fcem. Atra, capite apud oculos albo,
palpis antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace vittis duabus cinereis, ab-
domine lanceolato fasciis tribus albis late interruptis, pedibus longius-
culis, alis nigricanti-cinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Deep black ; head cinereous in front, white about the eyes ;
vertex narrow ; frontalia widening to the face, with bristles along each
side ; facialia without bristles ; epistoma not prominent ; palpi slen-
der ; antennae reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint narrow, linear, about
four times the length of the 2ud ; thorax cinereous on each side, and
with two cinereous stripes ; abdomen lanceolate, setose, nearly twice
the length of the thorax, with three widely interrupted white bands ;
legs rather long ; wings blackish grey ; veins black ; praebrachial vein
forming a very obtuse and slightly rounded angle at its flexure, almost
straight from thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein almost straight,
parted by hardly less than its length from the border, and by much
more than its length from the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae

MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 131

whitish ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 3^ lines ; of the
wings 6 Hnes.

116. Dexia PRECEDENS, n. s. FcBm. Cinerea, capite albo lateribus
anticis piceis, palpis pedibusque nigris, antennis testaceis, thorace vittis
tribus nigris, abdomine basi lateribus fasciaque nigris, punctis latera-
libus albis, pedibus longiusculis, alis cinereis, alulis albis.

Female. Cinereous ; head white, piceous on each side in front ; fron-
talia deep black, slightly widening to the face, with bristles along each
side; facialia without bristles; epistoma not prominent; palpi and
legs black; antennae testaceous, not reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint
not thrice the length of the 2nd ; thorax with three black stripes, the
the lateral pair abbreviated hindward ; abdomen a little longer than
the thorax, black and with white points along each side, black at the
base and with a black band on the hind border of the 2nd segment ;
legs rather long ; wings cinereous ; veins black ; prsebrachial vein
forming a rounded and very obtuse angle at its flexure, almost straight
from thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein nearly straight, parted
by less than its length from the border, and by very much more than
its length from the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae white ; halteres
piceous. Length of the body 2i lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Gren. ToROCCA, n. g.

Fcem. Corpus gracile, sublineare. Proboscis palpique brevissimi. An-
tenncs brevissimae, arista nuda. Thorax brevis. Abdomen longissi-
mum, thorace plus duplo longius. Pedes longissimi. Ales angustae.

Female. Body slender, nearly linear. Head as broad as the thorax.
Proboscis and palpi very short. Antennae very short, not nearly ex-
tending to the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, about
twice the length of the 2nd; arista bare, stout towards the base,
full twice the length of the 3rd joint. Thorax short. Abdomen very
elongate-fusiform, more than twice the length of the thorax. Legs
very long. Wings narrow.

117. ToROCCA ABDOMiNALis, n. s. Foem. Viridis, capite pectoreque
albis, proboscide palpisque fulvis, antennis pedibusque nigris, abdo-
mine fulvo segmentorum marginibus posticis vittaque dorsali nigris,
alis nigricanti-cinereis, alulis albido-cinereis.

Female. Green, bristly ; head and pectus white ; frontalia deep black,

widening to the face, with a row of bristles along each side ; facialia

without bristles ; epistoma not prominent ; eyes bare ; proboscis and

palpi tawny ; antennae black : abdomen tawny, with a few spines ;

hind borders of the segments black ; 1st segment black at the base,

and with a broad black stripe : legs black ; wings blackish cinereous j

veins black ; praebrachial vein forming an almost right angle, and

emitting a short stump at its flexure, nearly straight from thence to

its tip ; discal transverse vein very undulating, parted by about half its

9*

132 MR. WALKEE ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAB.

length from the border, and by much less than its length from the
flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae whitish cinereous. Length of the
body 5? lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Subfam. Saecophagides, Walk.

Gren. Saecophaoa, Meigen.

118. Sarcophaga invaria, Walk. See Vol. III. p. 103.

119. Sarcophaga aliena, Walk. See Vol. I. p. 22.

120. Sarcophaga mendax, n. s. Mas. Cinerea, capite albo, palpis
antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace vittisque lineisque duabus nigris,
abdomine tessellato vittis tribus nigris, vittis lateralibus e strigis lan-
ceolatis, alis cinereis, alulis albis.

Male. Cinereous ; head white, clothed behind and beneath with cine-
reous hairs ; frontalia deep black, widening towards the face ; palpi
and antennae black ; thorax with five black stripes,the exterior pair
incomplete, the middle cinereous intervals interlined ; abdomen tessel-
lated, with three black stripes, the lateral pair forming lanceolate streaks
on the 3rd and 4th segments ; legs black, very stout ; wings grey ;
veins black; praebrachial vein forming a right angle at its flexure,
near which it is curved inward, and is thence almost straight to its
tip ; discal transverse vein slightly curved near each end, parted by
much less than its length from the border, and from the flexure of the
praebrachial ; alulae white. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings
10 lines.

121. Sarcophaga inextricata, n. s. Fcem. Cinerea, capitis lateri-
bus anticis, palpis, antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace vittis tribus
lineisque duabus nigris, abdomine fasciis tribus subinterruptis albidis,
alis cinereis, alulis albis.

Female, Cinereous ; head with black hairs behind and beneath ; fron-
talia black, broad, slightly widening towards the face ; a deep black
space on each side of the face ; palpi black, rather long ; antennae
rather short, not nearly reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint slightly plu-
mose; thorax with three black stripes, the two middle cinereous
intervals interlined; abdomen with three broad slightly interrupted
whitish bands ; legs black, very stout ; wings grey ; veins black, slightly
blackish-bordered; praebrachial vein forming a right angle at its
flexure, near which it is curved inward, and is thence straight to its
tip ; discal transverse vein very slightly undulating, parted by much
less than its length from the border and from the flexure of the prae-
brachial ; alulae white. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 8^
lines.

Subfam. Muscides, Walk.

G-en. Idia, Meigen.

122. Idia australis, Walk. See Vol. III. p. 103.

MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 133

123. Idia prolata, n. s. (Group Rhyncomya, Desvoidy). Faun. Vi-
ridis, sat angusta, capite testaceo frontalibus facie maculisque duabus
anticis nigris, antennis halteribusque testaceis, abdomine cyaneo pur-
pureo cupreoque vario fasciis duabus aureo-viridibus, pedibus nigris,
alis cinereis basi et apices versus fuscis.

Female. Green, rather narrow, with slight cinereous tomentura ; head
testaceous, white behind ; frontaha and face black and shining, the
former linear ; a black spot on each side of the peristoma ; epi-
stoma rather prominent ; eyes bare ; antennae testaceous, not near
reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint about thrice the length of the 2nd ;
abdomen blue, tinged with purple and with cupreous, a little broader
than the thorax, with two golden green bands which are widely inter-
rupted above ; legs black ; wings grey, brown at the base and towards
the tips, with the exception of the hind border; veins black ; prsebra-
chial vein forming a much rounded and very obtuse angle at its flex-
ure, which is near the border, nearly straight from thence to its tip ;
discal transverse vein slightly curved outward, parted by much less
than its length from the border, and by about its length from the
flexure of the prsebrachial ; alulae and halteres testaceous. Length of
the body 3| lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

G-en. Mtisca, Idnn.

124. MuscA PROSPERA, u. s. (Gcu. Silbomyia, Macq.). Foem. Aurato-
viridis, capite argenteo, facie palpis antennis pedibusque nigris, oculis
nudis, pectore raaculis duabus argenteis, abdomine spinoso, apice pur-
pureo maculis duabus argenteis, alis nigricantibus basi et apud costam
nigris, alulis albis. Var. /3. Thoracis disco cupreo, abdomine subtus
cyaneo-purpureo. Var. y. Abdominis disco cupreo, palpis fulvis.

Female. Deep golden green, thickly beset with very stout bristles ;
head silvery white ; vertex green on each side ; frontalia piceous, very
broad, with long stout bristles on each side ; facialia without bristles ;
face black, deeply keeled, the keel partly white ; epistoma slightly
prominent ; eyes bare ; palpi long, subclavate ; antennae almost reach-
ing the epistoma, 3rd joint full four times the length of the 2nd ;
pectus with a silvery spot on each side ; abdomen elongate-oval, a
little longer than the thorax, with long stout spines hindward, pur-
ple at the tip, where there is a silvery spot on each side ; legs black,
very stout ; wings blackish, black at the base and along part of the
costa ; veins black ; praebrachial vein forming a rounded right angle
at its flexure, near which it is curved inward, and is thence straight to
its tip ; discal transverse vein undulating, parted by more than half
its length from the border and by less than half its length from the
flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae white. Var. ^. Disk of the thorax
bright cupreous ; abdomen blue and purple beneath. Var. y. Like
i^ar. /3 ; palpi tawny ; disk of the abdomen bright cupreous. Length
of the body 7-8 lines ; of the wings 12-14 hues.

13-i ME. WALKER ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAB.

125. MuscA DELECTANS, 11. s. (n. subg. Isomyia). Fcem. Cuprea,
capite cinereo lateribus anticis fulvis, palpis fulvis latiusculis, an-
tennis rufescentibus, scutello aurato, viridi-abdorainis fasciis pedibus-
que nigris, alls cinereis apud costarn nigricantibus apud venas posticas
subluridis, alulis albido-testaceis, halteribus fulvis.

Female. Bright cupreous, rather long ; head cinereous, tawny and
somewhat produced on each side of the peristoma ; frontalia black,
slightly widening towards the face, with a few bristles along each side ;
facialia without bristles ; epistoma somewhat prominent ; eyes bare ;
palpi tawny, rather broad; antenna? reddish, not near reaching the
epistoma, 3rd joint about one-third of the length of the 2nd ; scutel-
lum mostly golden green ; abdomen nearly oval, broader but hardly
longer than the thorax, with a black band on the hind border of each
segment ; legs black ; wings grey, blackish along the costa towards
the base, slightly lurid along the hinder veins ; veins black ; prsebra-
chial vein forming a slightly obtuse and rounded angle at its flexure,
much curv^ed inward from thence to its tip; discal transverse vein
deeply undulating, parted by more than half its length from the bor-
der and by much more than half its length from the flexure of the
praebrachial ; alulae whitish testaceous ; halteres tawny. Length of
the body 7 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

126. MuscA INGENS. n. s. (Gen. Calliphora, Desv.). Fcem. Nigri-
canti-cyanea, valde setosa, capite albo, palpis antennis pedibusque
nigris, pectore cinereo, abdomine spinoso fasciis tribus argenteis
late interruptis, aUs nigricantibus margine postico cinereo, alulis
albidis.

Female. Blackish blue, thickly beset with long stout bristles; head
white ; frontalia deep black, widening in front, with a few bristles
on each side; facialia beset with bristles, except towards the frontalia;
palpi and antennae black, the latter reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint
six times the length of the 2nd ; pectus and sides of the thorax cine-
reous ; abdomen a little longer and broader than the thorax, with
spines towards the tip, and with three broadly interrupted silvery
bands ; legs black ; wings blackish, cinereous along the hind border
and in the disks of the hinder ai-eolets ; veins black ; praibrachial
vein forming a right and much rounded angle at its flexure, curved
inward beyond, and thence nearly straight to its tip ; discal transverse
vein slightly undulating, parted by less than half its length from the
border, and by full half its length from the flexure of the praebrachial ;
alulae whitish. Length of the body 9 lines; of the wings 14 lines.

127. MuscA PROMITTENS, u. s. (Gcn. Ochromyia, Macq.). Mas et
F(£m. Fulva, capite albo, palpis testaceis, tibiis supra tarsisque apice
piceis, alis cinereis basi luridis. Fcem. Abdomine purpurascenti-
cyaneo basi fulvo.

Male and Female. Tawnv with black bristles ; head white ; frontaha

ME. WALKER ON DTPTEHA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE. 135

piceous, linear, with a few bristles along each side ; facialia without
bristles ; epistoma rather prominent ; eyes bare ; palpi testaceous ;
antennae almost reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint four times the length
of the 2nd ; abdomen of the female purphsh blue, tawny towards the
the base, broader but not longer than the thorax ; tibiae above, and
tarsi towards the tips, piceous ; wings grey, lurid towards the base ;
veins black, tawny towards the base ; praebrachial vein forming a right
and much rounded angle at its flexure, much curved inward from
thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein undulating, long, parted by
more than half its length from the border, and by less than its length
from the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae testaceous. Length of
the body 4-5 lines ; of the wings 8-10 lines.

128. MuscA FAVILLACEA, n. s. (n. subg. Anisomyia). Fcem. Fulva,
longiuscula, capite antico palpisque testaceis, antennis cinereo-fulvis,
thorace vittis tribus cinereis, abdomine nigro basi testaceo fasciis tribus
argenteo-cinereis, alis cinereis. Var. /3. Thorace cinereo, abdomine
fulvo cinereo-tessellato segmentis nigro marginatis.

Female. Tawny, rather long, with black bristles; head testaceous in
front, whitish and with whitish hairs beneath and hindward ; fron-
talia extremely broad, with a cinereous line, beset with six bristles
along each side ; facialia without bristles ; epistoma prominent ; eyes
bare; palpi testaceous; antennae greyish tawny, reaching the epi-
stoma, 3rd joint four times the length of the 2nd ; thorax with three
indistinct cinereous stripes; abdomen black, elongate- oval, a little
longer and broader than the thorax, with a testaceous basal band, and
with three silvery grey bands which are testaceous beneath, ventral
segments wholly testaceous; wings cinereous; veins black, tawny
towards the base; praebrachial vein forming a rounded and obtuse
angle at its flexure, shghtly curved inward from thence to its tip ;
discal transverse vein slightly undulating, parted by a little more than
half its length from the border, and from the flexure of the praebra-
chial ; alulae testaceous. Var. (3. Thorax cinereous ; abdomen tawny,
tessellated with cinereous, hind borders of the segments black. Length
of the body 5-6 lines ; of the wings 10-12 lines.

129. Musca obtrusa, Walk. See Vol. III. p. 105.

130. Musca flaviceps, Macq. See Vol. I. p. 23.

131. Musca selecta, n. s. (Gen. Lucilia, Desv.). Fcem. Aureo-
viridis, longiuscula, capite testaceo, epistomate elevato, palpis fulvis,
antennis pallide rufis, thorace vittis tribus cupreis, pedibus nigris, alis
nigricanti-cinereis margine postico cinereo, aluhs albidis testaceo mar-
ginatis, halteribus fulvis .

Female. Bright golden green, rather long ; head testaceous, cinereous
and with whitish hairs behind and beneath ; frontaha deep black, linear,
thickly beset with bristles along each side ; epistoma prominent ; palpi

13G ME. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAB.

tawny ; autennse pale red, not near reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint
less than thrice the length of the 2nd ; thorax with three slender
bright cupreous stripes ; abdomen wanting ; legs black ; wings black-
ish grey, grey along the hind border ; veins black ; praebrachial vein
forming a very obtuse and much rounded angle at its flexure, slightly
curved inward between the flexure and the tip ; discal transverse vein
undulating, parted by more than half its length from the border, and
by much less than its length from the flexure of the prcebrachial ; alulae
whitish, with testaceous borders; halteres tawny. Length of the
body 5 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

132. MuscA SPERATA, n. s. (Gen. Lucilia, Desv.). Mas. Aureo-
viridis, capite uigro-cinereo, proboscide palpis antennis pedibusque
uigris, thoracis disco cupreo, alis cinereis basi et apud costam sub-
luridis, alulis obscure cinereis.

Male. Golden green ; head cinereous black ; eyes bare ; proboscis,
palpi, and antennae black, the latter not reaching the epistoma ; disk
of the thorax bright cupreous ; abdomen shorter than the thorax ;
legs black ; wings grey, with a lurid tinge at the base and along part
of the costa ; veins black ; praebrachial vein forming a rounded and
very obtuse angle at its flexure, hardly curved inward from thence to
its tip ; discal transverse vein very slightly curved inward behind the
middle, parted by much less than its length from the border, and by
hardly less than its length from the flexure of the praebrachial; alulae
dark grey. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

133. MuscA INSCRIBBNS, u. s. (Gcn. Chrysomyia, Desv.). Faun.
Aureo-viridis, capite albo, palpis fulvis, antennis piceis, abdomine seg-
mentorum marginibus pedibusque nigris, alis cinereis basi nigrican-
tibus, alulis cinereo-albis.

Female. Deep bright green ; head white ; frontaUa black, linear ; palpi
tawny ; antennae piceous, nearly reaching the epistoma ; abdomen
almost as long as the thorax, hind borders of the segments black ;
legs black ; wings grey, blackish at the base ; veins black ; praebrachial
vein forming an obtuse and rounded angle at its flexure, hardly curved
inward from thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein nearly straight,
parted by little more than half its length from the border, and by
much less than its length from the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae
cinereous with white borders, the upper pair white. Length of the
body 4| lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

134. MuscA ELECTA, n. s. (Gen. Luciha, Desv.). Mas et Fozm.
Viridis, capite albo, palpis antennis pedibusque nigris, alis cinereis,
alulis albido-cincreis. Fcem. Frontis lateribus nigris. Var. /3, Mas.
Aureo-viridis.

Male and Female. Bright green ; head white, that of the female black
and shining on each side of the broad dull black frontalia ; antenna3
black, nearly reaching the epistoma; abdomen a little broader and
shorter than the thorax ; legs black ; wings grey ; veins black ; prac-

ME. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 137

brachial vein forming a very obtuse and much-rounded angle at its
flexure, almost straight from thence to the border ; discal transverse
vein slightly curved inward in the middle, parted by much less than
its length from the border, and by hardly less than its length from the
flexure of the prsebrachial ; alulae whitish cinereous ; lower alulae of
the male dark cinereous. Length of the body 4^ lines j of the wings
8 hues.
Male, Var. /3. Golden-green ; the four alulae dark cinereous.

135. MuscA FORTUNATA, u. s. (Gen. Chrysomyia, Desv.). Mas. Sub-
aurato viridis, capite albo, palpis fulvis, antennis piceis, abdomine seg-
mentorum marginibus posticis cyaneis, pedibus nigris, alis obscure
cinereis basi nigricantibus, alulis albidis.

Male. Bright green, slightly gilded ; head white ; eyes not contiguous ;
frontalia black, narrow, linear ; palpi tawny ; antennae piceous, nearly
reaching the epistoma ; abdomen not longer than the thorax, hind
borders of the segments dark blue ; legs black ; wings dark grey,
blackish at the base ; veins black j praebrachial vein forming an obtuse
and slightly-rounded angle at its flexure, almost straight from thence
to its tip ; discal transverse vein hardly undulating, parted by little
more than half its length from the border, and by much more than half
its length from the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae whitish. Length
of the body 3-3|^ lines ; of the wings Q-'J lines.

136. MuscA iNTRAHENs, u. s. (Gcu. Lucilia, Desv.). Fcem. Cya-
nescenti-viridis, capite albo, palpis antennis pedibusque nigris, alis
cinereis, alulis obscure cinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Bright bluish green ; head white ; frontaha dull black ; palpi,
antennae, and legs black ; abdomen not longer than the thorax ; legs
black ; wings grey -, veins black ; praebrachial vein forming a rounded
and very obtuse angle at its flexure, straight from thence to its tip ;
discal transverse vein hardly bent inward, parted by more than half its
length from the border, and by about its length from the flexure of
the praebrachial ; alulae dark cinereous ; halteres testaceous. Length
of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

This species very much resembles M. electa, but may be distinguished
by its narrower body and by some slight difi'erences in the veins of the
wings.

137. MuscA OPTATA, n. s. (Gen. PyreUia, Desv.). Mas. Viridis, ca-
pite albido, palpis antennis pedibusque nigris, alis cinereis, alulis
cinereis testaceo marginatis.

Male. Bright green ; head whitish in frbnt ; palpi and antennae black ;
abdomen a little broader and shorter than the thorax ; legs black ;
wings cinereous ; veins black ; praebrachial vein forming a gentle curve
at the flexure, straight from thence to the tip ; discal transverse vein
straight, parted by much more than half its length from the border.

138 MB. WALKER ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

and by about its length from the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae
cinereous, with testaceous borders. Length of the body 3-3^ lines ;
of the wings 6-7 hues.

138. MuscA PROFERENS, n. s. (Gen. Pyrellia, Desv.). Mas. Nigri-
canti-viridis, palpis antennis pedibusque nigris, alis cinereis, alulis ob-
scure cinereis, halteribus apice pallidis.

Male. Blackish-green, shining ; eyes contiguous ; palpi and antennae
black, the latter nearly reaching the epistoma ; abdomen a little broader
and shorter than the thorax ; legs black ; wings cinereous ; veins
black ; praebrachial vein forming a gentle curve at its flexure, straight
from thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein straight, parted by more
than half its length from the border, and hardly more than its length
from the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae dark cinereous ; halteres
with pale knobs. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

139. Musca refixa. Walk. See Vol. L p. 26.

140. Musca gavisa, n. s. (n. subg. Neomyia). Foem, Purpurea, pu-
bescens, capite nigro, facie subobliqua, palpis antennis pedibusque
nigris, abdomine lato crasso, alis fuscescenti-cinereis basi nigricanti-
bus, alulis obscurioribus. Var. ^. Viridescenti-cyanea, scutello
purpureo.

Female. Brilliant purple ; head black, shining, narrower than the tho-
rax ; frontalia dull, linear ; face slightly oblique ; palpi and antennae
black, the latter not reaching the epistoma ; thorax and abdomen with
thick black pubescence ; abdomen very thick, shorter and much broader
than the thorax ; legs black ; wings brownish grey, blackish at the
base J veins black ; praebrachial vein forming a much-rounded and
very oblique curve at its flexure, hardly curved inward from thence to
its tip ; discal transverse vein hardly undulating, parted by much more
than half its length from the border, and by much less than its length
from the flexure of the praebrachial; alulae dark brownish grey. Var.
jS; Bright greenish blue ; scutellnm purple. Length of the body 5
lines; of the wings 10 lines.

14L Musca domestica, Linn. See Vol. I. p. 128.

142. Musca conducens, n. s. Mas. Cinerea, capite albo, palpis an-
tennis pedibusque nigris, thorace vittis duabus latis nigris, abdomine
testaceo linea dorsali nigra basi apiceque cinereo-nigris, alis cinereis.

Male. Cinereous ; head white ; eyes bare ; palpi slender, subclavate ;
antennae not reaching the epistoma; thorax with two broad black
stripes ; abdomen dull testaceous, cinereous black at the base and
towards the tip, and with a black dorsal line ; wings cinereous ; veins
black ; praebrachial vein forming a rounded and very obtuse angle at
its flexure, slightly curved inward from thence to its tip ; discal trans-
verse vein curved inward, parted by full half its length from the bor-
der, and by a little more than its length from the flexure of the j)rae-

ME. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE. 139

brachial ; alulae cinereous. Length of the body 2i lines ; of the wings
4^ lines.

143. MuscA XANTHOMELA, n. s. F(£m. Nigra, capite albido, abdo-
mine ochraceo, alis subcinerascentibus, halteribus pallide testaceis.

Female. Black ; head whitish about the eyes, which are red and bare ;
antennae not reaching the epistoma ; abdomen ochraceous, a little
shorter than the thorax ; wings slightly greyish ; veins black, testa-
ceous towards the base ; prajbrachial vein forming an obtuse angle at
the flexure, straight from thence to the border; discal transverse vein
straight, parted by less than its length from the border, and by more
than its length from the flexure of the praebrachial ; halteres pale tes-
taceous. Length of the body 2^ lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

144. MuscA PR/EDiCENS, n. s. (Gen. Graptomyza, Desv.). Fcem.
Nigra, capite albido-cinereo, palpis antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace
vittis quatuor albido-cinereis, abdomine testaceo maculis nigris, alis
cinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Black ; head whitish cinereous ; frontalia deep black, linear, with
bristles along each side ; facialia without bristles ; epistoma not pro-
minent ; proboscis and palpi black ; antennae reaching the epistoma,
3rd joint about four times the length of the 2nd ; thorax with four
stripes, metathorax and pectus whitish cinereous ; abdomen testa-
ceous; four black spots on each segment excepting the 1st; legs
black ; wings cinereous ; veins black, testaceous towards the base ;
praebrachial vein forming a curve at its flexure, which is very near the
border ; discal transverse vein almost straight, parted by little more
than half its length from the border, and by more than its length from
the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae and halteres testaceous. Length
of the body 3| lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

145. MuscA coLLECTA, n. s. Mas. Viridis, cinereo tomentosa, ca-
pite albo antice testaceo, palpis antennisque fulvis, abdomine testaceo
apice viridi linea dorsali nigra, pedibus nigris^ tibiis obscure fulvis, alis
cinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Male. Green, with cinereous tomentum ; head white, testaceous and
rather prominent in front ; eyes bare, contiguous ; epistoma slightly
prominent ; proboscis black ; palpi tawny ; antennae tawny, not near
reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint not more than twice the length of
the 2nd ; arista simple, more than twice the length of the 3rd joint ;
abdomen testaceous, green towards the tip, with a black dorsal line ;
legs black; tibiae dark tawny; wings grey; veins black, testaceous
towards the base ; praebrachial vein forming a very obtuse and much-
rounded angle at its flexure, from whence it is hardly curved inward
to its tip ; discal transverse vein curved outward, parted by much more
than half its length from the border, and by hardly less than its length
from the flexure of the praebrachial ; alula? pale cinereous, with testa-
ceous borders ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2| lines ; of
the wings 5 lines.

140 MK. WALKEE ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

Subfarn, Anthomyides, Walk.
Gen. Aeicia, 3facq.

146. Aricia significans, Walk. See Vol. III. p. 107.

147. Aricia contraria, n. s. Mas et Foem. Picea, capita argenteo,
palpis pedibusque nigris, antennis testaceis, scutello fulvo, abdomine
uigro, alis einereis basi et apud costam subluridis.

Male and Female. Piceous, head silvery about the eyes ; frontalia dull
black ; palpi and legs black ; antennae testaceous, reaching the epi-
stoma, 3rd joint about four times the length of the 2nd; thorax with
four indistinct cinereous stripes ; scutellum tawny ; abdomen black,
shining, a little broader but not longer than the thorax ; wings grey,
rather broad, with a lurid tinge towards the base and along the costa ;
veins black, tawny towards the base ; discal transverse vein hardly
undulating, or slightly curved inward, parted by much more than its
length from the prsebrachial, and by much less than its length from
the border. Length of the body 3-4 lines ; of the wings 6-8 lines.

148. Aricia Integra, n. s. Mas. Testaceo-cinerea, capite albo,
palpis nigris, antennis testaceis basi nigris, thorace lineis quatuor nigris
postice obsoletis, pedibus fulvis, tarsis piceis, alis einereis apud costam
subluridis, halteribus testaceis.

Male. Testaceous-cinereous ; head white ; frontalia deep black, widen-
ing in front ; palpi black ; antennae testaceous, black at the base, nearly
reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint about four times the length of the
2nd ; thorax with four black lines which are obsolete hindward ; ab-
domen nearly oval, not longer than the thorax : legs tawny ; tarsi
piceous ; wings grey, with a slight lurid tinge towards the costa ; veins
black ; discal transverse vein curved inward towards the base, parted
by about its length from the prsebrachial transverse, and by much
less than its length from the border; alulae and halteres testaceous.
Length of the body 3^ lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

149. Aricia nigricosta, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Cinerea, capite ar-
genteo, palpis nigris, antennis piceis, thorace vittis quatuor nigris,
abdomine maculis quatuor nigris, pedibus fulvis, alis einereis apud
costam subluridis, costa nigra.

Male and Female. Cinereous ; head silvery white ; palpi black ; an-
tennae piceous, tawny at the base, reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint
about four times the length of the 2nd ; thorax with four black stripes ;
abdomen nearly oval, not longer than the thorax, 2nd and 3rd seg-
ments with two black spots on each ; legs tawny ; tarsi black ; wings
cinereous, with a lurid tinge along the costa, which is black ; veins
black, tawny towards the base ; discal transverse vein slightly bent
inward, parted by about its length from the praebrachial transverse,
and by much less than its length from the border. Length of the
body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 141

Gen. Spilogaster Macq.

150. Spilogaster xanthoceras, n. s. Fcem. Alba, capite argen-
teo, palpis pedibusque nigris, antennis pallide testaceis basi nigris,
thoracis fascia lata scutelloque nigris, thorace vitta fasciisque duabus
nigris, alis cinereis apud costam subluridis.

Female. White ; head silvery white ; frontalia broad, deep black ; pro-
boscis, palpi, and legs black ; antennae pale testaceous, reaching the
epistoma, black at the base, 3rd joint about four times the length of
the 2nd ; thorax with a broad black band ; scutellum black ; abdo-
men cinereous, elongate, with a slender black stripe and with two
black bands ; wings cinereous, with a lurid tinge along the costa ;
veins black, tawny towards the base ; discal transverse vein bent inward
towards the base, parted by hardly more than its length from the prse-
brachial transverse, and by much less than its length from the border ;
alulae white. Length of the body 3^ lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Gen. Anthomtia, Meigen.

151. Anthomyia procellaria. Walk. See Vol. III. p. 108.

Gen. LiSPE, Meigen,

152. LisPE BiMACULATA, n. s. F(£m. Nigra, capite atro antice au-
rato subtus albido, pectore pedibusque cinereis, abdomine vitta cinerea
maculis duabus subapicalibus albis, femoribus intermediis basi dilatatis,
alis cinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Black; head deep black above, gilded in front, whitish on
each side beneath ; pectus and legs cinereous ; abdomen with a
slender cinereous stripe, and with a white spot on each side near the
tip ; knees pale ; middle femora dilated at the base ; wings cinereous ;
veins black, tawny at the base ; discal transverse vein parted by less
than its length from the border, and by about twice its length from
the praebrachial transverse ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body
3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Gen. C^NOSiA, Meigen.

153. C^NOSiA llteicornis. Walk, (see Vol. III. p. 108). Fcem.
Cana, capite aurato, frontalibus pedibusque fulvis, palpis albis, an-
tennis pallide luteis, abdomine subtestaceo apice cano maculis quatuor
nigris, alis cinerascentibus, halteribus testaceis.

This is probably the female of C luteicornis, though the wings have no
trace of an apical spot.

Female. Hoary ; head pale gilded, hoary, behind and beneath ; frontalia
tawny, widening shghtly in front ; palpi white ; antennae pale luteous,
reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, six times
the length of the 2nd ; arista plumose to full half its length ; abdo-
men dull testaceous, hoary towards the tip, where it is very bristly

142 ME. WALKEE ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

above, 3rd and 4th segments with a black dorsal spot on each,
4th and 5th segments with a black spot on each side ; legs tawny ;
tarsi piceous ; w ings greyish ; veins black, testaceous at the base ;
discal transverse vein parted by a little less than its length from the
border, and by much more than its length from the prsebrachial trans-
verse ; alulae pale cinereous ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body
3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

154. CiENOsiA siGNATA, u. s. FcRM. Cincreo-fulva, capite antennis
pedibus halteribusque testaceis, thoracis vittis quatuor scutelli disco
abdominisque vitta nigris, alis cinereis subluridis.

Female. Cinereous-tawny ; head testaceous, white about the eyes;
antennae testaceous, not near reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint elon-
gate-conical, about twice the length of the 2nd ; arista plumose to the
tip ; thorax with four black stripes, the outer pair interrupted ; disk
of the scutellum black j abdomen with a black stripe, which is inter-
rupted on the hind border of each segment ; legs testaceous ; wings
grey with a shglit lurid tinge ; veins tawny, costal vein black, discal
transverse vein parted by little more than half its length from the bor-
der, and by about twice its length from the praebrachial transverse ;
halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2\ Hues ; of the wings 5
lines.

155. CcENOSiA RESPONDENS, n. s. F(£m. Cana, capite apud oculos
albo, palpis albidis, antennis halteribusque testaceis, thorace lineis
tribus nigris, abdomine subfusiformi e maculis nigris trivittato, pedibus
nigris, femoribus apice tibiisque fulvis, alis cinereis, alulis albis.

Female. Hoary ; head white about the eyes ; frontalia reddish ; palpi
whitish ; antennae testaceous, 3rd joint long, slender, nearly reach-
ing the epistoma ; thorax with three black lines ; abdomen nearly
fusiform, a little longer than the thorax, with three black spots on
each segment, legs black, femora towards the tips and tibiae tawny ;
wings grey ; discal transverse vein parted by about twice its length
from the praebrachial transverse, and by about its length from the
border ; alulae white ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2h
lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Subfam. Helomyzides, Fallen.
Gren. Xaentjta, Walk.

156. Xamuta leucotelus. Walk. See Vol. I. p. 28.

Gen. CoEDTLTJEA, Fallen.

157. CoRDYLURA BisiGNATA, n. s. Mas. Nigra, vix nitens, an-
tennis breviusculis, arista pubescente, abdomine cylindrico maculis
duabus lateralibus albis, pedibus non spinosis, alis obscure cinereis,
alulis albis.

Male. Black, hardly shining; head white behind, testaceous towards
the epistoma ; antennae not near reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint

MB WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAE. 143

linear, rounded at the tip, full twice the length of the second ; arista
pubescent ; abdomen cylindrical, a little longer than the thorax, with
a white spot on each side in the middle ; legs unarmed, moderately
long ; wings dark grey ; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight,
upright, parted by a little less than its length from the border, and by
full twice its length from the prsebrachial transverse ; alulae white.
Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 3^ lines.

G-en. Helomtza, Fallen.

158. Helomyza observans, n. s. Mas. Fulva, antennarum arti-
culo 3° conico brevi, arista plumosa, abdomine guttis quatuor dorsa-
libus nonnullisque ventralibus nigris, segmentis albido marginatis, alis
subcinereis.

Male. Tawny, with a few black bristles ; antennae short, 3rd joint
conical, less than twice the length of the 2nd ; arista plumose ; abdo-
men conical, not longer than the thorax, hind borders of the seg-
ments whitish, fourth segment with a black dot, fifth segment with
three black dots, some black dots along each side beneath ; wings
greyish ; veins black, testaceous at the base ; discal transverse vein
straight, upright, parted by full half its length from the border, and
by nearly twice its length from the prsebrachial transverse. Length
of the body 2\ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

159. Helomyza tripunctifera, n. s. Fcem. Fulva, antennarum
articulo 3'* conico, arista plumosa, abdomine fasciis pallidis guttaque
apicali atra, alis cinereis antice subluridis.

Female. Tawny, with black bristles ; head whitish about the eyes ;
third joint of the antennae conical, hardly twice the length of the 2nd ;
arista plumose to the tip ; abdomen with a pale band on the hind bor-
der of each segment, and with a black apical dot i wings grey, with a
lurid tinge in front ; veins black j discal transverse vein straight, up-
right, clouded with brown, parted by less than its length from the
border, and by more than twice its length from the prsebrachial trans-
verse. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

160. Helomyza copiosa, n. s. Fcem. Cinerea, capite vitta testa-
cea, antennis fulvis brevissimis basi nigris, arista plumosa, thorace
maculis plurimis fuscis, scutello fulvo basi nigro, abdomine nigro vitta
et segmentorum marginibus posticis fulvis, tibiis fulvo cinctis, alis
cinereis nigricante maculatis.

Female. Cinereous ; head slightly ferruginous, with a dull testaceous
stripe on the front, whitish about the eyes ; epistoma not prominent ;
antennae tawny, black towards the bas^, very short, not extending
beyond half the length of the face, 3rd joint conical, much longer
than the 2nd ; arista plumose ; thorax with three rows of various
brown spots ; scutellum tawny, black at the base ; pectus with brown
spots ; abdomen black, oval, not longer than the thorax, with a stripe

144 ME. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

and the hind borders of the segments tawny : legs black, short ;
tibiae tawny, black at the base and at the tips : wings grey, slightly
lurid in front, with numerous partly confluent blackish spots ; veins
black ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by much less
than its length from the border, and by about twice its length from
the praebrachial transverse ; halteres tawny. Length of the body 2^
lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Gen. SciOMYZA, Fallen.

161. SciOMYZA REPLENA, n. s. F(Em. Picca, capite ferrugineo lituris
albis, antennis pedibus thoracisque vittis quatuor rufescentibus, ab-
domine nigro fasciis rufescentibus, femoribus nigris, tibiis nigro bifas-
ciatis, alis nigricantibus albido trifasciatis margine postico cinereo.

Female. Piceous ; head with several black bristles, white about the
eyes, ferruginous above, with a white transverse line hindward, with a
partly black partly white mark on each side, and with an abbreviated
whitish streak in the middle j antennae reddish, piceous towards the
tips, 3rd joint conical, less than twice the length of the 2nd ; arista
plumose ; thorax with four reddish stripes, the outer pair incomplete ;
abdomen black, with a reddish band on the fore border of each seg-
ment ; legs reddish, femora black, tibiae with two black bands ;
wings blackish, with three irregular abbreviated whitish bands, cine-
reous along the hind border ; veins black ; discal transverse vein
straight, upright, parted by less than its length from the border, and
by nearly twice its length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres
testaceous. Length of the body 2f lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

162. SciOMYZA? LEUCOMELANA. n. s. F(£m. Picca, uitcns, subtus
alba, capite piano, antennis rufis apice nigris, arista plumosa, abdomine
nigro, pedibus halteribusque testaceis, alis nigricantibus acutis.

Female, Piceous, shining ; head flat above, a little narrower than the
thorax ; epistoma, sides of the peristoma, under side and disk of the
pectus white ; antennae red, reaching the epistoma, third joint elon-
gate-conical, black towards the tip ; arista plumose ; scutellum large ;
abdomen oval, black, hardly longer or broader than the thorax ; legs
short, testaceous ; wings blackish, paler along the hind border, rather
pointed at the tips ; costa very convex ; veins black, radial vein shghtly
curved, cubital vein and praebrachial vein converging towards the tip ;
discal transverse vein nearly straight and upright, parted by more than
its length from the border, and by nearly twice its length from the
praebrachial transverse ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2
lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Gj-en. Amblada, n. g.

FcBW. Corpus sat robustum. Caput transversum, thorace vix angus-
tius. Antennce capitis latitudine breviores ; articulns 3"^ lanceolatus,

MR. WALKER 01^^ BIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 145

2" longior ; arista pubescens. Abdomen brevi-ovatum, thorace multo
brevius. Peeves simplices. Al(S mediocres.
Female. Body moderately stout. Head transverse, almost as broad as
the thorax, somewhat flat above; proboscis and palpi very short.
Antennaj shorter than the breadth of the head ; 3rd joint lanceolate,
longer than the 2nd ; arista pubescent. Abdomen short-oval, much
shorter than the thorax. Legs simple, moderately long. Wings of
moderate size ; veins of the usual structure.

163. Am B LAD A ATOM ARIA, n. s. Fcum,. Cinerea, capite guttis qua-
tuor fuscis maculisque duabus atris, arista alba fiUformi, thorace
iioeis duabus punctisque plurimis fuscis, abdomine fulvo segmentorum
raarginibus nigro punctatis, pedibus fulvis, tibiis albidis nigro bifas-
ciatis, alis lurido-cinereis.

Female. Cinereous ; head vi^hite about the eyes, with two brown dots
on each side of the vertex, and with a deep black spot on each side in
front ; antennae cinereous-brown ; arista white, filiform, seated on the
base of the 3rd joint, which it much exceeds in length ; thorax with
two slender brown lines and with very numerous brown points ; ab-
domen tawny, with black points on the hind borders of the segments ;
legs tawny ; tibiae dingy whitish, with two black bands on each ; wings
grey, with a lurid tiuge ; veins tawny, black by the costa at the base ;
discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by less than its length
from the border, and by full twice its length from the praebrachial
transverse ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2^ lines j of the
wings 5 lines.

Gen. Sepedon, Zatr.

1()4. Sepedon Javanensis, Desv. Essai Myod. 677- 2.
Inhabits also Java.

Subfam. Latjxanides, Walk.
Gen. LoNCH(EA, Fallen.

165. LoNCH(EA? PUNCTiPENNis. FcBm. Nigra, nitens, capite an-
tico argenteo, antennarura articulo 3^ longe-conico, arista plumosa,
tarsis halteribusque piceis, alis cinereis basi nigris puncto costali
nigro.

Female. Black, shining, with several stout bristles; head silvery in
front; face flat; antennae short; third joint elongate-conical, arista
very plumose ; abdomen oval, convex, a little shorter and narrower
than the thorax ; tarsi and halteres piceous ; wings grey, black at the
base, with a black costal point at the tip ^f the subcostal vein ; veins
yellowish, black at the base ; costal vein black ; discal transverse vein
straight, upright, parted by less than its length from the border, and
by nearly twice its length from the praebrachial transverse. Length
of the body 2| hues ; of the wings 4^ lines.
LINN. PROC. ZOOLOGY. 10

146 MB. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAB.

166. LoNCHCEA? coNSENTANEA, n. s. Foem. Nigra, nitens, arista
nuda, ahdomine cyanescente-nigro, alis cinereis, halteribus albis.

Female. Black, shining ; antennae black, nearly reaching the ej)istoma ;
3rd joint linear, about thrice the length of the 2nd ; arista simple ;
abdomen bluish black ; wings grey ; veins black, testaceous at the
base ; discal trausverse vein straight, upright, parted by less than its
length from the border and by more than twice its length from the
praebrachial transverse ; halteres white. Length of the body 2 lines ;
of the wings 3^ lines.

167. LoNCHCEA ? ATRATULA, n. s. F(Bm. Atra, pubescens, antennis
epistoma attingentibus, arista plumosa, abdomine subovato, alis nigri-
cantibus.

Female. Deep black, pubescent, not shining; antennae reaching the
epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, about four times the
length of the 2nd ; arista plumose ; abdomen somewhat oval, a little
broader but hardly longer than the thorax ; wings blackish ; veins
black ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by less than its
length from the border, and by about twice its length from the prae-
brachial transverse. Length of the body 2 lines; of the wings 3i
lines-
Gen. Theessa, n. g.

Fonm. Corpus breve, crassum. Caput thorace multo latins. Oculi
magni. Antenncs epistoma. fere attingentes; articulus 3"Minearis, 2**
plus duplo longior ; arista plumosa. Abdomen subovatum, thorace
non longius. Pedes longiusculi. Al(S parvae.

Female. Body short, thick. Head much broader than the thorax ; front
wide. Eyes large. Antennae nearly reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint
linear, rounded at the tip, more than twice the length of the 2nd ;
arista plumose. Thorax a little longer than broad ; scutellum rather
prominent. Abdomen nearly oval, not longer than the thorax. Legs
rather short. Wings small ; costal vein ending at the tip of the wing ;
radial vein very near the costa ; cubital vein ending at a little in front
of the tip ; transverse veins much retracted, very short.

168. Thressa signifera, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, nitens, capite cya-
neo, antennis pedibusque fulvis, thorace strigis duabus lateralibus
albis, femoribus nigris, alis hyalinis apud costam nigris, halteribus
albis. Var. /3. Alis apud costam hyalinis macula apicali nigra.

Female. Black, shining ; head blue ; antennae tawny ; thorax with a
white transverse streak on each side ; legs tawny ; femora black, with
tawny tips ; wings hyaline, black along the costa ; veins black ; discal
transverse vein parted by four times its length from the border, and
by six times its length from the praebrachial transverse; halteres
white. Var. /3. Wings not black along the costa, with the exception
of a black apical spot. Length of the body 1 ^ line ; of the wings 2^
lines.

MR WALKER OIH DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 147

Gen. OcHTiiiPiiiLA, Fal

16!). OcHTHiPHiLA DiscoGLAUCA, n. s. Fcem. Fusca, capite tho-
racisque disco glucescente-albidis, arista plumosa, thorace lineis duabus
lateralibus albidis, abdomine lineis transversis vittaque albidis, tibiis
tarsisqiie rufescentibus, alis cinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Brown ; heaxl glaucous-whitish ; antennae black, nearly reach-
ing the epistoraa ; third joint conical^ arista plumose ; thorax with a
very broad glaucous- whitish stripe, a whitish line on each side and
two on each side of the pectus ; abdomen oval, a little shorter than
the thorax, with a whitish band on the hind border of each segment
and with a whitish stripe, the whitish hue appearing tawny in some
aspects ; tibiae and tarsi reddish ; wings grey ; veins black ; discal
transverse vein straight, upright, parted by much less than its length
from the border, and by nearly twice its length from the praebrachial
transverse ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the
wings 4 lines.

Gen. Celyphus, Dalman.

170. Celyphus obtectus, Dalm.an. See Vol. I. p. 30.

171. Celyphus scutatus, Wied. See Vol. I. p. 131.

Subfam. Oetalides, Haliday.
Gen. Lamprogaster, Macq.

172. Lamprogaster marginifera, Walk. See Vol. II. p. 111.

Gen. PTEROftENiA Bigot, MSS.

Mas et Foem. Platystomati affinis. Corpus breve, latum, crassum.
Caput thorace latins, antice planum, genis dilatatis. AntenncB parvae ;
articulus 3"^ longi-conicus ; arista plumosa. Thorax subconvexus ;
scutellum magnum. Abdomen thorace brevius et angustius. Pedes
breves, validi ; tibiae arcuatae. AIcb sat parvat ; alulae maximae. Mas.
Genae angulatse, valde dilatatae.

This genus is allied to Platystoma, and more especially to Trigonosoma.

Male and Female. Body short, broad, thick. Head broader than the
thorax, flat in front ; vertex broad ; sides of the face or genae dilated ;
epistoma rather prominent. Eyes oblong. Antennae small, resting
in the cavity of the broad face ; 3rd joint elongate-conical, more than
twice the length of the 2nd ; arista plumose. Thorax compact,
slightly convex ; scutellum large, conical. Abdomen short, conical,
shorter and narrower than the thorax. Legs short, stout ; tibiae curved,
especially the hind pair. Wings rather small"; alulae very large. Male.
Sides of the face more dilated than those of the female, and forming
an angle or short horn on each side.

173. Pterogenia singularis. Bigot, MSS. Mas et Foim. Nigra,
nitens, capite flavescente-albo fasciis quatuor nigris, antennis pajlide

10*

148 MR. WALKER O^N DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

luteis basi nigris, abdominis segmentis flavo marginatis, tarsis albis
apice nigris, alis subcinereis dimidio basali hitescente fasciis contiguis
fuscis, fascia strigisque exterioribus fuscis, halteribus fulvis.
Male and Female. Black, shining. Head yellowish-white, with four
black bands ; 1st band on the vertex, broader than the others ; 2nd
across the base of the antennae ; 3rd in front of the face ; 4th on the
epistoma ; antennae pale luteous, black at the base ; hind borders of
the abdominal segments yellow ; sides dark tawny towards the base ;
legs pubescent ; tarsi white, with black tips ; wings slightly cinereous ;
basal half somewhat luteous, with several partly confluent brown
bands, exterior part with one brown band and with several transverse
brown streaks ; veins black, pale luteous exteriorly ; discal transverse,
vein slightly curved outward, parted by about one-third of its length
from the border, and by more than its length from the praebrachial
transverse ; alulae white ; halteres tawny. Length of the body 3 lines ;
of the wings 7 lines.

Gen. Platystoma, Latr.

174. Platystoma atomarium, n. s. Mas. Cinereum, nigro pul-
verosum, facie alba nigro biguttata, antennis pedibusque nigris, arista
plumosa, pectore albido, alis nigricantibus guttis plurimis limpidis.

Male. Cinereous ; head flat above, white about the eyes ; face white,
with a black dot on each side in front ; antennae black, nearly extend-
ing to the peristoma ; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, more than
twice the length of the 2nd ; arista plumose ; thorax with numerous
lines of minute black points ; pectus whitish, with black points ; ab-
domen oval, powdered with black, not longer than the thorax ; legs
short, stout, black ; wings blackish, covered with hmpid dots, except-
ing a narrow oblique band on the transverse veins ; veins black ; discal
transverse vein straight, upright, parted by less than half its length
from the border, and by a little more than half its length from the
praebrachial transverse. Length of the body 2i lines ; of the wings
4^ lines.

175. Platystoma b a sale, n. s. Fcem. Cinerea, capite lineis tribus
albidis, antennis basi nigris, arista plumosa, thorace vittis indistinctis
fuscis maculisque lateralibus nigris testaceo-marginatis, scutello nigro
vitta cinerea, abdominis segmentis albido-marginatis, femoribus anticis
tibiisque albido fasciatis, alis subcinereis lituris transversis fascia ex-
teriore costam versus dilatata fasciaque subapicali nigricantibus, hal-
teribus albis.

Female. Cinereous ; head white about the eyes and beneath, and with
three whitish lines on the front ; epistoma not prominent ; proboscis
large ; antennae black towards the base, not near reaching the epi-
stoma ; 3rd joint elongate-conical, about twice the length of the 2nd ;
arista plumose j thorax with indistinct brown stripes, and on each side

ME. WALKEE ON DTPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 149

with black shining testaceous-bordered spots ; scutellum black, shining,
with a cinereous stripe ; abdomen cinereous-black, oval, tawny on
each side at the base, a little shorter and narrower than the thorax ;
hind borders of the segments whitish ; legs black ; tibiae and fore
femora with a whitish band on each ; wings slightly greyish, with
several irregular transverse blackish marks near the base, with a broad
exterior blackish band, which is dilated and contains a whitish streak
towards the costa, and with an irregular subapical blackish band;
veins black ; discal transverse vein nearly straight and upright, parted
by more than half its length from the border, and by nearly twice its
length from the prsebrachial transverse ; halter ps white. Length of
the body 2^ lines ; of the wings 4| hues.

Gen. Dacus, Fabr.

176. Dacus DiVERGENS, n. s. Mas, Purpureus, longus, angustus;
fronte tumida, facie carinata fulvo maculata, palpis fulvis, antennis
piceis, arista alba subpubescente, thorace vittis tribus cinereis, ab-
domine fusiformi apicem versus cylindrico et cyaneo, pedibus piceo-
nigris, femoribus fulvis, tarsis posticis rufescentibus, alis cinereis apices
versus et apud venas transversas fuscis, halteribus albido-flavis.

Male. Bluish purple, long, slender ; head whitish about the eyes ; front
tumid, convex ; face keeled, with a large elongated tawny spot ; palpi
tawny; antennae piceous, reaching the epistoma, tawny at the base;
3rd joint linear, conical at the tip, six times the length of the 2nd ;
arista white, minutely pubescent, very much longer than the 3rd joint ;
thorax slightly compressed, with three cinereous stripes; pectus cine-
reous ; abdomen fusiform, cylindrical, and mostly blue towards the
tip, very much longer than the thorax ; legs piceous black ; femora
tawny ; hind tarsi reddish except at the tips ; wings cinereous, brown
on the fore part towards the tips and about the transverse veins, the
brown part including a curved cinereous streak between the cubital
and prsebrachial veins ; veins black ; praebrachial vein very slightly
undulating ; discal transverse vein curved outward, parted by one-
fourth of its length from the border, and by much more than its length
from the oblique prsebrachial transverse ; halteres whitish yellow.
Length of the body 7 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.
The genus Dacus includes many distinct forms, and will probably be
soon divided into numerous subgenera ; the characters of the preceding
species differ much from those of the type^ D. Olece. Some of the
following species may belong to Senopterina, Macq.

177. Dacus addens, n. s. Fcem. Cyaneu^, longus, angustus, capite
nigro, facie plana perobliqua, arista cinerea nuda, thorace vittis tribus
cinereis, abdomine seneo-viridi, tibiis tarsis halteribusque nigris, alis
cinereis apud costam et apud venam transversam discalem nigrican-
tibus.

150 MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

Female. Blue, long, narrow ; head black, depressed above, white about
the eyes ; face very oblique, forming before the front a protuberance
on which the antennae are seated, its fore part oblong quadrate, almost
flat, with whitish furrows for the antennae ; palpi and antennae black,
the latter reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, rather obtuse at the
tip, six times the length of the 2nd ; arista cinereous, bare, hardly
longer than the 3rd joint; thorax with three indistinct cinereous
stripes ; abdomen aeneous-green, nearly linear, shghtly compressed,
much longer than the thorax ; oviduct protuberant, slender ; legs
short, stout ; tibiae and tarsi black ; wings grey, blackish along the
costa and about the transverse veins ; veins and halteres black j discal
transverse vein straight, upright, parted by full one-fourth of its length
from the border, and by much more than its length from the praebra-
chial transverse. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 12 lines.

178. Dacus BiLiNEATUS, u. s. FcBm. Fulvus, longiusculus, nigro
bivittatus, capite antennisque rufescentibus, arista plumosa, palpis por-
rectis ; pedibus breviusculis nigro fasciatis, alis cinereis, costa vena-
que transversa discali fusco nebulosis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Tawny, rather long ; head reddish in front ; epistoma rather
prominent ; palpi porrect ; antennae reddish, nearly reaching the epi-
stoma ; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, about thrice the length
of the 2nd ; arista somewhat plumose ; thorax elongate-elliptical, with
two black stripes ; abdomen lanceolate, shining, with two broad black
stripes, longer than the thorax ; legs rather short, with diffuse black
bands ; wings grey, brownish along the costa and about the discal
transverse vein; veins black, tawny at the base; discal transverse
vein nearly straight and upright, parted by one-fourth of its length
from the border, and by much more than its length from the prajbra-
chial transverse ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 4 lines ; of
the wings 7 lines.

179. Dacus imitans, n. s. Fcem. Cyaneus, angustus, capite atro,
antennis pedibusque nigris, tarsis posticis basi albidis, alis cinereis,
costa vittaque nigris, halteribus piceis.

This species is closely allied to D. longivitta, and D. exigens and D, con-
trahens belong to the same group.

Female. Dark blue, narrow, with slight cinereous tomentum ; head deep
black above, white about the eyes ; peristoma very prominent ; pro-
boscis large ; antennae black, nearly reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint
linear, conical at the tip, about four times the length of the 2nd ; arista
bare, slender ; abdomen fusiform, narrower and a little longer than
the thorax ; oviduct protuberant, slender ; legs black, moderately
long ; first joint of the hind tarsi whitish above ; wings cinereous,
black along most of the costa to the tips, and black on the space be-
tween the cubital and praebrachial veins as far as the prsebrachial
transverse vein ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by

MR. WALKER ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAB. 151

less than half its length from the border, and by very much more than
its length from the prajbrachial transverse ; halteres piceous. Length
of the body 31 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

180. Dacus exigens, n. s. Mas. Viridescente cyaneus, angustus,
capite rufescente piceo, antennis luteis, arista nuda, thorace vittis
tribus cinereis, pedibus fulvis, alis cinereis striga eostali apiceque fuscis,
halteribus testaceis.

Male. Greenish blue, narrow ; head reddish, piceous above, white
about the eyes, black in front ; antennae luteous, reaching the epistoma ;
3rd joint slightly lanceolate, full four times the length of the 2nd ;
arista slender, simple ; thorax with three cinereous stripes ; abdomen
almost cylindrical, much longer than the thorax ; legs tawny ; tarsi
black towards the tips ; wings grey, brown at the tips and with a brown
streak on the middle of the costa ; veins black, tawny towards the
base; discal transverse vein straight, upright, clouded with brown,
parted by less than half its length from the border, and by much more
than its length from the prajbrachial transverse ; halteres testaceous.
Length of the body 3^ lines ; of the wings 5^ lines.

181. Dacus contrahens, n. s. Fam. Cyaneus, angustus, capite
supra atro apud oculos albo, antennis luteis, thorace vittis tribus cine-
reis, pedibus piceis, alis cinereis vitta eostali interrupta nigricante,
vena transversa discali nigricante nebulosa, halteribus albidis.

Female. Dark blue, narrow ; head deep black above, white about the
eyes, piceous in front ; antennae luteous, reaching the epistoma ; 3rd
joint linear, conical at the tip, about six times the length of the 2nd ;
arista slender, simple ; thorax with three cinereous stripes ; abdomen
compressed, a little longer than the thorax ; legs piceous ; wings grey,
with a blackish interrupted costal stripe, which is dilated at the tip of
the wing ; veins black ; discal transverse vein clouded with blackish,
parted by half its length from the border, and by a little more than
its length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres whitish. Length
of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

182. Dacus inaptus, n. s. Mas et Fosm. Viridis, capite atro, facie
fulva basi alba, antennis piceis, pedibus halteribusque nigris, alis an-
gustis cinereis.

Male and Female. Green, with slight cinereous tomentum ; head deep
black, white about the eyes ; face tawny, white at the base ; antennae
piceous, reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint lanceolate, full four times
the length of the 2nd ; arista bare, long, slender ; thorax long, shghtly
compressed ; abdomen slightly compressed at the base, linear, nar-
rower and a little shorter than the thorax in the male, fusiform and
much attenuated towai-ds the tip in the fetnale ; legs black, moderately
long ; wings narrow, cinereous ; veins black, straight ; discal trans-
verse vein straight, upright, parted by less than half its length from
the border, and by almost twice its length from the praebrachial trans-

152 ME. WALKEK OK DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAK,

verse ; halteres black. Length of the body 3^-4 h lines ; of the wings
6—8 Une8.

183. Dacus terminifer, n. s. Fobth. Niger, nitens, breviusculus,
capite mfescente, antennis fulvis, arista nuda, scutello pectorisque
maculis duabus flavis, pedibus breviusculis, tibiis anterioribus femori-
bus posticis basi tarsisque albidis, alis vitreis, striga costali puncto
apicali vittaque postica nigricantibus, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Black, shining, rather short ; head reddish above ; antennae
tawny, reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, piceous towards the
tip, which is rounded, about six times the length of the 2nd ; arista
slender, bare ; scutellum dull yellow ; pectus with an oblique yellow
spot on each side ; abdomen hardly broader than long, a little broader
and shorter than the thorax ; legs rather short ; tarsi and anterior
tibiae whitish ; hind femora whitish towards the base ; wings vitreous,
with a short black stripe extending from the base to near the hind bor-
der ; costa with a blackish streak in the middle and with a blackish
apical point ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by about
one-third of its length from the border, and by more than its length
from the prajbrachial transverse, which is oblique and unusually long ;
halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2^ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

184. Dacus emittens, n. s. Mas et Fosm. Fulvus, facie brevi nigro
biguttata, antennis pallide luteis, arista nuda, thorace lineis quinque
rufescentibus, disco nonnunquam nigricante-cinereo, scutello callisque
humeralibus flavis, abdomine nigro-fasciato, alis vitreis fusco plus
minusve strigatis, halteribus albido-testaceis.

Male and Female. Tawny, convex, minutely pubescent; face short,
with a black dot on each side ; antennae pale luteous, reaching the
epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, conical at the tip, full four times the length
of the 2nd : arista slender, bare, much longer than the 3rd joint ;
thorax with five reddish lines ; scutellum and humeral calli yellow ;
metathorax with a blackish mark on each side ; abdomen short, oval,
broader than the thorax, concave beneath, from whence in the female
the lanceolate apical part proceeds ; a protuberance on each side at the
base, and a black middle band, behind which there is a slight longitu-
dinal black line ; wings vitreous, lurid and partly brown along the
costa, brown along the subanal vein, and brown about the tips, except-
ing most of the space between the discal transverse vein and the bor-
der ; veins tawnj^ partly black, slightly deviating ; discal transverse
vein nearly straight, parted by about one-third of its length from the
border, and by more than its length from the oblique and rather long
praebrachial transverse ; halteres whitish testaceous. Var. /3. Abdo-
men with two black bands. Var. y, Male. Discal transverse vein not
clouded with brown. Var. d, Male. Praebrachial transverse vein
clouded with brown. Var. e, Male. Disk of the thorax blackish
grey ; wings vitreous, excepting a slight brown line along the costa,

ME. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAEESSAR. 153

and another along the snbanal vein. Var. f, Male. Abdomen with
a black interrupted subapical band. Length of the body 3-6 lines ; of
the wings 5-10 lines.
This species is closely allied to D. ferrugineus and to D. trivittatus, but
may be distinguished by the luteous hue along the costa.

185. Dacus diffusus, n. s. Foem. Testaceus, facie nigro fasciata,
palpis nigro notatis, thoracis vittis duabus angustis abbreviatis et
metathoracis fasciis duabus angustis nigris, abdomine fusiforini, alis
subcinereis apud venas fuscescente subnebulosis.

Female. Testaceous, not shining ; head paler about the eyes, with a
black band on the face near the epistoma ; palpi with a black mark
on each outer side ; antennae reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear,
rounded at the tip, more than four times the length of the 2nd ; arista
bare ; thorax with two narrow abbreviated black stripes ; metathorax
with two slender black bands ; abdomen fusiform, narrower and a little
longer than the thorax ; legs moderately long ; wings slightly greyish,
irregularly clouded with very pale brown about the veins ; the latter
black, testaceous towards the base; discal transverse vein straight,
upright, parted by about one-fourth of its length from the border, and
by much less than its length from the praebrachial transverse, which
is undulating and very oblique. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the
vnngs 7 lines.

186. Dacus fulvitarsis, n. s. Fcem. Niger, longiusculus, capite apud
oculos albo, antennis piceis, abdomine lanceolato, femoribus basi fulvis,
metatarsis subdilatis, tarsis posterioribus fulvis, alis cinereis nigricante
nebulosis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Black, rather long and narrow ; head white about the eyes ;
face small ; antenna? piceous, short ; 3rd joint nearly round, a little
longer than broad ; arista long, bare ; thorax elongate ; abdomen lan-
ceolate, longer than the thorax ; femora tawny at the base ; metatarsi
slightly dilated ; posterior tarsi tawny, with black tips ; wings grey,
partly clouded with blackish ; veins black ; discal transverse vein
straight, upright, parted by about twice its length from the border,
and by about thrice its length from the praebrachial transverse ; hal-
teres testaceous. Length of the body 2| lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Gen. Callantra, n. g.

F(Em. Corpus convexum. Caput thorace vix angustius. Palpi distincti,
porrecti. Antennce longse, petiolo aut articulo P communi, arista
uuda. Thorax brevis. Abdomen petiolatum, postice ovatum et valde
convexum, subtus concavum. Pedes me4iocres. Ala sat angustae.

Female. Body convex. Head almost as broad as the thorax ; face ver-
tical ; palpi distinct, porrect ; antennae long, seated on a common
jjetiole or first joint, with which the succeeding part forms a right
angle ; 3rd joint very slightly increasing in breadth from the base to

154 ME. WALKER OK DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAB.

the tip, full thrice the length of the 2nd joint, which is rather long;
arista bare, slender, a little longer than the 3rd joint. Thorax short.
Abdomen petiolated, oval and very convex hind ward, concave beneath,
very much longer than the thorax. Legs moderately long. Wings
rather narrow.

187. Callantra SMiEROiDEs, n. s. F(em. Fulva, facie nigro-bigut-
tata, antennis testaceis, thoracis fascia, scutello, callis duobus hume-
ralibus, pectoris lituris duabus, abdominis fasciis duabus lituraque
subapicali flavis, alis subcinereis apud costam fuscescentibus, halteribus
testaceis.

Female. Tawny ; head testaceous about the eyes ; face with a black dot
on each side; antennae testaceous, extending beyond the epistoma;
thorax with two yellow humeral calli, and with a yellow band which is
continued on each side of the pectus, the latter having a yellow mark
on each side hindward ; scutellura yellow ; abdomen with the hind
borders of the 1st and 2nd segments yellow; a yellow capitate sub-
apical mark, which is dilated on each side ; wings slightly grey, brown-
ish along the costa ; veins black, tawny towards the base ; a lurid
tinge along the subanal vein ; discal transverse vein oblique, nearly
straight, parted by less than half its length from the border, and by
more than its length from the prsebrachial transverse ; halteres testa-
ceous. Length of the body 4^ lines ; of the wings 7h lines.

Gren. Aeagaea, n. g.

Faem. Corpus angustum. Caput supra planum, thorace latius ; facies
valde retracta. AntenncB brevissimse ; articulus 3^* subrotundus ; arista
nuda. Thorax longus, subcompressus. Abdomen ovatum, thorace
brevius. Pedes antici raptorii, coxis longissimis, femoribus incrassatis.
Alee sat angustse.

Allied to Dacus.

Female. Body narrow. Head flat above, broader than the thorax ; face
much retracted. Antennae very short ; 3rd joint nearly round, a little
longer than the 2nd ; arista bare, slender. Thorax long, slightly com-
pressed. Abdomen oval, shorter but hardly broader than the thorax.
Fore legs raptorious ; coxae very long ; femora incrassated ; tibiae
shorter than the femora to which they are applied. Posterior legs
moderately long and stout. Wings rather narrow.

188. Aragara crassipes, n. s. F(£m. Cinereo-nigra, capite cyaneo,
tarsis testaceis, alis cinereis, halteribus albis.

Female. Black, slightly covered with cinereous tomentum ; head blue,
shining, luteous on each side in front ; antennae black ; thorax cine-
reous on each side; tarsi testaceous, with black tips; wings grey;
veins black ; pracbrachial vein and subanal vein very near each other
from the base to the discal transverse vein, which is straight and parted

ME. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 155

by four times its length from tlie border, and by more than four times
its length from the prsebrachial transverse ; halteres white. Length
of the body 21 lines; of the wings 4 lines.

Gen. EificoPTEEA, Maeq.

189. Enicoptera pictipennis, n. s. Mas. Fulva, longa, nitens,
pubescens, capite luteo vitta lata, litura antica arcuata maculisque
duabus lateralibus nigris, palpis nigro notatis, antennis basi nigro gut-
tatis apice nigricantibus, abdomine longi-fusiformi nigricante basi ful-
vo, alis longis luteis apud costam nigris postice cinereis, vittis quatuor
deviis fuscis.

Male. Tawny, long, shining, pubescent, testaceous beneath ; head pale
luteous, with a broad black stripe, which is dilated on each side ; a
black U-shaped mark about the face, which is black ; a large black
spot on each side of the peristoma; palpi partly black; antennae
blackish at the tips, and with a black dot on each at the base ; 3rd
joint linear, rounded at the tip, more than twice the length of the 2nd ;
arista plumose ; pectus with a minute blackish mark on each side in
front ; abdomen blackish, except towards the base, elongate-fusiform,
much longer and narrower than the thorax; legs long, testaceous,
minutely pubescent ; wings long, luteous, cinereous along the inner
part of the hind border ; black along the exterior part of the costa^
and with four irregular brown stripes which are abbreviated towards
the base, the first also interrupted ; veins luteous, black in the dark
parts ; radial vein undulating ; cubital vein hardly undulating ; praj-
brachial vein curved and inclined forward towards its tip ; discal trans-
verse vein very oblique, slightly curved outwards, parted by less than
half its length from the border, and by more than its length from the
praibrachial transverse. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings
16 lines.
190. Enicoptera TORTUOSA, n.s. Mas. Fulva, longa, nitens, pubes-
cens, facie argenteo bistrigata, thoracis vittis duabus fasciaque metatho-
race pectorisque disco nigris, abdomine lineari vittis duabus ventralibus
nigris, alis longis vitreis subdilatatis, vitta costali fulva nigricante ne-
bulosa, apice furcata, vittis duabus obliquis flavo-fuscis.
Male, Tawny, long, shining, minutely pubescent ; head depressed
above, with a silvery streak on each side of the face; antennaj reach-
ing the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, slightly and obliquely truncated at
the tip, full four times the length of the 2nd ; arista plumose »
thorax with an irregular black stripe along each side, and with a black
band adjoining the scutellum ; metathorax and disc of the pectus
black ; abdomen linear, much longer and narrower than the thorax,
with a black stripe beneath ; legs long, minutely pubescent ; wings
long, vitreous, somewhat dilated, tawny and |)artly shaded with black-
ish along the costa; this costal stripe dilated towards the base, and
emitting a fork towards the tip ; two oblique brown and yellow stripes.

156 ME. WALKER ON DIPTEEA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAB.

which part from the hind border, are united on the praebrachial trans-
verse vein, and there join the costal stripe, the exterior one very short ;
veins black ; radial vein excessively contorted towards its tip ; cubital
vein straight till near its tip, where it is inclined hindward, and is
slightly undulating ; praebrachial vein very undulating exteriorly ; sub-
anal vein straight ; discal transverse vein very oblique, nearly straight,
parted by full one-fourth of its length from the border, and by full
half its length from the praebrachial transverse, which is straight, up-
right, and unusually long. Length of the body 7 lines ; of the wings
16 lines,
Enicoptera flava, Macq. (Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 3, 63), the type of this
genus , inhabits Java, and is closely allied to E. tortuosa, and may be
a local variety of the latter species, but differs from the character and
figure. Macquart states that his description was taken from an ap-
parently immature specimen.

191. Enicoptera ARCUOSA, n. s. Mas. Fulva, longa, nitens, pubes-
cens, capite pallide luteo vitta lata biramosa fasciaque antica nigris,
thoracis lineolis duabus maculisque duabus anterioribus pectorisque
lituris duabus nigris, abdomine fusiformi, alis longis lutescentibus sat
angustis apices versus fuscis postice cinereis, vitta discali albida, fascia
exteriore alba antice furcata et arcuata.

Male. Tawny, long, shining, minutely pubescent ; head pale luteous,
with a broad black stripe which emits an oblique branch on each side
to the eye, and with a black band by the epistoma ; antennae nearly
reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, thrice the
length of the 2nd ; arista plumose ; thorax with two short black lines,
each with a black spot in front ; pectus with a black mark on each side ;
abdomen fusiform, longer but hardly narrower than the thorax ; legs
long, hardly pubescent ; wings long, rather narrow, somewhat luteous,
brown towards the tips, grey along the hind border, with a short
whitish discal stripe which terminates in a white band, the latter ab-
breviated hindward and forked in front, the exterior fork much curved
and terminating behind the tip of the wing ; veins tawny, black towards
the tips; radial vein slightly undulating opposite the praebrachial
transverse vein ; the other veins straight ; discal transverse vein slightly
oblique, slightly curved outward, parted by full one-third of its length
from the border, and by nearly twice its length from the praebrachial
transverse ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the
wings 14 lines.

192. Enicoptera? plagifera, n. s. Fcem. Testacea, longiuscula,
frontis puncto nigro, facie nigricante-cinerea, palpis nigro guttatis,
antennis luteis, thoracis lineis tribus strigisque duabus exterioribus,
metathorace pectorisque lituris nigris, abdomine fusiformi fasciis dua-
bus basalibus nigris ; ahs vitreis longiusculis, strigis duabus basahbus
fasciis duabus plagaque subapicali fuscis.
Female. Testaceous, rather long, not shining, with a few black bristles ;

MH. WALKER ON DTPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 157

head a little narrower than the thorax, with a black point on the front ;
face blackish grey ; palpi with a black dot on each outer side ; an-
tennae pale luteous, not reaching the epistoma; 3rd joint linear,
rounded at the tip, about four times the length of the 2nd ; arista
bare ; thorax with three black lines and with two short and more ex-
terior black streaks ; metathorax black, shining ; pectus with some
black marks on each side ; abdomen fusiform, hardly longer than the
thorax, with two black bands near the base ; legs moderately long ;
wings vitreous, rather long, with two narrow brown bands, the interior
band emitting two brown streaks to the base of the wing, the exterior
band curved, continued along the costa to the tip of the radial vein,
the space beyond it mostly occupied by an elliptical brown patch ;
veins black, straight ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted
by more than half its length from the border, and by nearly twice its
length from the oblique prsebrachial transverse. Length of the body
4| lines j of the wings 9 lines.

Gen. Ortalis, Fallen.

The two following species belong to a new group of Ortalis, and will
probably form a distinct genus.

193. Ortalis decatomoides, n. s. Mas. Obscure rufa, thorace
brevi, abdomine nigro, fusiformi, basi rufo, pedibus fulvis, femoribus
posterioribus basi albidis, tibiis posticis nigris, alis subcinereis, macula
apicali fasciisque duabus nigricantibus.

Male. Dull red ; head rather large, a little broader than the thorax,
blackish on each side of the face ; antennae wanting ; thorax short ;
abdomen black, shining, fusiform, red at the base, a little narrower
but hardly longer than the thorax ; legs tawny ; posterior femora
whitish at the base ; hind tibiae black ; wings slightly greyish, rather
convex along the hind border, blackish at the tips, and with two
blackish bands ; first band rather oblique ; veins black ; prabrachial
vein and cubital vein slightly curved and approximating towards the
tip of the wing ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, short, parted
by much more than its length from the border, and by full twice its
length from the precbrachial transverse, which is extremely short ;
Length of the body H line ; of the wings 2\ lines.

194. Ortalis vacillans, n. s. Fcem. Fulva, arista pubescente, ab-
domine nigro postice lanceolato^ alis limpidis, costa striga basali fas-
ciisque tribus nigricantibus.

Closely allied to D. decatomoides. Female. Tawny, shining ; head full
as broad as the thorax ; epistoma slightlv prominent ; antennae nearly
reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint linear, conical towards the tip, about
four times the length of the 2nd; arista pubescent; abdomen black,
a little longer than the thorax, lanceolate hindward ; wings limpid,
blackish along the costa, with a blackish streak, and with three slen-

158 ME. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

der blackish bands; 1st band short, oblique, abbreviated hindward
by the end of the basal streak; 2nd curved, slightly abbreviated
hindward ; 3rd nearly straight, entire ; discal transverse vein upright,
nearly straight, parted by less than half its length from the border,
and by much more than its length from the prsebrachial transverse.
Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Gen. Trtpeta, MeAgen.

195. Trypeta basifascia. F(£m. Ferruginea, longiuseula, capite an-
tennisque luteis, arista plumosa, metathorace nigro, pectoris disco
nigricante, abdomine nigro basi fulvo, pedibus halteribusque fulvis,
femoribus posterioribus nigricantibus, alis nigris albo notatis basi
vitreis.

Female. Ferruginous, shining, rather long; head luteous, white about
the eyes, narrower than the thorax ; face rather long ; sides of the
peristoma slightly dilated ; antennae luteous, very short, not extending
to half the length of the face ; 3rd joint conical, much longer than the
2nd ; arista plumose ; metathorax black ; disk of the pectus blackish ;
abdomen black, fusiform, tawny towards the base, a little longer than
the thorax; legs and halteres tawny; posterior femora blackish;
wings black, mostly vitreous towards the base, with two white spots
on the costa, with two on the hind border, and with four or five trans-
verse white dots on the disk ; veins black, tawny at the base ; discal
transverse vein straight, upright, parted by much less than its length
from the border, and by much more than its length from the preebra-
chial transverse. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

196. Trypeta nigrifascia, n. s. Mas. Fulva, capita antennisque
pallide luteis, arista plumosa, thoracis lineis duabus et fascia metatho-
raceque nigris, abdomine elliptico, alis vitreis latiusculis, vitta costali
fulva vittaque postica fusca.

Male. Tawny, shining ; head pale luteous, whitish on the face and
about the eyes ; antennae pale luteous, not near reaching the epistoma ;
3rd joint elongate-conical, about twice the length of the 2nd ; arista
plumose; thorax with an irregular black line on each side, and with a
black band in front of the scutellum ; metathorax black ; abdomen
elliptical, much shorter and a little narrower than the thorax ; wings
vitreous, rather broad, with a broad tawny stripe, which occupies the
whole base and extends beyond the tip along the costa, where it con-
tains some grey marks ; a brown stripe near the hind border, abruptly
angular exteriorly ; veins tawny ; discal transverse nearly straight and
upright, parted by less than half its length from the border, and by
more than its length from the praebrachial transverse. Length of the
body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

197- Trypeta lativentris, n. s. Mas. Fusca, lata, depressa, ca-
pite, antennis, scutello abdomineque rufescentibus, arista subpubes-

MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 159

cente, abdomine vitta interrupta nigra, pedibus testaceis, femoribus
nigricantibus postice cinereis, lituris costalibus et marginalibus vitreis.
Male. Brown, ratber broad and flat ; head reddish, a httle narrower
than the thorax, testaceous on the face and about the eyes ; face quite
flat; antennaj reddish, not near reaching the epistoma; 3rd joint
hnear, rounded at the tip, more than twice the length of the 2nd ;
arista minutely pubescent ; thorax with black bristles on each side ;
scutellum and abdomen dark reddish, the latter broader and not longer
than the thorax, with a black stripe which is interrupted on the hind
border of each segment ; legs testaceous ; femora blackish, testaceous
towards the tips ; wings blackish, rather broad, cinereous along the
basal part of the hind border, with two small vitreous marks towards
the tip of the costa, and with three vitreous marks hindward, the
middle one much larger than the other two ; veins black ; discal trans-
verse vein nearly straight and upright, parted by a little less than half
its length from the border, and by a little less than its length from the
praebrachial transverse ; alulee and halteres testaceous. Length of the
body 3^ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

198. Trypeta STELLiPENNis, n. s. Mas et Foem. Ferruginea, capite
antennisque pallide luteis, arista plumosa, metathorace nigricante,
abdomine fusiformi, pedibus halteribusque testaceis, alis nigricantibus
latiusculis, guttis marginalibus punctisque discalibus albis.

Male and Female. Ferruginous, paler beneath ; head pale luteous, not
so broad as the thorax ; epistoma not prominent ; antenna3 pale luteous,
not near reaching the epistoma; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip,
full twice the length of the 2nd ; arista plumose ; metathorax blackish ;
abdomen fusiform, narrower and a little longer than the thorax ; ovi-
duct of the female cylindric-lanceolate ; legs and halteres testaceous ;
wings blackish, rather broad, white at the tips, with white marginal
dots and with white discal points ; veins black ; discal transverse vein
upright, nearly straight, parted by a little more than one-fourth of its
length from the border, and by about its length from the prsebrachial
transverse, which is rather long. Length of the body 21-3^ lines ; of
the wings 5-6 lines.

199. Trypeta amplipennis, n. s. Foem. Cinerea, capite antennis
pedibus halteribusque fulvis, arista nuda, abdomine nigro fusiformi
basi fulvo apicem versus lanceolate, alis nigris latissimis albo guttatis.

Female. Cinereous, dull; head tawny, whitish about the eyes; face
flat; antennae tawny, very short, not extending beyond half the length
of the face ; 3rd joint conical, a little longer than the 2nd ; arista
bare ; abdomen fusiform, black, shining, tawny towards the base, lan-
ceolate towards the tip, a little narrower and much longer than the
thorax ; legs and halteres tawny ; wings black, very broad, with a
white apical spot, with some white marginal and discal dots, and with
two larger white transverse costal marks ; veins black, tawny at the

160 MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

base ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by about half its
length from the border, and by a little less than its length from the
praebrachial transverse. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the v^rings
6 lines.

200. Trypeta approximans, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, nitens, capite ru-
feseente, facie cinerea, abdomine elliptico apicem versus lanceolato,
pedibus fulvis, femoribus nigris, alis nigricantibus albo maculatis.

Female. Black, shining ; head reddish ; face cinereous ; abdomen ellip-
tical, lanceolate towards the tip, much longer than the thorax ; legs
tawny ; femora black ; wings blackish, with two white triangular spots
on the costa, with three white dots on the disk, with three white
streaks on the hind border, and with two white subapical streaks ;
veins black ; discal transverse vein nearly straight and upright, parted
by much less than its length from the border, and by a little less
than its length from the praebrachial transverse. Length of the body
H line ; of the wings 2^ lines.

Gen. SoPHiRA, Walk.

201. SoPHiRA BisTRiGA, u. s. Fcem. Fulva, capite luteo, arista plu-
mosa, thorace pectoreque nigro maculatis, metathorace vittis duabus
nigris, abdomine fusiformi maculis lateralibus nigris, oviductu lanceo-
lato, alis nigricantibus albo bifasciatis basi fulvis.

Female. Tawny, shining ; head luteous, hardly as broad as the thorax,
white about the eyes ; antennae tawny, not near reaching the epistoma ;
3rd joint elongate-conical, more than twice the length of the 2nd ;
arista plumose ; thorax with four large black spots ; metathorax with
two black stripes ; pectus with two elongated black spots on each
side ; abdomen fusiform, with a long lanceolate flat oviduct, much
longer than the thorax ; each segment with two large lateral black
spots ; wings blackish, tawny towards the base, with two white bands,
the exterior band curved outward in front, and not extending to the
costa ; veins black, tawny towards the base ; discal transverse vein
curved outward, parted by full one-fourth of its length from the border,
and by very much more than its length from the praebrachial trans-
verse. Length of the body 4h lines ; of the w^ings 8 lines.

Gen. Palloptera, Fallen.

202. Palloptera DETRACTA, U.S. Mas. Testacea, capite apud oculos
cinereo, arista subpubescente, abdomine guttis duabus lateralibus sub-
apicalibus nigris, alis cinereis.

Male. Testaceous; head pale cinereous behind and about the eyes;
antennae short, tawny ; arista very minutely pubescent ; abdomen oval,
not longer than the thorax, with a black dot on each side of the sub-
apical segment ; wings grey ; veins black, testaceous at the base ;

MR. WALKEU ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAB. 161

discal transverse vein straight, upright, ])arted by hardly half its length
from the pr£ebrachial transverse. Length of the body 2i lines j of the
wings 5 lines.

Subfam. Diopsides, Walk.
Gen. Diopsis, Linn.

203. Diopsis subnotata, Westw. Orient. Ent. pi. 18. f. 2.
Inhabits also the Philippine Islands.

204. Diopsis detrahens, n. s. Fam. Nigra, capite ex parte ferru-
gineo, oculorum petiolis breviusculis, abdomine subtus lurido, coxis
femoribiisque fulvis, his apice nigris, alis nigricantibus macula sub-
costal! alba.

Female. Black ; head partly ferruginous ; petioles of the eyes each
equal in length to the space between them ; abdomen lurid beneath ;
coxae and femora tawny, the latter with black tips ; wings blackish,
with a white subcostal spot towards the tip ; veins black ; halteres
piceous. Length of the bo<iy 2\ lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Subfam. Sepsides, Walk.
Gen. Calobata, Fahi\

205. Calobata resoluta, n. s. Mas. Nigra, abdomine lineari longo,
segmentis albido marginatis, pedibus longissimis, femoribus posteri-
oribus testaceo trifasciatis, femoribus anticis basi coxisque anticis tes-
taceis, tarsis anticis albis, alis cinereis apices versus obscurioribus fascia
subapicali albida.

Male. Black, slightly shining ; pectus with an obhque cinereous band
on each side ; abdomen linear, pale beneath, much narrower than the
thorax, and nearly twice its length, hind borders of the segments
whitish ; legs black, very long ; posterior femora with three testaceous
bands ; fore femora at the base, and fore coxse, testaceous ; fore tarsi
white ; wings dark grey, blackish grey on each side of a whitish sub-
apical band ; veins black : discal transverse vein straight, upright,
parted by about half its length from the border, and by more than
four times its length from the prsebrachial transverse ; halteres piceous.
Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

206. Calobata impingens, n. s. Mas et Fam. Obscure cyanea,
antennis rufis, abdomine subtus ferrugineo segmentis albo marginatis,
pedibus fulvis, femoribus tibiisque anticis nigris, illis basi fulvis, femori-
bus posterioribus nigro trifasciatis, tibiis .tarsisque posterioribus ob-
scure fulvis, tarsis anticis albis basi nigris, alis cinereis fusco bifas-
ciatis.

Male and Female. Dark blue ; head white about the eyes ; antennae
red ; abdomen lanceolate, ferruginous beneath, narrower and very
LINN. PROC.^ZOOLOGY. 11

162 MK. WALKER OS DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

much longer than the thorax, hind borders of the segments white ;
legs tawny, very long ; posterior coxae and fore tibiae black ; posterior
femora with three black bands; fore femora black, tawny towards
the base ; posterior tibiae and posterior tarsi dark tawny ; fore tarsi
white, black at the base ; wings grey, with two brown bands, the second
apical ; veins black ; cubital vein and praebrachial vein converging to
the tip of the wing; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by
much less than its length from the border, and by more than thrice
its length from the praebrachial transverse. Var. /3 : Bands of the
wings broader and more complete. Length of the body 4-5 lines ; of
the wings 7-8 lines.
This species is erroneously recorded as C. indica in Vol. III. p. 124.

207. Calobata BiFASCiATA, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, longissima, gracil-
lima, capite litura transversa albida, arista breviuscula basi robusta,
abdominis dimidio antico subclavato fasciis duabus cinereis, dimidio
postico lanceolato, femoribus posticis basi albidis apice nifescentibus,
tarsis anticis albis apice nigris, alis cinereis nigricante bifasciatis.

Female. Black, very long and slender ; head with a whitish transverse
mark in front of the face, which is very short ; 3rd joint of the an-
tennae elongate-conical, more than twice the length of the 2nd ; arista
rather short, stout towards the base ; thorax attenuated in front ; ab-
domen more than twice the length of the thorax, broadest in the mid-
dle, subclavate to half its length, lanceolate from thence to the tip,
two cinereous bands on the basal half ; legs long ; hind femora whitish
at the base, reddish at the tips ; fore tarsi white, with black tips ;
wings grey, slightly blackish at the tips, and with two blackish bands,
the second broader and more complete than the first; veins black ; cubi-
tal vein and praebrachial vein slightly converging towards the tip of the
wing ; discal transverse vein straight, oblique, parted by less than its
length from the border, and by more than thrice its length from the
praebrachial transverse. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings
8 lines.

Gren. Cardiacephala, Macq.

208. Cardiacephala varipes, n. s. Mas. Testacea, gracillima, ca-
pite subelongato, antennis palhde rufis basi nigris, thorace antico
attenuato, abdomine lineari apicem versus tumido, femoribus inter-
mediis subincrassatis, tibiis intermediis nigris, tarsis intermediis albis
apice nigris, alis pallide fuscescentibus, basi fasciaque cinerascentibus.

Male. Testaceous, very slender ; head somewhat elongated ; antennae
pale red, black at the base ; thorax long, attenuated in front ; abdo-
men linear, tumid towards the tip, narrower and much longer than the
thorax ; legs very long ; fore legs much shorter and more slender than
the others ; middle femora slightly incrassated, except towards the
tips ; middle tibiae black ; middle tarsi white, with black tips ; wings

MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 163

pale brownish, greyish towards the base and with a greyish band
beyond the discal transverse vein ; veins black, testaceous towards the
base ; cubital vein and praibrachial vein slightly converging towards
the tip of the wing ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by
less than its length from the border, and by about thrice its length
from the praebrachial transverse. Length of the body 3| lines ; of the
wings 6 lines.

G-en, Sepsis, Fallen,

209. Sepsis testacea, n. s. Mas et Fozm. Testacea aut fulva, an-
tennispaliide rufis, abdomine subpubescente, alis cinerascentibHs, costa

„ basali nigra. Var. ^. Abdomine piceo basi fulvo.
Male and Female. Testaceous or tawny, slightly setose ; antennae pale
red, 3rd joint conical, about twice the length of the 2nd ; abdomen
slightly pubescent ; wings greyish, black along the costa towards the
base ; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by
a little more than its length from the border, and by more than its
length from the praebrachial transverse. Var. /3 : Abdomen piceous,
tawny towards the base. Length of the body 2-3 lines ; of the wings
3-4 lines.

210. Sepsis frontalis, n. s. Mas. Nigra, capite antico, antennis,
pedibus anticis femoribusque posterioribus basi testaceis, alis vitreis.
FfBm. Fulva, abdomine nigro.

Male. Black, shining ; head in front and antennae testaceous ; fore legs
testaceous ; posterior femora testaceous towards the base ; wings vitre-
ous ; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight, oblique, parted by
twice its length from the border, and from the praebrachial transverse.
Female. Tawny ; abdomen black. Length of the body 1 line ; of
the wings 2 lines.

21L Sepsis FASCiPES, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, subuitens, antennis pallide
rufis, abdomine fusiformi postice attenuato, pedibus albis, tibiis inter-
mediis femoribusque nigris, tibiis posticis basi apiceque nigris, alis
cinereis macula apicali nigra.

Female. Black, slightly shining; antennae pale red, very short, 3rd
joint conical; abdomen fusiform, lanceolate and much attenuated
towards the tip, much longer than the thorax ; legs white ; femora
and middle tibiae black ; hind tibiae black at the base and at the tips ;
wings grey, with a black spot at the tip of the costa ; veins black ;
discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by its length from the
border, and by full twice its length from the praebrachial transverse.
Length of the body f line ; of the wings 3 lines.

212. Sepsis revocans, n. s. Fcem. Cupreo-nigra, antennis nigris,
pedibus halteribusque testaceis, alis subcinerascentibus basi nigri-
cantibus.

Female. Cupreous-black, shining ; antennae black, very short ; legs

11*

164 MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

testaceous ; wings slightly greyish, blackish at the base of the costa ;
veins black ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by more
than twice its length from the border, and by less than twice its length
from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres testaceous. Length of the
body 1 1 line ; of the wings 2 lines.

Subfam. Psilides, Walk.

G-en. MiOROPEZA, Macq.

213. Micropeza fragilis, Walk. See Vol. I. p. 37.

Gen. CcENUEGiA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus gracile. Caput elongatnm, antice conicum. Antennae
porrectae ; articulus 3*** lanceolatus ; arista apicalis, sat robusta. Tho-
rax linearis. Abdomen fusiforme, thorace vix angustius, non longius.
Pedes longi ; femora lata, compressa ; tarsi antici articulo 1° dilatato
fusiformi. Alee breviusculae, sat angustae.

AUied to Nerius. Male. Body slender. Head elongate, conical in
front, as broad as the thorax. Antennae porrect ; '1st and 2nd joints
short ; 3rd lanceolate ; arista rather stout, apical, larger than all the
preceding joints. Thorax linear. Abdomen fusiform, hardly narrower
and not longer than the thorax. Legs long, femora broad, compressed ;
fore tarsi with the first joint dilated, fusiform. Wings rather short
and narrow.

214. CcENURGiA REMiPES, u. s. Mas. Fulva, capite guttis tribus
nigris, antennis basi nigris, arista alba, thorace maculis duabus nigris,
pedibus nigris, coxis femoribusque luteis apice nigris, alis flavo-cinereis,
halteribus apice nigris.

Male. Tawny ; head with a black spot on the vertex, and with two
black dots on each side, one in front, the other behind ; antennae
black towards the base ; arista white ; thorax with a black spot on
each side in front ; legs black ; coxae and femora luteous, with black
tips ; wings grey, tinged with yellow ; veins black ; cubital vein and
praebrachial vein converging towards the tip of the wing; discal trans-
verse vein straight, oblique, parted by less than its length from the
border, and by more than twice its length from the praebrachial trans-
verse ; halteres with black knobs. Length of the body 3i lines ;
of the wings 5^ lines.

Gen. Nerius, Wied.

215. Nerius fuscipennis, Macq. See Vol. I. p. 38.

Gen. Seraoa, n. g.

Foem. Corpus longiusculum. Caput transversum, thorace vix angustius.
Antennae breves, articulo 3" conico, arista plumosa. Thorax ellip-

MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR, 165

ticus. Abdomen ellipticum. Pedes mediocres. Alee longiusculse,
latiusculse.
Female. Body rather long. Head transverse, nearly as broad as the
thorax ; epistoma not prominent. Antennae short, not near reaching
the epistoma ; 3rd joint conical, much longer than the 2nd ; arista
plumose. Thorax and abdomen elliptical, about equal in length.
Legs moderately long and slender. Wings rather long and broad.

216. Seraca siGNiFERA, n. s. Foem. Fulva, thorace vittis quatuor
metathorace vittis duabus abdomine maculis lateralibus nigris, alis
obscure fuscis albo quinquesignatis apud costam nigricantibus basi
flavis.

Female. Tawny, shining ; head testaceous about the eyes ; thorax with
four black stripes, the outer pair incomplete ; metathorax with two
black stripes ; abdomen with a row of black spots along each side ;
wings dark brown, blackish along the costa, yellow at the base, with
five lanceolate white marks, two of these resting on the costa, the third
between them near the hind border, the fourth exterior, discal, slender,
oblique, the fifth on the hind border near the tip ; veins black, tawny
at the base ; discal transverse vein curved outward, parted by about
one-fourth of its length from the border, and by much more than its
length from the praebrachial transverse. Length of the body 4 lines ;
of the wings 8 lines.

217. Seraca signata, n. s. Foem,. Testacea, longiuscula, epistomate
guttis duabus nigris, arista plumosa, abdomine postice attenuato ma*-
culis duabus lateralibus subapicalibus, alis cinerascentibus, costa ex-
teriore nigricante.

Female. Testaceous, shining, rather long ; head nearly as broad as the
thorax, with a black dot on each side of the epistoma ; antennae short,
3rd joint elongate-conical, arista plumose; thorax elliptical; abdo-
men attenuated hindward, longer than the thorax, with a black spot
on each side of the 5th segment ; wings greyish, blackish along the
apical half of the costa; veins testaceous, black towards the tips;
discal transverse vein nearly straight and upright, parted by about
one-fourth of its length from the border, and by hardly more than its
length from the praebrachial transverse. Length of the body 3^ lines ;
of the wings 7 lines.

Gen. PsiLA, Meigen.

218. PsiLA BiPUNCTiFERA, n. s. F(£m. Testacea, facie nigro bipunc-
tata, antennarum articulo 3° longiconico, arista pubescente, abdomine
guttis duabus apicalibus nigris, alis pallide cinereis flavo suifusis.

Female. Testaceous ; head somewhat pilose beneath, with a black point
on each side of the face ; 3rd joint of the antennae elongate-conical,
about twice the length of the 2nd ; arista pubescent ; thorax elongate,
somewhat flat above; abdomen fusiform, a little longer than the thorax ;

166 >1B. WALKER ON DIPTEBA COLLECTED AT MAKE3SAR,

5th segment with a black dot on each side ; wings pale cinereous,
tinged with yellow ; veins yellow ; discal transverse vein straight,
oblique, parted by hardly more than one-fourth of its length from the
border, and by more than its length from the prsebrachial transverse.
Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

219. PsiLA MUNDA, n. s. Mtts et Fopm. Nigra, nitens, facie testacea
nigro notata, antennis testaceis basi nigris, arista plumosa, thorace
subcinerascente, scutello obscure testaceo, pedibus testaceis, alis cine-
reis apud costam nigricantibus, halteribus albidis.

Male and Female. Black, shining ; head testaceous, blackish above ;
disk of the face black, shining : antennae short, testaceous, black at
the base ; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, about twice the length
of the 2nd ; arista plumose : thorax linear, with slight cinereous
tomentum ; scutellum dull testaceous ; abdomen fusiform, a little
longer than the thorax ; legs testaceous ; wings grey, blackish along
the costa towards the tips ; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight,
upright, parted by about half its length from the border, and by
nearly thrice its length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres
whitish. Length of the body 2|-3 lines ; of the wings 4-5 lines.

Gen. Texaea, Walk.

220. Texara dioctrioides, n. s. Mas et Fam. Nigra, longa, gra-
cilis, capite nigro-cyaneo, thorace vittis quatuor cinereis, segmen-
torum abdominalium lateribus albo marginatis, pedibus fulvo fasciatis,
alis cinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Male and Female. Black, long, slender ; head bluish-black, white about
the eyes in front ; antennae of the male piceous, of the female tawny,
3rd joint round, arista minutely pubescent; thorax with four cine-
reous stripes ; abdomen about twice the length of the thorax, cyhn-
drical towards the base, subclavate in the male and elongate-fusiform
in the female hindward : hind borders of the segments white on each
side ; fore femora, hind tibiae and hind tarsi tawny at the base ; mid-
dle legs and hind femora tawny, the latter with a broad black band ;
fore tibiae white, black at the base ; wings grey ; veins black ; discal
transverse vein straight, upright, parted by less than its length from
the border, and by almost four times its length from the praebrachial
transverse ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 4-4i lines ; of
the wings 6-7 lines.

Gen. Gobrta, n. g.

Mas. Corpus gracillimum. Caput thorace multo latins ; frons sat an-
gusta ; facies plana. Oculi magni. Antennce brevissimse ; articulus
3"* conicus ; arista pubescens. Thorax sat parvus. Abdomen cylin-
dricum, gracillimum, apice clavatum, thorace duplo longius. Pedes
graciles ; anteriores breves ; postici longiusculi. Alee perangustae.

MR. WALKEtt ON^ DTPTEllA COLLECTED AT AIAKESSAB. 167

Male. Body very slender. Head much broader than the thorax ; front
rather narrow ; face vertical, flat ; eyes large, prominent. Antennae
very short ; 3rd joint conical, longer than the 2nd ; arista pubescent.
Thorax rather small. Abdomen clavate, about twice the length of the
thorax, cyhndrical and very slender till near its tip. Legs slender;
anterior legs short ; hind legs rather long. Wings very narrow ; dis-
cal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by more than its length
from the border, and by more than four times its length from the
prsebrachial transverse.

221. GoBRYA BACCHoiDES, u. s. Mtts. Cyanca, nitens, antennis pe-
dibusque pallide flavis, abdoraine nigro fasciis duabus flavis, femoribus
posterioribus tibiisque posticis nigris, tarsis posticis basi nigris, alis
vix einerascentibus, halteribus flavis apice nigris.

Male. Blue, shining ; proboscis, antennae, and legs pale yellow ; abdo-
men black, with two pale yellow bands, the hind one very slender ;
posterior femora and hind tibiae black, the former pale yellow at both
ends ; middle tibiae and tarsi wanting ; hind tarsi black towards the
base ; wings hardly greyish, apical third part brown ; veins black ;
halteres pale yellow, with black knobs. Length of the body 2| lines ;
of the wings 4 lines.

Subfam. Oscinides, Holiday,
Gen. OsciNis, Fair.

222. OsciNis FEMORATA, n. s. Mos. Atra, nitens, capite nigro-cya-
neo, femoribus anterioribus basi, tibiis anterioribus apice, tarsis hal-
teribusque flavis, femoribus posticis incrassatis, alis einerascentibus.

Male. Deep black, shining ; head bluish-black ; abdomen conical, shorter
than the thorax ; legs black ; anterior femora at the base, anterior
tibiae at the tips, and tarsi yellow ; hind femora incrassated ; wings
greyish ; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted
by more than its length from the border, and by much more than its
length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres yellow. Length of
the body li line ; of the wings 2 lines.

Gren. PioPHiLA, Fallen.

223. PioPHiLA CONTECTA, n. s. F(£.m. Nigra, nitens, oviductu lan-
ceolato, pedibus halteribusque fulvis, pedibus anticis nigris, femoribus
basi fulvis, alis cinereis.

Female. Black, shining ; oviduct prominent, lanceolate ; legs and hal-
teres tawny ; fore legs black ; coxae, femora at the base and knees
tawny ; wings grey ; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight,
upright, parted by less than its length from the border, and by more
than its length from the praebrachial transverse. Length of the body
2 lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

168 MR, WALKER ON DIPTERA (JOLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

Gen. Opomyza, Fallen.

224. Opomyza nigrifinis, n. s. Fcem. Cinerea, capite antennisque
pallida rutis, arista pluraosa, thorace bilineato, pectore halteribusque
albis, abdomine fulvo lanceolate a})icera versus nigro, pedibus fulvis,
alis nigris albo guttatis.

Female. Cinereous ; head pale red, white beneath ; antennae pale red,
very short, 3rd joint nearly round, arista plumose ; thorax with two
indistinct darker lines ; pectus and halteres white ; abdomen lanceo-
late, tawny, shining, black towards the tip ; legs tawny ; wings black,
rather narrow, with about ten white dots, of which two are larger than
the others, and form a broken and almost interrupted band near the
base ; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by
about half its length from the border; no prsebrachial transverse vein.
Length of the body H-H lines ; of the wings 2|-3 lines.

Gen. Drosophila, Fallen.

225. Drosophila solennis, n. s. Mas. Testacea, facie carinata,
thorace vittis quatuor fulvis, abdomine fasciis abbreviatis nigricantibus,
alis cinereis.

Male. Testaceous ; face keeled ; antennae wanting ; thorax with four
tawny stripes; abdomen elliptical, a little longer than the thorax,
with blackish abbreviated bands ; wings grey ; veins black ; discal
transverse vein straight, upright, parted by hardly less than its length
from the border, and by about thrice its length from the praebrachial
transverse. Length of the body 1^ line; of the wings 3 lines.

226. Drosophila rudis, n. s. Mas. Fulva, facie albida, abdomine
nigro nitente basi fulvo, pedibus halteribusque testaceis, alis cinereis
apud costam obscurioribus maculis quatuor nigricantibus.

Male. Tawny, testaceous beneath ; face whitish ; antennae wanting ;
abdomen elongate-oval, black, shining, tawny at the base, not longer
than the thorax; legs and halteres testaceous; wings grey, darker
along the costa, with four blackish spots^ first spot subcostal, larger
than the second which is discal, third apical, band between the second
and third spots irregular, attenuated hindward ; veins black ; discal
transverse vein straight, upright, parted by nearly its length from the
border, and by nearly twice its length from the praebrachial transverse.
Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 3^ lines.

227. Drosophila illata, n. s. Fcem. Fulva, segmentorum abdomi-
nalium marginibus pedibusqne testaceis, alis cinereis.

Female. Tawny ; antennae very short, 3rd joint conical, arista thinly
plumose ; abdomen oval, not longer than the thorax, hind borders of
the segments and legs testaceous ; wings grey ; veins black, tawny at
the base ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by about its
length from the border, and by nearly four times its length from the
praebrachial transverse. Length of the body H line; of the wings 2,j
lines.

MB. AVALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAB. 169

228. Drosophila LURiDA, n. s. Mas. Atra, capite piceo, arista plu-
mosa, abdomine lurido subpubescente, pedibus obscure fulvis, alis
lurido-cinereis, punctis marginalibus nigris, vena transversa praebra-
chiali nigro nebulosa.

Male. Deep black ; head piceous ; antennae short, 3rd joint elongate-
conical, arista thinly plumose ; pectus piceous ; abdomen oval, lurid
red, minutely pubescent, not longer than the thorax ; legs dull tawny ;
wings lurid grey, blackish at the base, with black points at the tips of
the longitudinal veins ; veins yellowish ; discal transverse vein straight,
upright, with a black point at each end, parted by less than its length
from the border, and by about twice its length from the prsebrachial
transverse, which is clouded with black. Length of the body 2 lines ;
of the wings 4 lines.

229. Drosophila lateralis, n. s. Mas. Fulva, subtus testacea,
abdomine maculis lateralibus nigris, pedibus halteribusque testaceis,
alis cinereis.

Male. Tawny, testaceous beneath ; antennae short, 3rd joint conical,
arista plumose; abdomen not longer than the thorax, with black spots
along each side ; legs and halteres testaceous ; wings grey ; veins
black. Length of the body 1 5 line ; of the wings 3 lines.

Gen. DiscoMYZA, Meigen.

230. DiscoMYZA OBSCURATA, n. s. F(£,m. Cinereo-nigra, capite ab-
domineque nigris nitentibus, antennis obscure rufis, arista plumosa,
pectoris lateribus albido conspersis, alis cinereis fascia informi macu-
laque apicali nigricantibus, halteribus albis.

Female. Cinereous black ; head black, shining ; antennae short, dark
red, 3rd joint conical, longer than the 2nd, arista thinly plu-
mose ; sides of the pectus with minute whitish speckles ; abdomen
elliptical, flat, black, shining, longer than the thorax ; legs black ;
wings grey, with an irregular blackish band which does not extend to
the hind border, and with a blackish apical spot ; veins black ; discal
transverse vein straight, oblique, parted by much less than its length
from the border, and by very much more than its length from the
praebrachial transverse, which is clouded with black; halteres white.
Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 3 lines.

G-en. NoMBA, n. g.

Mas et Fozm. Corpus latum, crassum. Frons lata. Antennee brevis-
simae ; articulus 3"** subrotundus ; arista subpubescens. Thorax sub-
pubescens, quasi coriaceus ; scutellum parvum ; metathorax maximus,
abdomen alasque incumbentes obtegens. Pedes breves, robusti ; fe-
mora subincrassata ; tibiae arcuatae. Alee parvae.

Male and Female. Body broad, thick, compact. Head almost as broad
as the thorax ; front broad, narrower than the epistoma ; face vertical.

170 MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR.

Antennae very short ; third joint nearly round ; arista very minutely
pubescent. Thorax solid, apparently horny, very minutely pubes-
cent ; scutellum small ; metathorax elliptical, enormously developed,
covering the whole abdomen, sheltering the wings when in repose.
Legs short, stout ; femora slightly incrassated ; tibiae curved. Wings
concealed beneath the metathorax.

231. NoMBA TECTA, n. s. Mtts et Faun. Nigra, obscura, antennis
piceis, tarsis flavis apice nigris, alis cinereis.

Male and Female. Black, dull ; antennae piceous ; tarsi yellow, with
black tips ; wings grey ; veins black. Length of the body H-lf line ;
of the wings 2y-3 lines.

Subfam. Htdromyzides, Holiday.
Gen. NoTiPHiLA, Fallen.

232. NoTiPHiLA LiNEOSA, n. s. Mas et Foem. Fusca, obscura, ca-
pite apud oculos linea frontali et epistomate albidis, arista plumosa,
thorace lineis sex albidis, abdoraine nigro segmentorum marginibus
fulvis, pedibus nigris, tibiis anticis genubus tarsis halteribusque fulvis,
alis cinereis.

Male and Female. Brown, dull ; head whitish about the eyes, and with
a whitish line on the front ; epistoma whitish ; antennae not near
reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint elongate, arista thinly plumose ;
thorax with six whitish lines, the lateral pair incomplete ; abdomen
black, not longer than the thorax, hind borders of the segments tawny ;
legs black, tarsi, knees, posterior tibiae at the tips, and fore tibiae tawny ;
wings grey ; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight, upright,
parted by more than its length from the border, and by full thrice its
length from the praebrachial transverse j halteres tawny. Length of
the body lf-2 lines ; of the wings 3^-4 lines.

The two following species belong to the group of wrhich N. Cinerea is the
type.

233. NoTiPHiLA auADRi FASCIA, n. s. FcEm. Fusca, subtus cinerea,
capite antico amplo, facie convexa, antennis nigris, arista plumosa,
metathorace abdominisque maculis duabus basalibus fasciisque quatuor
albidis, genubus tarsisque rufescentibus, alis cinereis puncto costali
nigro, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Brown, cinereous beneath j head large and somewhat tumid
in front and beneath ; face cinereous, convex ; antennae black, very
small, 3rd joint conical, arista plumose ; metathorax whitish ; abdo-
men with a whitish spot on each side at the base, and with four
whitish bands, of which the 3rd and 4th are interrupted ; legs cinereous
black, knees and tarsi reddish ; wings grey, with a black costal point
at the tip of the subcostal vein ; veins black ; discal transverse vein
oblique, nearly straight, parted by less than half its length from the

MR. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT MAKESSAR. 171

border, and by nearly thrice its length from the praebrachial transverse ;
halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2^ lines ; of the wings 4
lines.

234. NoTiPHiLA FLAVILINEA, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Piceo-nigra, ca-
pite apud oculos testaceo, antennis rufescentibus, arista plumosa, ab-
dominis segmentis flavo marginatis, alls cinereis apud costam sub-
luridis, halteribus testaceis.

Male and Female. Piceous brown ; head rather paler, testaceous about
the eyes ; antennae reddish, very short, 3rd joint conical, arista plu-
mose ; abdomen oval, not longer than the thorax ; hind borders of
the segments yellow ; wings grey, with a slight lurid tinge along the
costa ; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by
less than its length from the border, and by a little more than twice
its length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres testaceous. Length
of the body 2^ lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Gren. Ephtdra. Fallen.

235. Ephydra borboroides, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, lata, crassa, pubes-
cens, subsetosa, antennis piceis, arista pubescente , tibiis tarsisque flavo
fasciatis, alis nigricantibus latiusculis cinerascente sexguttatis.

Female. Black, broad, thick, somewhat pubescent and with a few
bristles; antennae piceous, short, 3rd joint round, arista pubescent;
abdomen broader than the thorax ; legs rather setose, tibiae and tarsi
with yellow bands ; wings blackish, rather broad, with about six gre}-
ish dots on each ; veins black ; posterior longitudinal veins abbre-
viated ; discal transverse vein parted by more than twice its length
from the border, and by less than its length from the praebrachial
transverse. Length of the body Ih line ; of the wings 3 lines.

236. Ephydra maculicornis, n. s. Mas. Cinereo-nigra, capite an-
tennisque rufis, his puncto nigro, arista nuda, abdomine nigro nitente,
tarsis testaceis, alis cinereis apud costam pubescentibus.

Male. Cinereous black ; head red in front and about the eyes ; antennae
red, 3rd joint round with a black point above ; arista short, simple ;
abdomen oval, black, shining, not longer than the thorax; tarsi tes-
taceous ; wings grey, minutely pubescent along the border ; veins
black ; discal transverse vein straight, oblique, parted by more than
twice its length from the border and from the praebrachial transverse ;
halteres piceous. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Gren. OcHTHERA, Latr.

237. OcHTHERA INNOTATA, n. s. Fcem. Cinereo-nigra, capite antico
flavescenti-albo, pectore pedibusque cinereis, abdomine cyanescenti-
nigro, alis cinereis, halteribus albidis.

Female. Cinereous black ; head yellowish white in front, silvery white
hindw ard ; pectus and legs cinereous ; abdomen bluish black ; wings

172 ME. A. E. WALLACE ON THE ZOOLOGICAL

grey ; veins black ; pobrachial vein forming an obtuse angle at its
junction with the discal transverse vein, the latter very oblique, parted
by little more than half its length from the border, and by nearly thrice
its length from the prsebrachial transverse ; halteres whitish. Length
of the body 2 J lines ; of the wings 4^ lines.

Tarn. PHOEID^, Halidmj.

G-en. Phoea, Latr. ^

238. Phora bifasciata, n. s. Foem. Atra, subtus flavescenti-alba,
antennis fulvis, abdomine lanceolato, fasciis duabus apice pedibus
halteribusque flavescenti-albis, pedibus posticis nigris basi flavescenti-
albis, tarsis intermediis nigricantibus, alis cinereis.

Female. Deep black, yellowish white beneath ; antennae tawny ; abdo-
men lanceolate, much longer than the thorax ; sides elevated, a broad
basal yellowish white band, and a narrower one beyond the middle,
tip also yellowish white ; anterior legs and halteres yellowish white,
middle tarsi blackish, hind femora with the basal half yellowish white ;
wings cinereous, veins black, pale at the base ; costal vein ending at
a little beyond half the length of the wing ; radial cubital, praebrachial,
and pobrachial veins parallel and equally distinct. Length of the
body 2-2i lines ; of the wings 5-6 lines.

On the Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago. By
Alfeed B. Wallace, Esq. Communicated by Chaeles
Daewin, Esq., E.E.S. & L.S.

[Eead Nov. 3rd, 1859.]

In Mr. Sclater's paper on the Geographical Distribution of Birds,
read before the Linnean Society, and published in the ' Proceed-
ings' for Eebruary 1858, he has pointed out that the western
islands of the Archipelago belong to the Indian, and the eastern
to the Australian region of Ornithology. My researches in these
countries lead me to believe that the same division will hold good
in every branch of Zoology ; and the object of my present com-
munication is to mark out the precise limits of each region, and
to call attention to some inferences of great general importance as
regards the study of the laws of organic distribution.

The Australian and Indian regions of Zoology are very strongly
contrasted. In one the Marsupial order constitutes the great mass
of the mammalia, — in the other not a' solitary marsupial animal
exists. Marsupials of at least two genera {Ouscus and Belideus)
are found all over the Moluccas and in Celebes ; but none have

GEO&EAPHY OF THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. 173

been detected in the adjacent islands of Java and Borneo. Of all
the varied forms of Quadrumana, Carnivora, Insectivora and Bumi-
nantia which abound in the western half of the Archipelago, the
only genera found in the Moluccas are Paradoxurus and Cervus.
The SciuridcB, so numerous in the western islands, are represented
in Celebes by only two or three species, while not one is found
further east. Birds furnish equally remarkable illustrations. The
Australian region is the richest in the world in Parrots ; the
Asiatic is (of tropical regions) the poorest. Three entire families
of the Psittacine order are peculiar to the former region, and two
of them, the Cockatoos and the Lories, extend up to its extreme
limits, without a solitary species passing into the Indian islands of
the Archipelago. The genus Palceornis is, on the other hand, con-
fined with equal strictness to the Indian region. In the E-asorial
order, the Phasianidcd are Indian, the Megaj^odiidcB Australian ; but
in this case one species of each family just passes the limits into
the adjacent region. The genus TropidorhyncJius, highly charac-
teristic of the Australian region, and everywhere abundant as well
in the Moluccas and New Guinea as in Australia, is quite un-
known in Java and Borneo. On the other hand, the entire families
of Bucconidce, Trogonidce and JPhyllornithidcB, and the genera Peri-
crocotus, JPicnonotus, Trichophorus, Ixos, in fact, almost aU the
vast family of Thrushes and a host of other genera, cease abruptly
at the eastern side of Borneo, Java, and Bali. All these groups
are common birds in the great Indian islands ; they abound every-
where ; they are the characteristic features of the ornithology ; and
it is most striking to a naturalist, on passing the narrow straits of
Macassar and Lombock, suddenly to miss them entirely, together
with the Quadrumana and Felid<^, the In^sectivora and Bodentia,
whose varied species people the forests of Sumatra, Java, and
Borneo.

To define exactly the limits of the two regions where they are
(geographically) most intimately connected, I may mention that du-
ring a few days' stay in the island of Bali I found birds of the genera
CopsycJius, Megalaima, Tiga, Ploceus, and Sturnopastor, all charac-
teristic of the Indian region and abundant in Malacca, Java, and
Borneo ; while on crossing over to Lombock, during three months
collecting there, not one of them was ever seen ; neither have they
occurred in Celebes nor in any of the more pastern islands I have
visited. Taking this in connexion with the fact of Cacatua, Tropi-
dorhyncJius, and Megapodius having their western limit in Lom-
bock, we may consider it established that the Strait of Lombock

174 MK. A. B. WALLACE Ols THE ZOOLOGICAL

(only ] 5 miles wide) marks the limits and abruptly separates two
of the great Zoological regions of the globe. The Philippine
Islands are in some respects of doubtful location, resembling and
differing from both regions. They are deficient in the varied
Mammals of Borneo, but they contain no Marsupials. The Psittaci
are scarce, as in the Indian region ; the Lories are altogether ab-
sent, but there is one representative of the Cockatoos. Woodpeckers,
Trogons, and the genera Iccos, Copsychus, and Ploceus are highly
characteristic of India. Tanysiptera and Megapodius, again, are
Australian forms, but these seem represented by only solitary
species. The islands possess also a few peculiar genera. We
must on the whole place the Philippine Islands in the Indian region,
but with the remark that they are deficient in some of its most
striking features. They possess several isolated forms of the Au-
stralian region, but by no means sufficient to constitute a real
transition thereto.

Leaving the Philippines out of the question for the present, the
western and eastern islands of the Archipelago, as here divided,
belong to regions more distinct and contrasted than any othej' of the
great zoological divisions of the globe. South America and Africa,
separated by the Atlantic, do not differ so widely as Asia and
Australia : Asia with its abundance and variety of large Mammals
and no Marsupials, and Australia with scarcely anything but
Marsupials; Asia with its gorgeous PhasianidcB, Australia Mdth
its dull-coloured MegapodiidcB ; Asia the poorest tropical region
in Parrots, Australia the richest : and all these striking charac-
teristics are almost unimpaired at the very limits of their respective
districts ; so that in a few hours we may experience an amount of
zoological difference which only weeks or even months of travel
will give us in any other part of the world !

Moreover there is nothing in the aspect or physical character of
the islands to lead us to expect such a difference ; their physical
and geological difierences do not coincide with the zoological
differences. There is a striking homogeneity in the two halves
of the Archipelago. The great volcanic chain runs through both
parts ; Borneo is the counterpart of New Gruinea ; the Philip-
pines closely resemble the equally fertile and equally volcanic
Moluccas ; while in eastern Java begins to be felt the more arid
climate of Timor and Australia. But these resemblances are
accompanied by an extreme zoological diversity, the Asiatic and
Australian regions finding in Borneo and New Guinea respectively
their highest development.

rrEOGHlAPHT OF THE MALAY ABCHIPELAGO. 175

But it may be said : " The separation between these two regions
is not so absolute. There is some transition. There are species
and genera common to the eastern and western islands." This is
true, yet (in my opinion) proves no transition in the proper sense
of the word ; and the nature and amount of the resemblance only
shows more strongly the absolute and original distinctness of the
two divisions. The exception here clearly proves the rule.

Let us investigate these cases of supposed transition. In the
western islands almost the only instance of a group peculiar to
Australia and the eastern islands is the Megapodius in North-
west Borneo. Not one of the Australian forms of Mammalia
passes tlie limits of the region. On the other hand, Quadrumana
occur in Celebes, Batchian, Lombock, and perhaps Timor ; Deer
have reached Celebes, Timor, Buru, Ceram, and Grilolo, but not
New Guinea ; Pigs have extended to New Gruinea, probably the
true eastern limit of the genus Sus ; Squirrels are found in
Celebes, Lombock, and Sumbawa : among birds, Oallus occurs in
Celebes and Sumbawa, Woodpeckers reach Celebes, and Horn-
bills extend to the North-west of New Gruinea. These cases of
identity or resemblance in the animals of the two regions we may
group into three classes ; 1st, identical species ; 2nd, closely
allied or representative species ; and 3rd, species of peculiar and
isolated genera. The common Grrey Monltey {Macacus cynomolgus)
has reached Lombock, and perhaps Timor, but not Celebes. The
Deer of the Moluccas seems to be a variety of the Cervus rufus of
Java and Borneo. The Jungle Cock of Celebes and Lombock is a
Javanese species. Hirundo javanica, Zoster ops flavus. Halcyon
collaris, Eurystomus gularis, Macropygia phasianella, Merops java-
nicus, Anthreptes lepida, Ptilonopus melanocephala, and some other
birds appear the same in the adjacent islands of the eastern and
western divisions, and some of them range over the whole Archi-
pelago, But after reading Lyell on the various modes of disper-
sion of animals, and looking at the proximity of the islands, we
shall feel astonished, not at such an amount of interchange of
species (most of which are birds of great powers of flight), but
rather that in the course of ages a much greater and almost com-
plete fusion has not taken place. Were the Atlantic gradually to
narrow till only a strait of twenty miles separated Africa from
South America, can we help believing that n^any birds and insects
and some few mammals would soon be interchanged ? But such
interchange would be a fortuitous mixture of faunas essentially
and absolutely dissimilar, not a natural and regular transition from

176 MR. A. B. WALLACE ON THE ZOOLOGICAL

one to the other. In like manner the cases of identical species
in the eastern and western islands of the Archipelago are due to
the gradual and accidental commingling of originally absolutely
distinct faunas.

In our second class (representative species) we must place the Wild
Pigs, which seem to be of distinct but closely allied species in each
island ; the Squirrels also of Celebes are of peculiar species, as are
the Woodpeckers and Hornbills, and two Celebes birds of the
Asiatic genera JPhcenicophcBus and Acridotheres. Now these and
a few more of like character are closely allied to other species in-
habiting Java, Borneo, or the Philippines. We have only there-
fore to suppose that the species of the western passed over to the
eastern islands at so remote a period as on one side or the other
to have become extinct, and to have been replaced by an allied
form, and we shall have produced exactly the state of things now
existing. Such extinction and such replacement we know has
been continually going on. Such has been the regular course of
nature for countless ages in every part of the earth of which we
have geological records ; and unless we are prepared to show that
the Indo- Australian Archipelago was an altogether exceptional
region, such must have been the course of nature here also. If
these islands have existed in their present form only during one
of the later divisions of the Tertiary period, and if interchange of
species at very rare and distant intervals has occurred, then the
fact of some identical and other closely allied species is a necessary
result, even if the two regions in question had been originally
peopled by absolutely distinct creations of organic beings, and
there had never been any closer connexion between them than
now exists. The occurrence of a limited number of representative
species in the two divisions of the Archipelago does not therefore
prove any true transition from one to the other.

The examples of our third class — of peculiar genera having little
or no affinity with those of the adjacent islands — are almost entirely
confined to Celebes, and render that island a district per se, in the
highest degree interesting. Gynopithecus, a genus of Baboons, the
extraordinary Babirusa and the singular ruminant Ansa de'pres-
sicornis have nothing in common with Asiatic mammals, but seem
more allied to those of Africa. A quadrumanous animal of the
same genus (perhaps identical) occurs in the little island of Bat-
chian, which forms the extreme eastern limit of the highest order
of mammalia. An allied species is also said to exist in the Philip-
pines. Now this occurrence of quadrumana in the Australian

GEOGEAPHT OF THE MALAY ABCHIPELAGO. 177

region proves notliing whatever as regards a transition to the
western islands, which, among their numerous monkeys and apes,
have nothing at all resembling them. The species of Celebes and
Batchian have the high superorbital ridge, the long nasal bone,
the dog-like figure, the minute erect tail, the predaceous habits and
the fearless disposition of the true Baboons, and find their allies
nowhere nearer than in tropical Africa. The Anoa seems also to
point towards the same region, so rich in varied forms of Antelopes.
In the class of birds, Celebes possesses a peculiar genus of Par-
rots (Prionifurus), said to occur also in the Philippines; Meropogoiiy
intermediate between an Indian and an African form of Bee-eaters ;
and the anomalous Scissirostrumf which Prince Bonaparte places
next to a Madagascar bird, and forms a distinct subfamily for the
reception of the two. Celebes also contains a species of Coracias,
which is here quite out of its normal area, the genus being other-
wise confined to Africa and continental India, not occurring in
any other part of the Archipelago. The Celebes bird is placed, in
Bonaparte's ' Conspectus,' between two African species, to which
therefore I presume it is more nearly allied than to those of India.
Having just received Mr. Smith's Catalogue of the Hymenoptera
collected during my first residence in Celebes, I find in it some
facts of an equally singular nature. Of 103 species, only 16 are
known to inhabit any of the western islands of the Archipelago,
while 18 are identical with species of continental India, China,
and the Philippine Islands, two are stated to be identical with
insects hitherto known only from tropical Africa, and another is
said to be most closely allied to one from the Cape.

These phenomena of distribution are, I believe, the most anoma-
lous yet known, and in fact altogether unique. I am aware of no
other spot upon the earth which contains a number of species, in
several distinct classes of animals, the nearest allies to which do
not exist in any of the countries which on every side surround it,
but which are to be found only in another primary division of the
globe, separated from them all by a vast expanse of ocean. In no
other case are the species of a genus or the genera of a family dis-
tributed in tivo distinct areas separated by countries in which they
do not exist ; so that it has come to be considered a law in geo-
graphical distribution, " that both species and groups inhabit con-
tinuous areas."

Pacts such as these can only be explained by a bold acceptance
of vast changes in the surface of the earth. They teach us that
this island of Celebes is more ancient than most of the islands

LINI^. PKOC— ZOOLOaT. 12

178 ME. A. E. WALLACE ON THE ZOOLOaiCAL

now surrounding it, and obtained some part of its fauna before
they came into existence. They point to the time when a great
continent occupied a portion at least of what is now the Indian
Ocean, of which the islands of Mauritius, Bourbon, &c. may be
fragments, while the Chagos Bank and the Keeling Atolls indicate
its former extension eastward to the vicinity of what is now the
Malayan Archipelago. The Celebes group remains the last eastern
fragment of this now submerged land, or of some of its adjacent
islands, indicating its peculiar origin by its zoological isolation,
and by still retaining a marked affinity with the African fauna.

The great Pacific continent, of which Australia and New G-uinea
are no doubt fragments, probably existed at a much earlier period,
and extended as far westward as the Moluccas. The extension of
Asia as far to the south and east as the Straits of Macassar and
Lombock must have occurred subsequent to the submergence of
both these great southern continents ; and the breaking up and
separation of the islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo has been
the last great geological change these regions have undergone.
That this has really taken place as here indicated, we think is
proved by the following considerations. Not more than twenty
(probably a smaller number) out of about one hundred land birds
of Celebes at pres^nt known are found in Java or Borneo, and
only one or two of twelve or fifteen Mammalia. Of the Mam-
malia and birds of Borneo, however, at least three-fourths, probably
five-sixths, inhabit also Java, Sumatra, or the peninsula of Malacca.
Now, looking at the direction of the Macassar Straits running nearly
north and south, and remembering we are in the district of the
monsoons, a steady south-east and north-west wind blowing alter-
nately for about six months each, we shall at once see that Celebes
is more favourably situated than any other island to receive stray
passengers from Borneo, whether drifted across the sea or wafted
through the air. The distance too is less than between any of the
other large islands ; there are no violent currents to neutralize
the action of the winds ; and numerous islets in mid-channel offer
stations which might rescue many of the wanderers, and admit,
after repose, of fresh migrations. Between Java and Borneo the
width of sea is much greater, the intermediate islands are fewer,
and the direction of the monsoons along and not across the Java
sea, accompanied by alternating currents in the same direction,
must render accidental communication between the two islands
exceedingly difficult; so that where the facilities for intercom-
munication are greatest, the number of species common to the two

OEOGEAPHY OF THE MALAY ARCHrPELAGO. 179

countries is least, and vice versd. But again, the mass of the
species of Borneo, Java, &c., even when not identical are congeneric,
which, as before explained, indicates identity at an earlier epoch ;
whereas the great mass of the fauna of Celebes is widely different
from that of the western islands, consisting mostly of genera, and
even of entire families, altogether foreign to them. This clearly
points to a former total diversity of forms and species, — existing
similarities being the result of intermixture, the extreme facilities
for which we have pointed out. In the case of the great western
islands a former more complete identity is indicated, the present
differences having arisen from their isolation during a considerable
period, allowing time for that partial extinction and introduction
of species which is the regular course of nature. If the very small
number of western species in Celebes is all that the most favour-
able conditions for transmission could bring about, the complete
similarity of the faunas of the western islands could never (with
far less favourable conditions) have been produced by the same
means. And what other means can we conceive but the former
connexion of those islands with each other and with the continent
of Asia ?

In striking confirmation of this view we have physical evidence
of a very interesting nature. These countries are in fact still
connected, and that so completely that an elevation of only 800
feet would nearly double the extent of tropical Asia. Over
the whole of the Java Sea, the Straits of Malacca, the Gulf of
Siam, and the southern part of the China Sea, ships can anchor in
less than fifty fathoms. A vast submarine plain unites together
the apparently disjointed parts of the Indian zoological region, and
abruptly terminates, exactly at its limits, in an unfathomable ocean.
The deep sea of the Moluccas comes up to the very coasts of
Northern Borneo, to the Strait of Lombock in the south, and to
near the middle of the Strait of Macassar. May we not therefore
from these facts very fairly conclude that, according to the system
of alternate bands of elevation and depression that seems very
generally to prevail, the last great rising movement of the volcanic
range of Java and Sumatra was accompanied by the depression
that now separates them from Borneo and from the continent ?

It is worthy of remark that the various islands of the Moluccas,
though generally divided by a less extent df sea, have fewer species
in common ; but the separating seas are in almost every case of
immense depth, indicating that the separation took place at a much
earlier period. The same principle is well illustrated by the dis-

12*

180 MR. A. E. WALLACE ON THE ZOOLOaiCAL

tributiou of the genus Fai'ttdisea, two species of wliich (the com-
mon Birds of Paradise) are found only in New Guinea and the
islands of Aru, Mysol, Waigiou, and Jobie, all of which are con-
nected with New Guinea by banks of soundings, while they do
not extend to Ceram or the Ke Islands, which are no further from
New Guinea, but are separated from it by deep sea. Again, the
chain of small volcanic islands to the west of Gilolo, though divided
by channels of only ten or fifteen miles wide, possess many distinct
representative species of insects, and even, in some cases, of birds
also. The Baboons of Batchianhave not passed to Gilolo, a mucli
larger island, only separated from it by a channel ten miles wide,
and in one part almost blocked up witb small islands.

Now looking at these phenomena of distribution, and especially
at those presented by tbe fauna of Celebes, it appears to me that
a much exaggerated effect, in producing the present distribution
of animals, has been imputed to the accidental transmission of
individuals across intervening seas ; for we have here as it were
a test or standard by which we may measure the possible effect
due to these causes, and we find that, under conditions perhaps the
most favourable that exist on the globe, the percentage of species
derived from this source is extremely small. "When my researches
in the Archipelago are completed, I hope to be able to determine
with, some accuracy this numerical proportion in several cases ; but
in the mean time we will consider 20 per cent, as the probable
maximum for birds and mammals which in Celebes have been
derived from Borneo or Java.

Let us now apply this standard to the case of Great Britain and
the Continent, in which the width of dividing sea and the extent
of opposing coasts are nearly the same, but in which the species
are almost all identical, — or to Ireland, more than 90 per cent,
of whose species are British, — and we shall at once see that no
theory of transmission across the present Straits is admissible, and
shall be compelled to resort to the idea of a very recent separation
(long since admitted), to account for these zoological phenomena.

It is, however, to the oceanic islands that we consider the appli-
cation of this test of the most importance. Let any one try to
realize the comparative facilities for the transmission of organized
beings across the Strait of Macassar from Borneo to Celebes, and
from South Europe or North Africa to the island of Madeira, at
least four times the distance, and a mere point in the ocean, and
he would probably consider that in a given period a hundred cases
of transmission would be more likely to occur in the former case

GEOaEAPHT OF THE MALAY AECHIPELAGO. 181

than one in the latter. Yet of the comparatively ricli insect-fauna
of Madeira, 40 per cent, are continental species ; and of the flower-
ing plants more than 60 per cent. The Canary Islands offer
nearly similar results. Nothing but a former connexion with the
Continent will explain such an amount of specific identity (the
weight of which will be very much increased if we take into account
the representative species) ; and the direction of the Atlas range
towards Teneriffe, and of the Sierra Nevada towards Madeira, are
material indications of such a connexion.

The Gralapagos are no further from South America than Ma-
deira is from Europe, and, being of greater extent, are far more
liable to receive chance immigrants ; yet they have hardly a species
identical with any inhabiting the American continent. These
islands therefore may well have originated in mid-ocean ; or if
they ever were connected with the mainland, it was at so distant
a period that the natural extinction and renewal of species has left
not one in common. The character of their fauna, however, is more
what we should expect to arise from the chance introduction of a
very few species at distant intervals ; it is very poor ; it contains
but few genera, and those scattered among unconnected families ;
its genera often contain several closely allied species, indicating
a single antitype.

The fauna and flora of Madeira and of the Canaries, on the other
hand, have none of this chance character. They are comparatively
rich in genera and species ; most of the principal groups and
families are more or less represented ; and, in fact, these islands do
not differ materially, as to the general character of their animal and
vegetable productions, from any isolated mountain in Europe or
North Africa of about equal extent.

On exactly the same principles, the very large number of species
of plants, insects, and birds, in Europe and North America, either
absolutely identical or represented by very closely allied species,
most assuredly indicates that some means of land communication
in temperate or sub-arctic latitudes existed at no very distant geo-
logical epoch ; and though many naturalists are inclined to regard
all such views as vague and unprofitable speculations, we are
convinced they will soon take their place among the legitimate
deductions of science.

Geology can detect but a portion of the changes the surface of
the earth has undergone. It can reveal the past history and mu-
tations of what is now dry land ; but the ocean tells nothing of her
bygone history. Zoology and Botany here come to the aid of

1B2 MR. A. B. WALLACE ON TEE ZOOLOGICAL

their sister science, and by means of the humble weeds and de-
spised insects inhabiting its now distant shores, can discover some
of those past changes which the ocean itself refuses to reveal.
They can indicate, approximately at least, where and at what
period former continents must have existed, from what countries
islands must have been separated, and at how distant an epoch the
rupture took place. By the invaluable indications which Mr.
Darwin has deduced from the structure of coral reefs, by the
surveys of the ocean-bed now in progress, and by a more extensive
and detailed knowledge of the geographical distribution of animals
and plants, the naturalist may soon hope to obtain some idea of
the continents which have now disappeared beneath the ocean,
and of the general distribution of land and sea at former geological
epochs.

Most writers on geographical distribution have completely over-
looked its connexion with well-established geological facts, and
have thereby created difficulties where none exist. The peculiar
and apparently endemic faunae and florae of the oceanic islands
(such as the Gralapagos and St. Helena) have been dwelt upon as
something anomalous and inexplicable. It has been imagined that
the more simple condition of such islands would be to have their
productions identical with those of the nearest land, and that their
actual condition is an incomprehensible mystery. The very re-
verse of this is however the case. "We really require no specula-
tive hypothesis, no new theory, to explain these phenomena ; they
are the logical results of well-known laws of nature. The regular
and unceasing extinction of species, and their replacement by allied
forms, is now no hypothesis, but an established fact ; and it neces-
sarily produces such peculiar faunae and florae in all but recently
formed or newly disrupted islands, subject of course to more or
less modification according to t]je facilities for the transmission of
fresh species from adjacent continents. Such phenomena therefore
are far from uncommon. Madagascar, Mauritius, the Moluccas,
New Zealand, New Caledonia, the Pacific Islands, Juan Fernan-
dez, the West India Islands, and many others, all present such
peculiarities in greater or less development. It is the instances
of identity of species in distant countries that presents the real
difficulty. What was supposed to be the more normal state of
things is really exceptional, and requires some hypothesis for its
explanation. The phenomena of distribution in the Malay Archi-
pelago, to which I have here called attention, teach us that, how-
ever narrow may be the strait separating an island horn its con-

GEOGKAPHY OF THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. 183

tinent, it is still an impassable barrier against the passage of any-
considerable number and variety of land animals ; and that in all
cases in wbich such islands possess a tolerably rich and varied
fauna of species mostly identical, or closely allied with those of
the adjacent country, we are forced to the conclusion that a geo-
logically recent disruption has taken place. Grreat Britain, Ire-
land, Sicily, Sumatra, Java and Borneo, the Aru Islands, the
Canaries and Madeira, are cases to which the reasoning is fully
applicable.

In his introductory Essay on the Plora of New Zealand, Dr.
Hooker has most convincingly applied this principle to show the
former connexion of New Zealand and other southern islands with
the southern extremity of America; and I will take this opportunity
of calling the attention of zoologists to the very satisfactory man-
ner in which this view clears away many difficulties in the distri-
bution of animals. The most obvious of these is the occurrence
of Marsupials in America only, beyond the Australian region.
They evidently entered by the same route as the plants of New
Zealand and Tasmania which occur in South temperate America,
but having greater powers of dispersion, a greater plasticity of
organization, have extended themselves over the whole continent
though with so few modifications of form and structure as to point
to a unity of origin at a comparatively recent period. It is among
insects, however, that the resemblances approach in number and
degree to those exhibited by plants. Among Butterflies the beau-
tiful SeliconidcB are strictly confined to South America, with the
exception of a single genus (JHamadryas) found in the Australian
region from New Zealand to New Gruinea. In Coleoptera many
families and genera are characteristic of the two countries ; such
are JPseudomorphidce among the G-eodephaga, Lamprimidad and
Syndesidcs among the Lucani, AnoplognatJiidcB among the Lamel-
licornes, StigmoderidcB among the Buprestes, Natalis among the
CleridsD, besides a great number of representative genera. This
peculiar distribution has hitherto only excited astonishment, and
has confounded all ideas of unity in the distribution of organic
beings ; but we now see that they are in exact accordance with the
phenomena presented by the flora of the same regions, as developed
in the greatest detail by the researches of Dr. Hooker.

It is somewhat singular, however, that not one identical species
of insect should yet have been discovered, while no less than 89
species of flowering plants are found both in New Zealand and
South America. The relations of the animals and of the plants

184 ZOOLOaiOAIi GEOaEAPIIT OF THE MALAY AECHIPELAGO.

of these countries must necessarily depend on the same physical
changes which the Southern hemisphere has undergone ; and we
are therefore led to conclude that insects are much less persistent
in their specific forms than flowering plants, while among Mam-
malia and land birds (in which no genus even is common to the
countries in question) species must die and be replaced much more
rapidly than in either. And this is exactly in accordance with the
fact (well established by geology) that at a time when the shells
of the European seas were "almost all identical with species now
living, the European Mammalia were almost all different. The
duration of life of species would seem to be in an inverse propor-
tion to their complexity of organization and vital activity.

In the brief sketch I have now given of this interesting subject,
such obvious and striking facts alone have been adduced as a tra-
veller's note-book can supply. The argument must therefore lose
much of its weight from the absence of detail and accumulated
examples. There is, however, such a very general accordance in
the phenomena of distribution as separately deduced from the
various classes or kingdoms of the organic world, that whenever
one class of animals or plants exhibits in a clearly marked manner
certain relations between two countries, the other classes will cer-
tainly show similar ones, though it may be in a greater or a less
degree. Birds and insects will teach us the same truths ; and even
animals and plants,' though existing under such different conditions,
and multiplied and dispersed by such a generally distinct pro-
cess, will never give conflicting testimony, however much they
may differ as regards the amount of relationship between distant
regions indicated by them, and consequently notwithstanding the
greater or less weight either may have in the determining of
questions of this nature.

This is my apology for offering to the Linnean Society the pre-
sent imperfect outline in anticipation of the more detailed proofs
and illustrations which I hope to bring forward on a future
occasion.

INDEX.

Page

Acridotheres 176

Alligator 3

Amblada, Wall: 144

atomaria, Walk 145

Ampsalis, Walk 98

geniata, Walk 99

Ancylus fluviatilis 39

Anoa 177

Anodon 38

Anomia 37, 58

Anoplieles, Meigen 91

yaniis, Walk 91

Anoplognathidse ...... 183

Ansa depressicornis 176

Anthomyia, Meigen 141

procellaria, Walk 141

Anthomyides, Walk 140

Anthrax, Fair Ill

antecedens, Walk Ill

congrua, Walk 112

degenera, Walk 113

demonstrans, Walk. , . .112

prsedicans, TTalJc 112

prsetendens, Walk Ill

proferens, WalJc 113

semiscita. Walk Ill

Tantalus, Fair, .... Ill

Anthreptes lepida 175

Aplysia 38, 40

Aragara, Walk 154

crassipes. Walk 154

Area 55

Argonauta 42, 60

Aricia, Macq 140

contraria, Walk 140

Integra, Walk 140

nigricosta, Walk 140

significans. Walk 140

Asilida;, Leach 104

Asilites, Walk , . 106

Asilus, lAnn 107

areolaris. Walk 108

determinatus. Walk. . . . 107

introducens. Walk. . . . 108

tenuicomis, Walk 108

Aspergillnm 36

LINN. PROC. — zooLoar.

Aye- Aye {CTieiromys madagascari-
ensis^ L., Cuv.) H. Sandwith on

the habits of the 28

Babirusa 176

Baccha, Fair 121

dispar. Walk 121

Baryterocera, Walk 120

gibbula. Walk 120

Behdeus 172

Bombyhdse, Leach Ill

BombyUtes, Walk Ill

Buccinum 41, 69

Bucconidse 173

Bulla 66

Cacatua 173

Cadrema, Walk 117

lonchopteroides, Walk. . . 117

Csenosia, Meigen 141

luteicornis, Walk 141

respondens, Walk. . . . 142

signata, Walk 142

Caiman 3

Callantra, Walk 153

smieroides. Walk. .... 154

Calobata, Fair 161

bifasciata, Walk 162

impingens, Walk 161

resoluta. Walk 161

Calyptrsea 39

Cardiacephala, Macq 162

varipes. Walk 162

Cardium 48

Celyphus, LaVman 147

obtectus, Dalman .... 147

scutatus, Wied 147

Ceria, Fair 118

lateralis. Walk 118

Cervus 173

Chama 54

Chrysops, Meigen 104

fasciatus, Wied. 104

Chrysotus, Jd.eigen 116

exactus, Walk 116

Cleodora 42

Cleridse 183

Clitellaria, Meigen 95

13

18G

INDEX.

Page
Clitellaria festinans, Walk. ... 95

gavisa, Walk 95

Coenui'gia, Walk 164

remipes, Walk. ..... 164

Conus 60

Copsychus 173, 174

Coracias 177

Cordylura, Fallen 142

bisignata, Walk 142

Crania 37

Crocodilia. Prof. T. H. Huxley on
the specific and generic Charac-
ters of 1

CrocodUidee 5

Crocodilus 6

Americanus (acutus, Cuv) . 11

biporcatus 11

bombifrons 13

cataphractus ...... 16

galeatus 15

Gravesii (planirostris) . . 15

Joumei 11-16

marginatus 15

Morelettii 28

rhombifer 14

Schlegelii 16, 17

suchus 15

vulgaris 6

Ctenophora, Fahr 93

incunctans, Walk 93

gaudens. Walk 93

Cvlex^Linn 91

impatibilis, Walk 91

irapellens, Walk 91

obturbans, Walk 91

Culicidse, Holiday 90

Cuscus 172

Cyclas 38

Cynopithecus 76

Cyprgea 63

Cyrenoidea 37

Dacus, Fahr 149

addens, Walk 149

bilineatus, Walk 150

contrahens, Walk 151

difiusus, Walk 153

divergens, Walk 149

emittens, Walk 152

exigens, Walk 151

fuivitarsis. Walk 153

imitans, Walk 150

inaptus 151

temiinifer, Walk 152

Dasypogonites, Walk 104

Delphinula 41

DentaHum 36, 88

Doxia, Meigen 129

basifera, Walk. . . . ' . .129

includens, Walk. .... 130

preecedens, Walk, .... 131

Page

Dexides, Walk 129

Diaphorus, Meigen 117

resumens, Walk 117

Diopsides, Walk. ...... 161

Diopsis, lAnn 161

detrahens, Walk 161

»■ subnotata, Westw 161

Dipterous insects collected at Ma-
kassar, in Celebes, by Mr. A. R.
Wallace, Catalogue of, h^ Francis

Walker 90

Discocephala, Macquart .... 104

pandens, Walk 104

Discomyza, Meigen 169

obscurata, Walk 169

DoUchopidse, Leach 114

Dolichopus, Latr. 115

cinereus, Walk 115

prsedicans. Walk 115

prsemissus. Walk 116

provectus, Walk 116

proveniens, Walk 116

Donax . 50

Doris 40

Drosophila, Fallen 168

iUata, Walk 168

lateralis, Walk 169

lurida, Walk 169

rudis, Walk 168

solennis, Walk 168

Enicoptera, Macq 155

arcuosa, Walk 156

flara, Macq 156

pictipennis. Walk 155

? plagifera, Walk 156

tortuosa, Walk 155

Ej)hydra, Fallen I7l

borboroides. Walk. . . .171

niaculicornis, Walk. . . . I7l

Eristahs, Latr 119

^sopus. Walk 119

bomboides, Walk 119

crassus, Fahr 119

Eumerus, Meigen 121

figurans, Walk 121

Eurygaster, Macq 125

apta, Walk. 126

conglomerata, Walk. . . . 126

contracta. Walk 128

deducens. Walk 127

progressa. Walk 128

promincns, Walk 127

remittens. Walk 125

ridibunda, Walk 125

Eurystomus gularis 175

Fissurella 38

GaUus 175

Garner, Robert, on the Sliell-
bearing MoUusca, particularly
with regai'd to structure and form 35

INDEX.

i87

I

Page

Gavialidre 16

GaviaHs 16, 20

gangeticua 20

Gobrya, Walk 166

bacchoides, Wallc 166

Graptomyza, Wied 118

tibialis, WalJc 118

Halcyon collaris 175

HaUotis 87

Hamadryas 183

Hanley, Sylvanus, on the Linnean
Manuscript of the ' Museum Ul-

ricse' 43

HeUconida) 183

HeHx 83

aspersa 41

Helomyza, Fallen 143

copiosa. Walk 143

observans, Walk 143

tripunctifera, Walk. . . . 143

TL^omjzi&eBy Fallen 142

HelopMus, Meigen 119

conclusus, Walk 119

consors, iValk 119

Hermetia, Latr . 94

remittens. Walk 94

Hirundo javanica 175

Huxley, T. H., on the dermal Ar-
mour of J«care and Caiman^viiih.
notes on the Specific and Generic
Characters of recent Crocodilia . 1

Hyalsea 42

Hydromyzides, Holiday .... 170
Jacare 4

and Caiman, Prof. T. H.

Huxley on the dermal Armour of 1

Idia, Meigen 132

austrahs. Walk 132

prolata. Walk 133

Ixos 173, 374

Lamprimidse 183

Lamprogaster, Macq 147

margmifera, Walk. . . . 147

Laphria, Fabr 105

complens. Walk 106

concludens, Walk. . . . 105

partita, Walk. . . • . . 105

requisite. Walk. .... 105

Taphius, Walk 105

Vulcanus, Wied 105

Laplu'ites, Walk 105

Lauxanides, Walk 145

Leptidae, Westto 110

Leptis, Fabr 110

Leptis ferruginosa. Walk. . . .110

Leptogaster, Meigen 109

munda. Walk 109

Lunnobia, Meigen 92

imponens, Walk 92

Lispe, Meigen 141

Page

Lispe bimaculata, Walk 141

Lobster Common {Homarus vul'
garis) and Shore Crab (Carcinus
Mcenas), S. J. A, Salter on the

Moulting of the 30

LonchopteridsD, Curtis . . , .117
Lonchsea, Fallen ...... 145

? atratula 146

? consentanea 146

Lymnseus .41

Macacus 175

Macropygia phasianella . . . .175

Magilus 40

Malay Archipelago, A. B. Wallace
on the Zoological Geography of 172

Marsupials 183

Masicera, Macq 123

dotata, Walk 123

horrens, Walk 124

immersa, Walk 124

prognosticans, Walk. . . . 124

Mecistops 15

Bennettii 16

Megalainia 173

Megapodiidse 173,174

Megapodius 173,174

Megarhina, Desvoidy 90

immisericors, Walk, ... 90

Merodon, Fahr 120

interveniens. Walk. . . . 120

Meropogon 177

Merops javanicus 175

Metopia, Meigen 128

inspectans, Walk 128

instruens. Walk 129

Micropeza, Macq. ...... 164

fragilis. Walk 164

Milesia, Latr 118

conspicienda, Walk. . . . 118

Mollusca, shell-bearing, particu-
larly with regard to structure
and form, Sob. Garner on the . 35

Murex 75

Musca, Linn 133

collecta, Walk 139

conducens. Walk 138

delcctans, Walk 134

domestica, Walk. . . . .138

electa. Walk 136

favillacea, Walk 135

flaviceps. Walk 135

fortunata. Walk 137

gavisa. Walk 138

ingens, Walk 134

inscribens, Walk 136

intrahens, Walk 137

obtri^sa. Walk 135

optata, Walk 137

prcedicens. Walk 139

proferens, Walk 138

188

INDEX.

Page
Musca proinittens, TFalln. . . . 134

prospera, Walk 133

refixa, Walk 138

selecta, Walk 135

sperata, Walk 136

xanthomela, Walk 139

Muscidse, I^atr. . 122

Muscides, Walk. 132

Museum Ulricse, Sylvanus Kanley
on the Linnean manuscript of the 43

Mya 46

Mydas basifasciata, Walk. , . . 104

Mydasites, Walk 104

MytHus 58

edulis 38

Natalis 183

Natica 41

Nautilus . .60

Nemorsea, Macq. . , . . . .122

amphficans, Walk 122

tenebrosa, Walk 123

Nerita 85

litoralis 40

Nerius, Wied 164

fascipennisj Macq 164

Nema, Walk 97

impendensj Walk 97

Nomba, Walk 169

ticta, Walk 170

NotiphUa, Fallen ...... 170

flavihnea, Walk. .... 171

Hneosa, Walk 170

quadrifascia, Walk. . . .170

Oehthera, Latr 171

innotata, Walk 171

Ochthiphila, Fallen 147

discoglauca^ Walk 147

Ommatius, Illiger 109

scitulus, Walk 109

strictus, Walk 109

Opomyza, Fallen 168

nigrifinis, Walk 168

Ortalides, Saliday 147

OxisM^, Fallen 157

decatomoides, Walk. . . ,157

vacillans, Walk 157

Oscinides, Saliday 167

Oscinis, JPaJr 167

femorata, Walk. . . . . 167

Ostrea 56

Ovula 41

Oxycera, Meigen 96

manens, Walk 96

Palffiornis 173

Palloptera, Fallen 160

detraeta, Walk. . . . . .160

Paradisea 180

Paradoxurus 173

PateUa 38,39,87

]Pect6u maximus 38

Page
Pericrocotus ........ 173

Perna 37

Phasianidse 173,174

Phoenicophseus 176

Pholas 36, 46

Phora, Lair 17

bifasciata, Walk 172

Phoridee, Saliday 172

Phyllornithidse . 173

Pienonotus . 173

Pinna 60

Piophila, Fallen 167

contecta. Walk 167

PlatypezidsB, Saliday . . . . . 117

Platypeza, Meigen 117

glaucescens, Walk 117

Platystoma, Latr 148

atomarium, Walk 148

basale, Walk 148

Ploceus 173,174

Prioniturus 177

Pseudomorphidse 183

Psila, Meigen 165

bipunctifera, Walk. . . . 165

munda, Walk 166

Psihdes, Walk 164

PsilopuSj Meigen 114

abruptus. Walk 115

sestimatus, Walk 114

filifer, Walk 114

spectabihs, Walk 114

Pfcerogenia, Bigot 147

singularis. Bigot .... 147

Pteropoda 42

Ptilocera, Wied 94

smaragdina, Walk 94

smaragdifera. Walk. ... 96

PhUonotus melanocephala . . . 175

Purpura 41

Rhynchosuchus 16

Rosapha, Walk 100

habihs, Walk 100

Euba, Walk 100

inflata, Walk 101

Salter, S. J. A., on the moulting
of the common Lobster and

Shore-Crab 30

Sandwith, Hon. Dr. On the habits
of the Aye- Aye {Cheiromys
madagascariensisj Cuv.) ... 28

Sarcophaga, Meigen 132

aliena, Walk 132

inextricata, Walk 132

invaria, Walk 132

mendax, Walk 132

Sarcophagides, Walk 132

Sargus, Fair 96

inactus, Walk 97

mactans, Walk 97

redhibens, Walk 97

INDEX.

189

Page i

Sargus remeans, Walk 96

repensans, Walk 96

Saruga, Walk 101

conifera, Walk 102

Sciomyza, Fallen 144

(?) Icucomelana, Walk. . . 144

replena, Walk 144

Scissirostrum 177

Sciuridffi 173

Sepedon, Latr 145

Javanensis 145

Sepia , . . 36, 39, 42

Sepsides, Walk 161

i, Fallen 163

fascipes, Walk 163

frontalis, Walk 163

revocans, Walk 163

testacea, Walk 163

Seraca, Walk 164

signata. Walk 165

signifera, Walk. . . , . 165

Serpula 89

Sippliidse, Leach 118

Solemya 37

Solen 47

Solva, Walk 98

inamoena, Walk 98

Sophira, Walk 160

bistriga, Walk 160

Spilogaster, Macq 141

xanthoceras, Walk. . . . 141

Spondylus 54

Stigmoderidse 183

Stratiomidse, Saliday 94

Stratiomys, Oeoff. 94

finalis, Walk 94

immiscens, Walk 94

Strombus 73

Sturnopastor 173

Suragina, Walk 110

illucens, Wallc 110

Sus 175

Syndesidse 183

Syritta, St. Farg 121

-iUucida, Walk 121

Syrphus, Fahr 122

consequens, Walk 122

Systropus, Wied 113

sphegoides, Walk 113

Tabanidse, Leach 102

Tabanus, Linn 102

factiosus, Walk 102

flexUis, Walk 104

immixtus, Walk 103

reducens, Walk 103

THE

Printed by Taylor and Francis

Tabanus spoliatus, Walk. . . . 103

succurvus, Walk 102

Tachinides, Walk 122

Tanysiptera ........ 174

Tellina 47

Texara, Walk 166

dioctrioides, Walk 166

Thereva, Latr Ill

congrua, Walk Ill

Therevites, Walk Ill

Thressa, Walk 146

signifera, Walk. . . ... 146

Tiga 173

Tinda, Walk 101

modifera. Walk 101

Tipula, Linn 92

infindens 92

inordinans 93

Tipulidse, Haliday 92

Torocca, Walk 131

abdorainalis. Walk. , . . 131

Tracana, Walk 99

iterabilis, Walk 99

Trichophorus 173

Trigonia 37

Trochus 40,80

Trogonidse 173

Tropidorhynclms 173

Trupanea, Macquart 106

Trupanea calorifica, Walk. . . . 107

strenua, Walk 106

Trypeta, Meigen 158

amplipennis. Walk. . . . 159

approximans, Walk. . . . 160

basifascia, Walk 158

lativentris, Walk 158

nigrifascia, Walk. , . . .158

stellipennis. Walk 159

Turbo 81

Venus 51

VoluceUa, Geoff. 120

decorata, Wcdk 120

Voluta 67

VulseUa 37

Walker, Francis, Catalogue of Di-
pterous Insects collected by Mr.
A. R. Wallace at Makcssar in

Celebes 90

Wallace, A. E-., on the Zoological
Geography of the Malay Archi-
pelago 172

Xarnuta, Walk 142

leucotelus, Walk 142

Zosterops flavus 175

END. \^ Z^r:mn %]

Red Lion Court, Fleet Street^-r- QV''^

JOURNAL

OF

THE PROCEEDINGS

THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.

BOTANY.

VOL. III.

LONDON:
LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, LONGMANS & ROBERTS,

AND

WILLIAMS AND NORGATE.

1859.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

LIST OF PAPERS.

Page

Bentham, George, Esq., F.LS.

Synopsis of Legnotidece, a tribe of Rhizophoracece 65

Notice of the Re-discovery of the genus Asferanthos, Desf., by
Mr. Spruce 80

Berkeley, Rev. M. J., M.A., F.L.S.

On some Tuberiform Vegetable Productions from China 102

Dickie, E., Esq., M.D., A.L.S., Professor of Natural History, Queen's
College, Belfast.

Notes on Arctic Plants '. 109

Dresser, Christopher, Esq.

Contributions to Organographic Botany 148

Grisebach, N., Professor of Botany in the University of Gottingen.

Notes on Abuta, a genus oi MenispermetB 108

Henfrey, Prof., F.R.S., F.L.S.

Note on the Morphology of the BalsaminaceiB 159

Lindley, Professor, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c.

Contributions to the Orchidology of India. — No. II 1

A Note upon Pseudocentrum, a new genus of Orchidacece 63

Masters, Maxvstell T., Esq., Lecturer on Botany at St. George's
Hospital, &c.

On a new species of Bellevalia from Mount Ida 113

IV

Page

Mu£LLER^ Dr. Ferdinand, Government Botanist, Victoria, Australia.
Monograph of the Eucalypti of Tropical Austraha; with an
Arrangement for the use of Colonists according to the Struc-
ture of the Bark 81

Contributiones ad Acaciarum Australiae Cognitionem 114

Dennisonia, Barklya, et Laboucheria; genera florae Australiae
nondum cognita 167

Oliver, Daniel, jun., Esq., F.L.S.

The Indian Species of Utricularia 1 70

Ralph, Thomas Shearman, Esq., A.L.S.

On the Arborescent Ferns of New Zealand 163

Spruce, Richard, Esq.

On Five New Plants from Eastern Peru 191

Welvtitsch, Dr. Frederick.

Letters on the Vegetation of West Equinoctial Africa 150

Index 205

./m (l^i ^ C^r. - ■ ^ ■■■ '■■- ' ^-^

JOURNAL OF THE PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON,

Letter from M. E. Bouegeau, Botanist to Capt. Pallisee's
British North American Exploring Expedition. Addressed to
Sir W. J. Hooker, E.E.S., F.L.S., and communicated by him.

[Read March 3rd, 1859.]

Fort Gh-rry, Saskatchewan,
June 7th, 1858.

SiE, — As you received the first letter, sent from Port Garry,
I need not detain you with a description of the little collection
I was enabled to make, while almost daily upon the rivers and
lakes, hemmed in on all sides by dense forests, to the Fort just
named.

I commenced my herborizations June 12th, upon the He Royale,
situated on Lake Superior, where the vegetation had hardly com-
menced. The Alders and Willows were in flower on the banks
of the island, and by their sides large banks of ice still existed
under the rocks. This island is thoroughly wooded, and especially
with two Ahies {alba and balsamifera), Betula papyracea, and the
Thuya. The same day we landed at the entrance of the Kami-
nistoquoiah Eiver, Fort William ; but the shortness of the stay
did not enable me to make excursions in that place. From that
time it was only during the hours of rest and at the portages that
I could gather a few specimens ; the indifferent accommodation in
our boat did not permit of a large collection being made, from
the difficulty of preserving it from damp. I have been delighted
to learn that you have received the plants in a good state of pre-

LINN. PROC. — BOTANY. B

a LETTER FROM M. E. BOTJRGEAU.

servatioii, and I hope that this year also you will receive a pretty
large quantity, and a good number of each species.

As you are geographically acquainted with the route of the
expedition, I need not speak concerning the localities through
which we have passed ; the specimens of plants (none neglected,
but many repeated) will prove a better botanical journal of the
expedition than all the notes which I might send you from here ;
nevertheless I have preserved some notes upon the particular
places which are woody, if it is important to know them. There
is one particular with which it is as well you should be acquainted
— it is the geographical extent of the plants in the countries
through which we have travelled ; that is to say, the same species
occupies a surface from 300 to 400 leagues. The prairies are well
covered with plants, of the Graminece and CyperacecB in abundance,
but of few species. Three distinct localities are to be met with
in these prairies — the ordinary plains, marshes and streamlets,
and dry rising grounds. Each of these three localities has its
peculiar vegetation ; but let each locality occur where it will, it
presents the same plants throughout. The greater part of the
plants at Fort Grarry and Pembina are the same as those of
Carlton ; and it is my conviction that they extend close to the
mountains. My collections of 1857, and a portion of those of
1858, you will receive this year ; and I give you here the number
of boxes which are addressed to you — two from Fort EUice, con-
taining the collections from Pembina, and some parcels of seeds.
This collection is superb, and contains the plants gathered at the
most southerly part of our voyage — viz. from the great prairie of
the Tortue Mountain, and in the neighbourhood of the river at
Souris, to Fort Ellice, where I remained some time, and was con-
sequently able to make a careful collection of the Composites,
which are in perfection from August 15th till the close of the

From Fort Ellice our route lay direct to Saskatchewan, the
greater part of which is what we in Europe would call pasturage.
It is indeed pasture-land, covered with buffaloes, and the grass
being so constantly browsed does not attain any height. The
country also seems very dry: there are some lakes, but few
marshes. There are no forests ; but, beside some streamlets, a
few small copses oiPopulus tremuloides, which appear to have been
spared from fires. The borders also of the Saskatchewan river at
r Elbow are wooded in some places with P. halsamifera, grandi-
dentata, tremuloides, Fraxinus, and JBetula pumila. In tlie marshy

JiETTER FROM M. E. BOURGEAU, 0

localities, tufted Willows, interspersed with other shrubs, con-
stitute a covert for deer, and specially for the bear, whose prin-
cipal food, during the month of September, is the fruit of such
shrubs as the SJiepherdia argentea, which I have seen in large
quantities in his stomach.

We arrived at Carlton on the 8th October, and there I finished
putting in order my last collections, containing a quantity of
seeds, besides the botanical specimens, and filling in all one case.
There are 166 packets of different seeds, several shells, and some
insects, which I beg you will keep until I return, to make the
catalogue. Of this spring's collections, I send two cases — one
containing the botanical packets, and the other some objects for
your Economical Museum ; and several diseases of plants, occa-
sioned , by the punctures of insects, for Dr. Hooker. In one of
the boxes you will find some animals' skins and birds' eggs, which
also I beg you will take care of till my return : each article is
furnished with a ticket. As the news I looked for by the arrival
of the Captain did not come, I shall be obliged to pass another
winter at Edmonton, and I trust, by the following spring, to be
enabled to visit those parts of the Eocky Mountains lying nearest
this locality ; and thus I shall have all the spring plants, which by
arriving too late this season I run the chance of losing. It is
well known that August is the most suitable month for traversing
the mountains ; and, besides, the Compositce and seeds of many
plants are not perfect till that season.

The total number of cases which you will receive in 1858 is —
2 from Eort Ellice, and 3 from Carlton, making 5 in all.

I am anxious to reach the mountains as soon as possible. It
is now two seasons since I saw any mountains resembling the
Alpine chains of my native country.

Dr. Hooker, to whom I desire my respectful remembrances,
will receive at the same time all the observations which I have
taken since I left Carlton. I have a journal, in which I have
notes upon the temperature of the trees, upon the weather, and
on various circumstances ; and, lastly, upon the vegetation, and
specially upon a certain tree, which puts forth its leaves a month
later, which I should like to know the cause of. I desire to do my
utmost in rendering the voyage as useful to science as possible.

Accept, sir, every assurance of esteem from your humble

'"'"'''^*' ■ E. BOUEG.EAU.

I have given special attention to the collection of Salices made

b2

4 LETTER FROM M. E. BOURGEAU.

at Carlton: the species are not numerous, for which reason I
have collected both male and female specimens of each plant, and
have been careful to put corresponding numbers on each sex.
There are a good many duplicates ; therefore I trust you may
have as many specimens as will enable you to study them satis-
factorily. I regret not being able to send you the leaves of the
Salices ; they are not yet developed. During the third week of
last month, the catkins of P. halsamifera have been frozen and
have fallen oiF; several other plants, also in flower, have been
frozen, and thus for a week I have been deprived of my ex-
cursions.

Observations referred to in the foregoing Letter, on the Tempera-
ture of the Earth and of Forest-trees, made at Fort Carlton,
on the Saskatchewan.

Date.

2 feet.

3 feet.

Populus.

Abies.

Atmosphere.

1857.

0

0

0

0

Nov. I

39-0

41-0

37'5

2

39*o

41-5

27-0

3

39-0

41-5

36*0

4

39-0

40-5

....

5

39-0

40*0

....

6

39-0

40-0

26*0

7

38-0

397

25-0

8

37-5

39*0

15-0

9

37'o

39-0

21-5

10

37-0

39-0

15-0

11

37-0

39*o

25-0

12

36-5

38-5

26*0

13

36*0

38-0

25-0

14

36*0

38-0

31-0

15

36*0

38-0

22*0

16

3S'5

37*5

317

17

35*o

37-0

29*0

18

35'o

37'o

22-0

^9

3S*o

37-0

2'0

20

347

3£7

34-0

21

34-5

36-5

4- ro

22

34-0

36-0

3*o

23

337

36*0

24-0

24

34*o

36*0

14-0

25

33'5

35-5

lO'O

26

33*o

35'o

13-0

27

3S-0

35"o

25-0

28

33*o

35'o

i8-o

29

33-0

35*o

13-0

30

33'o

35*o

I2*0

Dec. I

33'o

35-0

17*0

2

3^*5

35'o

17-

0

13-0

3

32-0

34-0

9

0

— i-o

4

32-0

34'o

7

0

io'5

5

32-0

34'o

II

0

17-0

6

32-0

34-0

12'0

15-0

LETTER FROM M. E. BOUEGEAIT.

Table (continued).

Date.

2 feet.

3 feet.

Populus.

Abies.

Atmosphere.

1857.

0

0

0

0

Dec. 7

32-0

34-0

— I'O

-i4'6

8

31*5

34-0

4- 7-0

+ 4-0

9

31-0

34'o

S-o

+ 0'2

10

31-0

34'o

7-0

7'o

II

31-0

34-0

7-0

6-5

12

31-0

34*o

8-0

15-0

13

30'5

33-0

I2*0

i3'o

H

30*5

33-0

5-0

— I'O

15

30-5

33-0

14-0

-l-29'O

16

30-5

33-0

15*2

+ i9'o

17

30'S

33'o

6*5

5'o

18

30*0

33-0

lO'O

lO'O

19

30*0

33.0

i6-5

20'3

20

30*0

32-9

i6-o

19-8

21

29-2

32-6

I I'O

i4'o

22

29-2

32-6

24*0

237

36-0

23

30*0

32-6

i6-o

....

lO'O

24

29-9

32-0

8-0

24-0

O'O

*5

29*2

32-0

3*5

4-0

-l-II'O

26

29*0

32-0

8-2

9-0

26-s

27

29*0

32-0

6-0

14-0

5-9

28

28-5

32-0

S'o

14-0

lO'O

29

28-5

32-0

12-4

8-0

I S'O

30

28-0

3^'o

lO'O

15-0

I S'O

31

28*0

32-0

S'O

I I'O

— 7'o

1858.

Jan. I

28-0

32-0

....

5'5

+2-0

2

28-0

31*7

9.0

8'2

317

3

28-0

317

28-0

28'0

43'o

4

28-0

31-8

....

22-5

3'o

5

28-0

31-8

7*5

9'o

2'9

6

28-0

31-8

- 9'9

— 20'0

-23-0

7

26-5

31*5

- 9-2

— 20'0

— I2'2

8

25-2

31-5

- 7*5

— 12*0

- S'O

9

24-8

31-0

- 6-0

-I S'O

-f lO'O

10

24*6

31-0

....

+ 4-^

— 0'2

II

24-2

30*5

+ a'5

+ ro

12

24-2

30-5

- 8-6

— 23'0

13

24-2

30*5

-13-2

....

-3 I'O

14

24-2

30*5

— 22-0

-17-2

15

24-2

30*0

-13-0

- 25?.'

-i7'o

16

22-5

29-2

- 8-0

-31-5

17

22'0

29-2

- 7-0

- S'O

- 4*3

18

22*0

28-1

-|-i2*a

+ 6-5

4-»o's

19

23-0

28-1

....

-|-I2'0

+ 15*9

20

23-0

28-0

+ 6-0

+ 8'o

+ 14*5

21

23-0

28-0

4-6

6'o

4*5

22

23-2

28-0

14*0

9*5

7'o

^3

^3*5

28-0

4*5

S'O

- 2-3

24

^^'^

28-0

— 2'0

8'o

- 77

^5

22*5

27-6

- 5'a

26

22'0

27-4

4-0

....

- 9-3

27

22'0

27*4

....

....

4- o'8

28

21-8

27-0

....

' ....

-13-0

29

21-5

26-2

2-0

— lO'O

+ 8'o

30

2I-I

26*0

4-0

- 5'5

- Vo

31

2I*0

26-0

i6-o

+ I0'0

+ 8'o

I have made some remarks on the temperature of trees in my journal.

6

LETTER FROM M. E. BOURGEAU.

Extremes of Atmospheric Temperature (Maximum and Minimum)
for every Twenty -four Hour a.

Date.

Max.

Mill,

Date.

Max.

Min.

Date.

Max.

Min.

1857-

0

0

1857.

0

0

1858.

0

0

Nov. 1 2

4*2

30-2

Dec. 9

o-o

6-9

Jan. 4

— i-o

28-0

13

9-0

27-2

10

-167

9-2

5

-14-1

7-0

H

12-8

33'o

II

4-7

i6'o

6

13-0

25-0

15

i8-o

35-0

12

5.0

33'^^

7

-22-9

- 3'i

16

20-8

34-4

J3

8-0

27-0

8

-13-0

— 0'2

17

II'2

31-0

H

— 1-5

I2-0

9

— io*9

i8-9

18

- 4-2

15-0

15

4-0

35'o

10

— 2' I

14-0

»9

o-o

H'5

16

- 4-0

24-6

II

-15-0

i8-o

20

IO'2

41-1

17

— lO'O

8-1

12

-34-0

-15-0

21

0-3

6-0

18

o-o

19-6

13

— 40*0

-15-0

22

2*0

ii'i

19

130

26*0

14

— 14*0

26-2

23

11-9

34-0

20

12*1

2I-0

15

-29-2

- 1*3

24

lo-o

25-5

21

3-0

24-0

16

-11-4

- 1-3

25

9-1

28-0

22

24-2

41-0

17

- 6-2

15-3

26

lO'O

30*0

23

6-0

23-8

18

5'2

26-1

27

22-8

26-2

24

-14-0

5'5

19

6-2

15-3

28

15-2

22-0

^5

- 2-0

15-2

20

2-6

24-5

29

13-8

17-5

26

5-0

32*0

21

— 2*2

167

30

12-5

17-0

27

- 7-0

14-6

22

5*2

22-0

Dec. I

14-9

18-9

28

- 6-9

14-9

23

-11-6

4*5

2

5*5

17-0

29

— 2*2

32-2

24

-14*5

22'0

3

- 4*9

8-0

30

8-0

i8-5

25

- 8-9

13*3

4

- 5*5

17-2

31

- 7-0

19-8

26

-13-8

I'O

5

5'2

i6-2

1858.

27

-12-3

5-0

6

i'5

23-0

Jan. 1

- 3*5

21-9

28

-147

5-0

7

-13-0

5-0

2

5'i

40-0

29

8

2'0

8-5

3

29*0

45-0

Continuation of the Observations on the Temperature of the Earth
and of Forest-trees, made at Carlton, on the Saskatchewan.

Date.

2 feet.

.3 feet.

Populus.

Abies.

Atmosphere.

1858.

0

0

Feb. I

21-8

26-0

....

15-0

2'0

2

21-8

26-0

- 7-0

— I2*0

- 9'9

3

2I-0

25-8

- 2'5

....

O'O

4

2 I'O

25-6

•f 7'o

+25-8

5

21 0

25-3

....

20-5

26*0

6

2I-0

25-0

i5'5

i8-5

"•3

7

22'0

25-8

....

- 3*5

-14' 3

8

2 I'O

25-8

- 4-2

-15-0

— 11-2

9

207

25-2

-13-0

-25-0

10

19-4

25-b

— 20'0

....

— 22*0

II

l8'2

24-5

-24-0

-23-7

12

17-5

24-0

-25-0

....

-27*3

13

15-0

24-0

— 20?'0

-29-3

14
15

14-2

n'5

23-1

21-5 .
21'0 J

The mercury shrunk into
the bulb.

— 36'o
\ -32'3

16

117

I -15*3

17

"•5

20-4

- 9'5

— 14*0

- 8-7

18

- 6-0

19

n-o

19-4

- 7*4

LETTER FROM M. E. BOTJRGEAU.

Table {continued).

Date.

2 feet.

3 feet.

Populus.

Abies.

Atmosphere.

1858.

0

0

0

0

0

Feb. 20

— 2'0

- 3-0

21

....

- 7-5

22

15-0

20-0

+ 4-0

- 5-0

— 2-0

23

+ 19-5

+ 37-0

24

17-1

20-6

....

+ 16-5

30*8

^!

'

'35-3

26

27

.

Thermometers frozen.

•'6:1

28

+ 7-5

O'O

Mar. I

19-8

23-0

-j'o

....

i-o

2

i8-8

23-0

6-3

I'O

3

i8-o

22-6

I2'5

....

17-2

4

i8-8

22-0

II'O

22'0

5

19-0

22-2

21*5

....

26-2

6

19-8

22-2

26-0

33'2

7

207

22*2

28-6

29-5

32*5

8

23-0

23*5

31-0

31-5

9

24'0

24-5

30-0

....

i6-o

10

....

....

24-2

....

11

24-8

24-8

28-0

28-0

28-2

12

25*0

^S'^

....

26*0

38-7

13

25-8

25-8

29-5

....

30*0

14

26*0

26-0

28-0

....

31-0

15

26-5

26-5

32-2

....

38-5

16

26-8

26-8

32-0

32-0

17

27-0

27-0

32-0

28'0

18

277

27-2

31-0

2*6-3

31-0

19

27-8

27-8

31-0

43-3

20

28-0

28-0

30-8

9i

32-8

21

28-0

28-0

26*0

■*^

21*2

22

28-0

28-0

27-2

0

3i'9

23

28-0

28-3

31-2

rt °

357

24

28-5

28-6

31-8

§ M

42-0

25

28-8

28-9

31-8

0 2

37-8

26

28-8

29-0

^^'o

^0

32-2

27

29-0

29*0

32-0

0 ^^

38-2

28

29-0

29*0

32-0

c h

447

29

29-4

29-0

32-5

28-1

30

29-5

29-0

33.0

-T3 <u

40-3

31

29-8

29-6

35*o

M C

39'o

April 1
2

29-8
29-8

29*6

297

32-0
32-5

3V-8

3

29-8

297

32-0

?2l

26*9

4
5

29-8
30-0

297
29-8

32-0
317

.8 -IS

28-6
28-3

6

30*0

29-8

33.0

^ ^.-B.

(M

40*0

7

30-0

30*0

33-8

^%

39*4

8

30*0

30-0

32-5

■^•c

36-1

9

30*0

30-0

33'5

"1

40*0

IC

30*0

30*0

34' 5

^z

42-9

II

30*0

30-0

33.0

49-8

12

30-2

30*0

34*5

48-4

13

30-2

30-0

34-0

* 1%

....

M

30-2

30*0

1^

26-2

It

30-2

30*0

32-0

i6-o

le

) 30-3

30-2

32*0

25-4

i:

1 30-3

30-2

....

H

28-3

LETTEI^ FEOM M. E. BOUEGEATJ.

Table {continued).

Date.

2 feet.

3 feet.

Populus.

Abies.

Atmosphere.

1858.

0

0

0

0

April 18

3o'5

30-5

32-0

....

43'o

19

30-6

30-5

35'o

....

42-0

20

307

30*6

36-0

....

44-0

a I

30-7

306

....

....

43'o

22

30-8

307

34*5

....

360

n

30-8

307

37*5

....

32-0

24

30-8

307

....

42-0

^5

30*9

30-8

34*5

....

45-0

26

31-0

30-8

....

....

44-0

27

31-0

30-8

....

54-0

28

310

30-8

47-8

....

41-0

29

31-2

30*9

54-0

....

53'9

30

31-2

3o"9

....

....

....

May I

31*3

30-9

59'o

....

68-5

2

31-6

30-8

....

....

48-0

3

32-0

31-0

59'o

....

610

4

32-2

31-0

In flower.

56-5

5

3^*3

31-0

49-0

....

42-0

6

32-4

31-0

52-0

....

52*0

7

3^*5

31-0

54-2

54-0

8

3^7

31-0

....

....

50-0

9

33'o

31-0

....

....

Sro

10

33-2

31-2

....

....

37-0

II

33*5

3i'4

47-8

....

37-0

12

33-5

3i'4

....

....

42-0

13

33'5

31*4

38-5

37'o

14

33-0

31-5

387

....

39'o

15

33*o

317

....

....

37'o

16

30*0

317

....

....

39-0

17

33*o

317

407

....

36*2

18

33'o

317

40-8

....

38-3

19

33*3

31-8

48-2

....

49*5

20

337

31-9

46-5

....

54'5

21

34-0

31-9

497

49-0

22

35'o

31-9

49-8

....

52-0

^3

35*5,

32-0

54-0

....

51-0

24

36*0

32-0

....

....

62*0

^5

36.2

32*0

62-3

58*0

26

367

32-2

43'o

27

36-9

3^*3

50-5

....

47-0

28

36-9

32-3

....

....

50*0

29

36-9

326

....

44-0

3c

....

....

....

. ...

....

31

362

32-8

....

....

44-0

June 1

36-4

33'o

....

....

52*5

2

367

33*o

Leaves.

62*0

'3

37'5

33*2

6o'o

....

62-0

4

38-6

33-8

58-2

66-0

5

397

33-9

S4-0

....

57-0

e

40*0

34'2

50*5

....

50-5

7

40-0

34'9

....

....

57*o

The earliest plants to flower were the following :-

1858. April 13. — AIhuh Americana, Anemone patens.
May I,— Phlox Iloodii, Populus tremuloides.
May 5. — Two Salices, Populus balsamifera.

LETTER FEOM M. E. BOUEGEAU.

9

May 6. — Two other Salices, Shepherdia argentea and Hippophae, Lathyrus
Equisetum, Tussilago, Negundo Fraxinus, &c.
May 7. — Viola (two species), Potentilla, Ranunculus, Androsace, Astragalus,
May 8. — Fragaria Canadensis, two Carices, and Poa.
May 10. — SalioC, Lithospermum, Astragalus.

Maximum and Minimum of every Twenty-four Hours (I began
by the minimum) : —

Date.

Mill.

Max.

Date.

Min.

Max.

Date.

Min.

Max.

1858.

0

0

1858.

0

0

1858.

0

0

Feb. I

-21-5

24-0

Mar. 1 5

31-0

39-0

Apr.27

35-2

75'o

2

-30-4

- 9-0

16

31-3

35-8

28

25-0

54-0

3

-25-2

O'O

17

25-8

31-5

29

27-2

64-5

4

97

32-0

18

15-5

33'o

,, 30

31-0

65*0

5

14-0

32-2

19

I2-0

41-2

May I

42-2

69*0

6

- 9-1

127

20

14-4

33-6

2

45-0

75'5

7

-23-0

- 6-8

21

4" I

27-5

3

37*2

71-0

8

-247

3-0

22

^37

40*0

4

40- 1

73-2

9

-28-3

— 10*0

23

31-0

40*0

5

30-0

527

10

-33*3

~ ^*z

24

25*5

41-5

6

33*5

6o-o

II

-27-0

- 7-8

as

21-6

39'8

7

38-8

617

12

— 36*0

-197

26

22-5

35*4

8

3I-0

\n

13

-37-0

-24-0

27

2 I'O

41-2

9

33-0

6o-8

14

-42-1

-23-6

28

15-8

49*5

10

33-0

59*8

15

-54-0

-24-2

29

3*'4

4S-0

II

14-5

43-8

16

-3^'3

- 97

30

3o-a

43-8

12

24-2

45-5

17

-i3-a

- r6

31

29*0

45-9

13

20'0

32*0

18

-21-5

+ I-*

Apr. I

25-6

49-0

14

13-8

42*0

19

-24-4

3-8

2

25-3

34-6

15

27-0

587

20

— 26*0

2-0

3

i8-o

26-9

16

26-5

44-5

21

-31-0

8'o

4

i6*o

37'o

17

28-6

48-0

22

-15-0

14-0

5

13-0

327

18

19*0

49.0

^3

+ 3-6

39'a

6

22'0

47-0

19

30-5

61.3

24

7-2

32-8

7

22*0

48-8

20

41-2

70-3

25

i8-4

44*6

8

22*0

37'2

21

34*o

72-2

26

i9'o

39'o

9

i8-6

487

22

39'o

67-2

27

- 5-0

i8-8

II

267

|3*7

^3

40-0

68-4

28

-i6-5

lO'O

12

27-0

67-8

24

5o?*3

70*0

Mar. I

-i8-o

2'4

13

a4'5

50-0

*^

3n

69*0

2

-23-2

I'O

14

147

28-4

26

38-0

49.4

3

+ 3-3

17-2

15

9-0

48-0

27

4S-0

547

4

8'o

207

16

9-0

48-0

28

38-9

54-0

5

3-0

24-0

17

19-8

42-0

29

337

48-8

6

15-5

39*1

18

34'i

OI'O

30

31-9

5I-0

7

12-6

35-8

19

29*0

63*0

. 31

27-6

56-2

8

237

38-8

20

23-6

52-5

June 2

44-0

72'0

9

22'9

467

21

i8'o

48-3

3

49*5

70-0

10

137

30-5

22

20'0

44-2

4

46-8

77-8

II

15-6

377

23

20'2

45'5

5

44-0

63-3

12

21*2

39'*

24

26-5

55'o

6

31*9

56-0

13

117

43-8

^5

28-0

5^7

14

I2*0

44-0

26

36-1

70*0

10 LETTER FROM M. E. BOUEGEAU.

Various Observations on Temperature made at Carlton in 1858.

May 16

17

18
June 6

Water of the river at 9 a.m

Glacier in a bog surrounded with poplar-trees :
Under the ice towards the bushes of Salix . . .
Open side between the ice and the earth

Under the ice at the foot of the Salix

Source of the bog

The bush of Salix had several catkins in
flower- — The observations were made at noon.

Another bog situated beside the Populm on

which I made my observations :

Water of the bog at 10 A.M

Water of the river

Poplar-bush, the leaves of which are twelve

days later, at a depth of

Towards the roots, at 2 inches in the earth...

Feet.

j Atmo-
: sphere.

3

407

33-0
34-8

37-6

45*o
41-3

41-0
50*0

0
33'o

45*7
35-8

51*5

Measurement of some of the largest Trees observed in the
Neighbourhood of Carlton.

Cirqumference in French metres.

Metres. Centimetres.

Populus balsamifera 2 53

Populus tremuloides i 15

Abies alba 2 25

Observed by Lieut. Blakiston, at Mosquito Point, on the Lower Saskatchewan,
lat. 53** 50', long. 102° 53': — Abies alba? 2 metres, 58 centimetres. The largest
remarked, after quitting Hudson's Bay, near the great rapid of the Saskatchewan,
I m. 60 cent.

Observed by myself in the Valley of Arches in the Rocky Mountains : — Abies
nigra? 3 m. 69 cent, nearly; height about 160 feet. Most of the forest-trees had
nothing remarkable in their size, the too frequent burning of the forests forming
an impediment to the development of their beauty.

A few Observations on the Temperature of the Earth in the
Prairies of the Saskatchewan.

1858.

Aug. 23
24

27

30
Sept. 2

7

9

10

14

At the base of the Rocky Mountains

At 9 A.M

On the Prairies of the Saskatchewan

» >> » ••• ...

,, „ ),
,, ,t >>

„ ,> M

Depth.

j Atmo-
sphere.

ii

42°5
42-0

42-5
44-0
47'o
45-0
46-0
46-0
45-2

0
58-0
55-0

59'o
6o-o

38-5
40-5
39-0
4o'o
47'5

LETTER FROM J. W. SULLIVAN. 11

Temperature of the Earth and Atmosphere at Edmonton at 9 a.m.

2 feet.

Atmosphere.

2 feet.

Atmosphere.

1858.

Nov. 9

37-5

44'0

Dec. 8

28-5

-f-IO'O

10

37-5

34'o

10

26-0

- rs

II

37'5

31-5

12

23-0

— i6*o

'i

36-8

32-0

13

21-5

-IO-5

18

3S'5

20'0

18

2I'0

-IO-5

21

35'o

19*0

20

18-5

- 9"o

24

34-5

17-0

24

I7-0

-180

27

337

25-0

28

i6-5

-15-2

^ 30

33-0

o*o

30

157

+ 17

Dec. 2

32-0

-14-0

1859.

4

31-8

— I'O

Jan. 2

^•5

- 17

6

30-0

-23-5

Letter from J. W. Sullivan, Esq., on the subject of the accom-
panying Observations. Addressed to J. D. Hooker, Esq., M.D.,
E.E.S., F.L.S.

Fort Edmonton, Saskatchewan,
January 10th, 1859.

Sib, — I have taken the liberty of forwarding the accompanying
sheet of Thermometrical Observations on the soil, which I made
on the route of the expedition during the last season.

As M. Bourgeau's time was wholly taken up in collecting and
drying his botanical specimens, I undertook the observations when
opportunity permitted, and carried them on according to the di-
rections you gave him.

I would have willingly made a more extensive series, but the
plan of our travels in the Eocky Mountains, when the party was
broken up and dispersed in different directions, put a stop to the
work. However, I will endeavour during the ensuing season to
obtain as large a number as possible. They will no doubt be of
some value, especially if we are to extend our explorations to the
shores of the Pacific Ocean.

I have the honour to be, sir.

Your obedient servant,

J. W. Sullivan,
Secretary to the Expedition.

12

LETTER FROM J. W. SULLIVAN.

Observations on the Temperature of the Soil, taken during the
above Journey, by J. W. Sullivan, Esq., Secretary to the
Expedition.

Ther.

Ther.

Lat.

Long.

Date.

in
Air.

in
Soil.

Nature of SoU.

Remarks.

O 1

0 (

1858.

0

0

52 3* N.

109 6 W.

July 3

44*9

2i ft. V.M.— F.S.

Superior soil to any
in the neighbour-
hood.

5* 35

109 22

4

..

54-a

1^ ft. V.M.— F.S.

Near poplar clump.

5i 35

109 40

6

50*

49'9

S.

On a sand-hill near
to a growth of
small poplars.

52 36

no 23

7

56-

53'9

s.

52 36

no 50

8

65-

50-2

s.

Valley of Battle Riv.

52 33

III 20

9

587

49*1

i ft. V.M.— S.

Near poplar patches.

5228

III 30

10

66-6

54-2

. .

Valley of Battle Riv.

52 28

III 30

II

62*0

54*5

. .

do.

52 27

112 0

13

53*9

I ft. V.M.— S.

Fine pasture here.

52 24

112 19

15

55-5

51-9

do.

Poplars and fine
pasture.

52 24

112 19

16

65*0

52-2

do.

Same place.

52 24

112 19

17

70'o

52-2

do.

do.

5* 23

112 40

18

••

52-1

do.

Fair growth of pop-
lars.

52 23

112 40

19

65-

51-9

do.

52 19

113 3

20

84'

53-4

S.

Dead Man's Creek.

5* 19

"3 3

21

57-

53-4

. .

do.

52 18

113 10

22

58-

52-0

3ft.V.M.

Valley Red Deer R.

5^ 13

113 40

a3

47*

52-5

do.

Nick Hills.

51 56

114 10

24

50-5

50-5

2 ft. V.M.— S.

Edge of the woods.

51 56

114 10

^S

657

49-0

do.

do.

51 56

114 10

26

72*

50*0

do.

do.

51 56

114 10

27

69*5

50-1

do.

do.

51 56

114 10

28

65-

49*5

do.

do.

51 56

114 10

29

57-

49*5

do.

do.

51 36

114 0

30

63-

51-9

i ft. V.M.— S.

In a creek valley.

SI 26

114 0

31

46-

54*4

S.

do.

51 20

"3 55

Aug. I

75*2

54*9

s.

Prairie.

51 20

"3 55

3

76-

55*1

s.

do.

51 9

115 6

9

6o-

47-2

Shingle.

Bow River.

V.M. signifies Vegetable Mould
—F.S. „ followed by Fine Sand.
S. „ Sand.

SECOND LETTER FROM M. E. BOUHGEAU. 13

Second Letter from M. E. Bourgeau, Botanist to Capt. Pal-
liser's American Exploring Expedition. Addressed to Sir W.
J. Hooker, F,E.S., F.L.S., and communicated by him,

[Read May 5th, 1859.]

Fort Edmonton, Saskatchewan,
October 9th, 1858.

Sir, — I have much pleasure in laying before you the results of
my botanical labours during this second season.

I suppose that you have received my account of the preceding
season, in which I gave you full details up to Eort Carlton. I
shall now, therefore, confine my narrative to the period between
that locality and the Eocky Mountains.

The expedition started on the 15th of June, crossing the prairie
Saskatchewan between the two arms of the river of the same
name. Some days afterwards I found several places rich in legu-
minous plants, and particularly some Astragali, which I had not
found in the previous year. The numerous plants which I
gathered led me to hope that I might find some fine things farther
on. My only difficulty was from the rains, which fall annually in
June and July. I recorded thirty-three days of more or less con-
tinuous rain. I have succeeded in preserving all my collections,
without losing a single packet. I have not found as many dif-
ferent species as I had hoped to do. I have preserved many
species already gathered the first season, on account of their
forms, the dates, or their geographical distribution ; probably half
the collection is in duplicate.

On the 26th June we travelled over the open and treeless
prairie, and on the 27th we encamped by a small forest of the two
species of Populus (lat. 52° 39' N., and long. 108° 52' W.). On
the 2nd July we reached more abundant forests, composed of the
same trees, with thickets of rather large Salio!, which provided us
with excellent firewood.

The spaces between the forests consist of more or less marshy
prairies, with large plants of different species, nearly all inha-
bitants of the forests, such as Lathyrus, Vieia, Orohus ?, Astra-
galus, and Carex, in abundance.

The prairies are rich in food for animals, the grass averaging in
height from 18 inches to 2 feet (lat. 52° N., long. 109° 3' W.).

From the 3rd to the 7th July we (»*ossed a wooded sandy
slope. In many places the vegetation appeared to have suftered
from the frosts and the hail. All the poplars looked as if they

14 SECOND LETTEE EROM M. E. BOURGEAU.

had beeu trimmed. The ends of the branches are cut by the frost
nearly every year, and the number of checks which they thus
receive gives them a peculiar appearance. Near this place we
crossed two wide spaces, where the hail had destroyed all the
vegetation except the trees and the Salix.

It is worth describing to you the inconvenience of some
seasons ; for instance, the frosts which occurred this year, on the
16th of May and the last week of July, destroyed all the seeds of
the trees ; and the catkins of the Populiis and Salix fell to the
ground without ripening. The same thing occurred with the
coniferous trees ; and thus I have been unable this year to pro-
cure the seeds of any trees.

On the 10th of July we encamped on the shores of the river
Battle, between the woods and rich prairies. The soil appears
very fertile here ; and I remarked some specimens of Abies alba
and of Pinus Banksiana which had escaped the fire — the first
observed since leaving Carlton. This river is insignificant in
summer. Towards the boundary of the woods it is in some places
«unk between high banks. Lat. 52° 28' N., long. 111° 17' W.
from Greenwich.

Erom the 18th to the 20th of July we encamped on the prairies
and amid thickets near the Lake de Boeuf, which contains an
abundance of a rather large fish of excellent quality. At this
place we were about fifty miles from the superb river De la Biche,
which is of sufficient size for the navigation of the ordinary boats
of the country. Its shores are wooded for about 100 miles, par-
ticularly with Abies alba and the two species of JPopultis, useful as
timber. Vegetation also is vigorous, and the soil appears to be
very fertile. The varieties of herbaceous plants are not very
numerous, but the quality of the species forms a good forage for
horses. Fires appear to have been less frequent in this latitude
—52° 1' N.

On the 24th, 25th, and 26th July, we were in sight of the
magnificent chain of the Bocky Mountains. I here observed a
change in the vegetation. The first plants which attracted my
attention were the Geum rivale, Polygonum viviparum, two species
of Geranivm, &c. Although still 100 miles from the mountains,
I am each day in hopes of finding new plants.

Near a large " coulee" named the " Coulee of Coloured Stones,"
the prairie is magnificent ; the Astragali especially forming a great
ornament to it. There are large patches of different colours, par-
ticularly red ; a yellow and a white Astragalus ; a red, a white.

SECOND LETTER FROM M. E. BOURGEAU. 15

and a violet Geranium ; a Hedysarum ; the three varieties of Hhi-
nantJiiis, &c., — forming an ensemble most attractive to a botanist.

At last, on the 7th of August, we arrived at the foot of the
Rocky Mountains, at the place where stood the ancient fort, in
lat. 51° 9' N., long. 115° 4' W.,— the shores of the River des Arcs
being 4100 feet above the level of the sea. In ascending this
river, it is found to flow from a large valley in the interior of the
mountains, which I have named the Valley des Arcs, as far as the
second lake, there being a first and a second Lake des Arcs. The
high peaks of this valley bear the following names : Pic des Pi-
geons, Pic de la Grrotte, Pic du Vent — the last being so named
from the storms which begin upon its summit. I have explored
this valley more than any, and especially the mountains on the
northern side of the Pic du Vent, which I have found peculiarly
rich in alpine plants. From the river to the limit of the snow, all
the chain of peaks, as far as the eye can reach, are wooded, prin-
cipally with three species of conifers, Abies nigra ? and alba^ and
Pinv^. The latter grows mostly on the southern slopes, and
does not much exceed thirty feet high — the largest being about
one metre in circumference. The Abies nigral is the largest
and tallest of the forest-trees which I have observed in the Valley
des Arcs ; one which I measured was 3 metres 23 centimetres
in circumference. There are also other forest-trees in greater
or less abundance, as Populiis balsamijlua, P. tremuloides, Betula
papyracea, and B. pumila. The shrubs are mostly the same as in
the plains, except some Saliees of the alpine region.

There are considerable obstacles to travelling in the mountains.
The forests suffer almost every year from fires ; the trees fall in
all directions on the ground, and thus form innumerable barricades
to the progress of horses, and even of men. To ascend to the
summit of a mountain, a very hard day's work is needed to cross
the forest region. This description holds good of all the localities
which I have visited.

I am happy to inform you that I have made a good collection
during this season. I hope that I have gathered the greater
number of the plants inhabiting that portion of the mountains
which I have visited, and which I have been able to explore in
seventeen days. Por weighty reasons it was not possible for me
to remain there longer.

The month of August is the best period of the year, the plants
being in perfect flower, and some few in fruit. I observed but
few withered kinds.

16 SECOND LETTER FROM M. E. BOUROEAU.

List of some species gathered close to the perpetual snow : —

Silene acaulis. Draba.

Silene ? Androsace.

Arnica. Vaccinium.

Menziesia ? Salix herbacea.

Pedicularis. Poa alpina.

Gnaphalium. Aspidium.

Erigeron. Valeriana.

Artemisia. Aquilegia.

Saussurea. Dryas octopetala.

Luzula. Epilobium.
Saxifraga. &c. &c.

The nearest tree to the snow is Abies alba^ which assumes the
appearance of Juniperus communis, with which it grows ; that is
to say, it trails along the ground. The alpine region is from
6500 to 8600 feet in elevation.

The vegetation is not rich in species ; the mountains are barren,
with few streams and little humidity, and no pastures like those
of the Alps. In the Eocky Mountains, streams are scarce on the
southern slopes ; on the northern, water is more abundant, owing
to the snow ; but they are only little torrents sunk deep in the
rocks. This is the character of all the ravines which I have visited.
The plants in the forests are for the most part common in the
woods of the Saskatchewan plains. The number of species is
about in tlie same proportion on the mountains as in the other
parts of the country. They are few in number ; but each species
is abundant ; and each mountain at the same elevation bears the
same species, both on the north and on the south. All the col-
lections made this season, and which are tolerably extensive and
in a good state of preservation, are here at the Fort. Thanks to
Captain Palliser, who has taken much interest in the success of
my labours, and who has greatly assisted me in preserving the
specimens from damp during the journey, I have about twenty-
two packets of dried plants, and 110 of different sorts of seeds.
The herbarium contains about 460 species, and about 60,000 spe-
cimens. I am now busy with the arrangement and packing of the
collections, to be ready against the spring, the period fixed for my
return to Europe.

I am, sir, &c. &c.,

E. BOUROEAU.

ON THE VEGETATION OF TROPICAL WESTERN AFRICA. 17

Letter from Mr. Charles Barter, Natural History Collector to
the Niger Expedition, addressed to Sir W. J. Hooker, F.B.S.,
F.L.S., and communicated by him.

[Read March 3rd, 1859.J

Steamer Rainbow, at Sea,

Fernando Po to Bonny,

January 2nd, 1859.

Sir, — In a brief note by last mail I noticed the sending of some
cases containing the greater part of my dry collections ; by this I
send five cases more, and one small cask : this will comprise all
that I have collected, or is fit to send home at present. The con-
tents of these cases I will not refer to here ; I have given Dr.
Baikie a list of all, which he will send to you. The only living
plants that I have considered it prudent to send at this season
are about 40 species of Orchids, a Cycad, and some bulbous
plants ; these, in a close box, with dry shavings, will, I trust, be
out of the reach of frost. The remaining living plants require to
be sent in glazed cases. I have divided these as nearly as possible,
and filled three cases, with directions for them to be sent home in
April ; these will reach home about the 6th of May — perhaps rather
too early, but I cannot depend on any one looking after them here.
Duplicates of each species (about 80 in all) I have planted out in
a small piece of fenced-off" ground at the Consulate at Fernando
Po ; if this is kept clear of weeds, the plants will not suffer much
for a year, when I hope to return and replace with them any of
those failing which I send now. Some ferns and moist-growing
plants I have placed about dripping rocks in a ravine east of the
Cove at Clarence.

Nearly all my dried specimens, I regret to say, have suffered much
from damp since lying at Fernando Po : this is especially tlie case
with dried fruits ; and many fine specimens, brought from so far,
I was obliged to throw away ; a fine collection of cereals was in
this way entirely destroyed. Much of this would have been saved,
if, when we had come, everything had been removed up to the town
on higher ground, instead of putting all into an old palm-oil shed
on the beach ; but our men were sick, and help from the shore
could scarcely be obtained. All goes on well that can be done
with one's own hand ; but nothing can be got out of the liberated
African.

Some of the plants in the cases are interesting. I notice espc-

LINN. PROC. — BOTANT. C

18 ME, CHARLES BARTER ON THE

cially the two kinds of Cola nuts, the produce of two distinct
trees, one with four cotyledons, called ^^ Fatah ^^ by the Eoulahs,
the other with two cotyledons, called " Gonja " by the same people ;
the latter I have seen no living trees of; but it is said to come from
the Ashantee country. The nut from which the present plant
was raised I procured from a caravan at Eabba, on their return
from the coast. The species with four cotyledons is the tree I
mentioned formerly as existing at Fernando Po ; I find it common
in many parts of the lower Niger, abundant at Onitsha ; it occurs
also at Prince's Island, and is apparently a common tree along the
coast. The flowers, like other SterculiacecB here, are variable in
colour — cream-coloured, greenish-yellow, and pale-red. Both
these species appear to be carried in about equal quantities into
the interior ; but the nut with two cotyledons is the most prized.
" Gonja" in the Nupe country is worth about 100 cowries each nut,
while "Eatak" averages about 80 only. The value of cowries at
Rabba is 2500 for the dollar at 4s. 4^?. Immense quantities of
Cola nuts pass during the dry season from the coast to the inte-
rior. Caravans pass Rabba on the Kworra about half the year ;
of them about 1000 donkeys monthly are laden witli Cola nuts :
these are carried pannier-fashion — a basket on each side, each
basket weighing on an average 50 lbs. Other caravan routes exist
into this part of Africa ; the principal one crosses the Kworra above
Busa, direct for the Hausa country. Cola nuts are not much
carried in the pod — this method is too cumbersome ; but as it is
necessary to keep them moist, and protected from the dry winds,
the baskets are well protected with the leaves of a species of
Fhrynium, which keeps moist, and does not readily decay. Steamers
running up this river might take some tons of Colas from the
lower Niger, and dispose of them with advantage at Babba.

The plant in case, called "Bitter Cola^"^ is very different from
ordinary Cola. I purchased dry nuts a long time since in the
markets of the Borgu and Nupe countries, but could then ascer-
tain nothing more than its coast origin. The seeds are much valued
by the people for their medicinal properties, and command a higher
price than Cola ; the nuts are intensely bitter, but not astringent
as common Cola. This tree I have not seen, but it grows at
Onitsha and at Fernando Po ; the fruit is about the size of a small
peach, rose-coloured, and very pretty. The large Artocar'pean
noticed by Vogel in 1845 (the " Oqua " of the Eboe), I send many
plants of, and have some 200 others planted out at Fernando Po.
Its enormous fruit is very curious, but, I fear, as a fruit of little

VEaETATION OF TEOPICAL WESTERN AFRICA. 19

value beyond its edible seeds ; it is however a fine ornamental tree
for planting in any of our tropical colonies. Bassia Farkii has
puzzled me mucli : first I could not induce them to vegetate for
months ; now they continue dying oif ; but I trust some will reach
home alive. The young plants of the " Opakala " will prove valu-
able, both as an economical plant, and as a fine tree. I have
enclosed some of its large ligneous pods and edible seeds in one of
the boxes. It grows in the lower Niger, Fernando Po, and Prince's
Island ; the negroes collect the seeds, boil them slightly, slice and
dry them for future use. Some plants of the yellow dye (of
Soudan) in the case are very small ; but it has large roots, and a
tendency to be herbaceous, so perhaps will not be dead, if invi-
sible, when the case is opened.

We visited Prince's Island to purchase stock, and recruit the
health of our sick people by a sea breeze. This island, unlike
Fernando Po, has no very elevated land ; it presents from the sea
a number of peaks, an immense block of rocks (some conical,
others flat-topped), with butting cliffs or perpendicular walls of
sheer precipices more than 1000 feet high, these bare of any
vegetation, white and dazzling in the tropical sun. We steamed
into West Bay amidst torrents of rain, which, clearing up, showed
a number of pretty cataracts descending in streams down the pre-
cipitous sides of the little mountains, in thin silver lines — when
shooting the rock, spreading out as they came down in a horse-
tail manner, till, falling far down, they were lost in a cloud of
mist and vapour below. The rocks are mostly soft, having been
changed by igneous action. The soil is rich, composed principally
of decomposed trap ; beds of conglomerate and pebbles lie about
the base of the hills.

This island is celebrated for producing good coffee. Chocolate
is also much grown, or rather has been extensively planted ; nume-
rous ravines, dark and gloomy, abounding in moisture, are well
adapted for its cultivation. Traces of sugar plantations exist ; but
its culture seems now abandoned. Indeed everything evinces decay,
and no system of management ; coffee trees appear here and there,
as if dropped from the clouds, struggling for life among trees and
shrubs by which they are surrounded. Cacaos, more vigorous in
growth, maintain their existence better, and soon take entirely
for themselves the moist places in which they have been planted ;
the fruit of this was ripe at the time, and seemed the favourite
food of monkeys, which must be very destructive to the crop.
Gringer, arrowroot, yams, and all the fruits of the coast are grown

c2

20 MR. CHARLES BARTER ON THE

here in abundance for the supply of ships. Many fruit-trees have
become wild; this is especially the case with Anona mv/ricata,
JPersea gratissima, and Carica Papaya. Plantain, banana, mango,
lime, guava, form no inconsiderable portion of the " bush " in the
lower grounds ; the pine-apple too, established everywhere, will
defy extirpation. A Portuguese lady, long resident here, has
attempted cultivation on a large scale. Her houses are large, and
built in a style of magnificence unlooked-for out here : about them
are avenues and vistas lined with graceful cocoa-nut trees in the
background ; JatropJia multijlda^ JPoinciana pulcherrima, and a
species of Fpu/rcroya, planted at regular intervals, form the margin,
and have a very pretty effect. I was unsuccessful in reaching the
higher grounds, in two attempts, owing to the excessive rains and
the density of the forest. Under the tall trees during the rains it
is so dark and gloomy, that plants can hardly be seen ; I there-
fore gathered but few. Much of my collecting was done in a
boat, landing here and there whenever a footing could be obtained.
Dr. Baikie and I visited many of the small islets which lie just
detached in these bays, generally with a thorough drenching.
These are mere rocks rising 20 or 30 feet above the water; some
of them were covered almost exclusively with Oleandra nodosa,
fully exposed to the sun and sea-breeze. The plants were 3 or 4
feet high, quite shrub-like in character, beautifully in fructifica-
tion, and covered with lichens. On the steep sides of the larger
rocks grew an abundance of a very large Orchid, resembling a
Vanda in habit, but, like too many of the African Orchidaceae,
with small, yellow, insignificant flowers. Melastomacece, as usual,
were plentiful ; one species, 12 or 16 feet high, with magnificent
red flowers, would be a fine ornamental plant in our stoves at
home. I have sent, in the cases, plants of another species, of small
growth, rose-coloured flow ers, and scorpioid inflorescence. Species
of Musscenda, with their conspicuous white bracts, were common ;
also a shrub with spikes of purple flowers, like a Veronica : this
had a singular pair of white leaves at the base of each spike j
rendering it a very showy plant. Ferns were not wanting, — Dry-
maria, Asplenium, Elaphoglossum. Polytrichum commune I was
much surprised to find occupying the moist hollows on the top of
the rocks in dense tufts ; with it, almost buried in the moss, grew
TricJiomanes crispum. In shady places a very pretty fern was
growing, an Asplenmm somewhat resembling Darea cicutaria, but
of a still more elegant habit.

Whoever has an opportunity of visiting the quiet ]iooks in the

VEGETATION OF TROPICAL WESTERN AFRICA. 21

bays about these islands will be struck with the exquisite beauty
of the waters and the various forms which can be seen beneath them.
At 50 or 60 feet, the eye penetrates with ease : the bottom is
rocky and very irregular; the boat at one moment glides over
masses of coral-bound rock many feet below, but on which many
beautiful sponges and corallines can be seen ; the rest reveals
nothing but a cavernous depth of blue water, unless a shoal of
those beautiful fish of the tropics dart across. The rocks and
everything that is exposed to the alternate action of the tides are
covered with the small Mangrove Oyster; below it, seldom
exposed, grows a pretty crimson Coral, with it a large Flustra.
Gorgeous Actinice, with the common Echinus and Starfish of more
northern climes, abound in all the little salt pools, on these rocks.
The sponges are very large ; but few are sufficiently soft to be fit
for use. The waters are almost destitute of Alg^e; I gathered
but one species of IPucaceaB, and that not attached ; a small plant
of confervoid growth alone represents the family.

The vegetation of Prince's Island, from its proximity to Fer-
nando Po, cannot, of course, be essentially different. At present
I have seen so little of either island, that scarcely anything like a
comparison can be ventured on. At Prince's Island I was at
once struck with the abundance of Begonias ; at Fernando Po only
one species (and that with yellow flowers, and therefore a question-
able Begonia) was seen. Some 10 or 12 species occur in Prince's
Island : I gathered several ; but being very juicy plants, I lost all
but three in drying. I fancy three of those gathered to be iden-
tical with B. nitida, B. ulmifolia, and B. MscJieri. Most of the
others were large-leaved succulent species, all having rose-coloured
flowers ; they grow on trees for the most part, a semiepiphytical
life sustained in the black soil which collects on old trees of the
forest. We found here an Elceis, which I fancy is distinct from
E. Guineensis ; the great size of some nuts which were brought
alongside the ship for sale first drew my attention to it. These
nuts were three times the size of E. Guineensis ; the trees also
present a different aspect, resembling more the cocoa-nut. The
pinnae in E. Guineensis stand out irregularly, some pendulous,
others erect ; in this variety they are somewhat pendulous, but all
regular and on one plane, as in the Cocoa-nut ; the tree is not abun-
dant, but grows scattered along the shore. The Baobab, not seen
at Fernando Po, grows pretty common at Prince's Island, also the
" Opakala" (a large Artocarpean) , or " Oqua" of the Eboe ; the
latter I secured in flower for the first time. Little marshy ground

22 MR. CHARLES BARTER ON THE

occurs ; yet about the estuaries of small streams, Avicennia rhizo-
pJiora and JPandantis candelahritm occur. The woods evince almost
perpetual moisture ; climbing Aroidece, with immense orchids and
ferns, occur ; scarcely any of the orchids are interesting. Their
flowers are insignificant, comprising such genera as Angracum,
Bolhophyllum, Polystachya. Of ferns, the most common are Fla-
ty cerium Stemaria (very large), Drymaria coronans, D. vulgaris,
D. vlridis, Aspleniwn cremdatmn, A. like lucidum, Mertensia gigan-
tea, Lygodium scandens, Gymnogramma Calomelanos, Angiopteris
evecta, Acrostichum aureum, Lastrea mollis, L. invisa, Tceniopteris.
Lastrea, Asplenium, Adiantum jyiplazium, Oymnopteris, Triclio-
manes, are largely represented. An Acrostichumi resembling Steno-
chlcena scandens is very abundant, adhering to the trunks of trees
like ivy. Lycopodiums are abundant, L. dendroidewn especially, in
loamy soil. L. PJilegmaria, epiphytical on trees, hanging down
often a yard in length, and very beautiful.

I obtained a sprinkling of mosses, chiefly of Hypnum, some
Hepaticse, and a few curious Eungi.

This is a meagre account of the botany of this island ; and my
collection indicates little ; the heavy rain, however, prevented me
doing better. Much of the low land has been cultivated; and many
introduced plants are now wild. Canna indica, Caladiiim bicolor,
very beautiful in moist places, and a few European weeds exist — Poa
annua, and Plantago major. An umbelliferous plant is very abun-
dant, and must be indigenous ; I believe it to be an Hryngium.
Some very good cabbages are grown both at Prince's Island and Eer-
nando Po without going to elevated ground; water-cresses are
abundant in some of the brooks, but of course have been intro-
duced.

Our repairs complete, we left Eernando Po on the 2nd of
January. The weather in this island for the last three weeks has
been almost free from rain, the days hot, with the usual haze of
the dry season, called " smokes " by the traders. December to
March are the best months for botanizing in this island. Clero-
dendron splendens and some fine scarlet Comhretacece are very
handsome at this season ; most of the large forest-trees are also
just flowering.

The mountains are seldom visible. Sometimes at dawn the peak
of Clarence appears, but is enveloped in clouds soon after the sun
rises ; and an occasional glimpse of the stupendous Cameroon,
towering far up in the firmament, is also obtained. I never rise
at such times wdthout anticipating the pleasure I shall have

VEGETATION OF TEOPICAL WESTERN AFRICA, 23

in ascending these untrodden alpine forests and the bare regions
beyond, where the monotonous vegetation of the hot plains of the
interior must give way, to be replaced by those forms only found
at elevations, and an African mountain botany which cannot fail
to yield much that is new to Botanical Science.

We reached the Bonny this evening (4th) and lie at anchor
inside the bar. This river has a much better mouth than the others,
and is safer ; but some wrecks are visible from where we lie. We
shall ascend by the Brass river on the 8th, under much better
auspices than formerly. Some difficulty is apprehended through
the shallow water ; for I think the Niger has never been entered
before at this season. If we get aground in the delta, it may be a
temptation to the natives ; but as long as we can keep a healthy
crew, we have not much to fear from the people.

"Writing is difficult at sea in so small a ship, but off the bars of
these rivers impossible. I hope to date my next, in one month,
from Eabba.

I remain. Sir, your obedient Servant,

Charles Babteb.

P.S. — Consul Hutchinson and Lady arrived safely at Fernando
Po ; some roses which they received at Kew, I found alive, have
had them planted, and all are growing.

Dr. Baikie, myself, and every European on board are in excellent
health.

Second Letter from Mr. Charles Barter to Sir W. J. Hooker,
r.E.S., E.L.S., &c., communicated by him.

[Eead Tune 2nd, 1859.]

Steamer Eainbow,
Lagos, March 7th, 1859.

Sir, — By this mail I forward a bundle of dried plants, containing
about 110 species, some specimens of woods*, the fruiting panicle
of a Calamus, fruits preserved moist, and a few seeds. Some of the
dried plants were collected on Lagos Island, but the greater part
at " Eppaht," a town on the Crado Lake, about thirty miles east
of Lagos.

We have spent more time here than could have been wished,

* The coUections arrived safely, April 1859. Though a comparatively small
collection, they are extremely interesting. — W. J. H.
t Dr. Baikie says, this should be spelt " Ekpe."

2^ MR. CHARLES BARTER ON THE

through tlie district about Lagos being disturbed by the ex -king
Kosoko, and news that the Dahomeans were about to attack
Abeocuta. This induced Dr. Baikie to visit Kosoko at his town
of Eppah, distant about thirty miles from Lagos, on the Crado
Lake. H.M.S. Brune, with Consul Campbell on board, went
with us. This chief (Kosoko) received us with much courtesy,
and expressed himself desirous of remaining on good terms with
the English. His previous acts do not warrant the truth of these
professions ; but for the present no impediment exists to our
moving inland. Dr. Baikie and myself will therefore leave about
the 12th ; Lieut. Glover and Dalton will come up afterwards.

The margin of the Crado Lake is nearly everywhere swampy,
with but few tall trees, and scarcely any oil-palms ; it may be said
to be bounded with Rapliia vinifera, which luxuriates in the fetid
black mud, now (in the dry season) covered with fallen leaves,
through which the foot sinks, at every step, above the ancle.
Behind this the land rises ; and about Eppah some rocks occur of
soft iron conglomerate, with a rich loamy soil.

Lofty forest trees are first met with here, amongst which some
tall Olusiacece are conspicuous; one with crimson flowers I recognize
as being abundant in the lower Niger. It is a slender tree, 70
or 80 feet high, with branches only at the top, spreading out
regular and drooping, so that in flower it resembles a gigantic
crimson umbrella. All parts of this tree yield an abundance of
yellow juice, resembling Gamboge when coagulated ; some has
been collected and sent to E. Bentley, Esq., to ascertain if it has
any commercial value. Another large tree of this order I send
dried fruits of, and some nuts ; the latter are very oily, and a kind
of butter is prepared from them : I suspect this to be Fentadesma
buti/racea, but do not know the plant.

AB/ubiaceous tree (common on the Niger) grows about this lake.
I cut down a tree, and obtained flowers, which grow in heads like
SarcocepJialiis ; perhaps it is some Nauclea ; the leaves are of great
size in the young plant, with large foliaceous stipules. " Agidde,"
or country bread, is generally wrapped in the flexible leaves of this
plant when it is exposed for sale in the markets. A noble Com-
posita was seen here in open places ; it sends up a slender stem
from 10 to 20 feet high, unbranched, with large pubescent leaves
on the top ; its flowers, which are not ornamental, are produced
when the plant has reached its height, after which it dies.

I send a large fruiting panicle of a species of Calamus (perhaps
C. secundiflorus, for it is one of the commonest on the coast),

TEeETATIO]!^^ OF TROPICAL WESTERN AFRICA. 25

and imperfect specimens of a new species which has almost entire
leaves, and a stem without spines. Many species of these
climbing palms exist in the hot jungles which abound on the
coast, but they nearly all grow to a great height, firmly attached
by their hooked spines to lofty trees. Elowers or fruit in such
situations it is almost impossible to obtain, unless many trees are
felled for the purpose.

About the town of Eppah I gathered some fine crimson-fruited
SterculiacecB. An Apocynea with white fragrant flowers, Acanthacece,
RMacecB, and a few shrubby Ev^phorliacece occupy the cleared
places. Phrynium Danielli is very common in the deep woods ;
its singular-tasted fruit is now in the greatest profusion.

Orchids were very scarce ; but on some old trees grew large
masses of the Bhipsalis, which I sent from Prince's Island.

The large Eubiaceous fruit (enclosed) is employed by the
people in marking their faces and other parts of the person with
permanent black lines. I believe an incision of the skin is neces-
sary to effect this properly. It is used chiefly by those people
who pride themselves on a skin a few shades lighter than the
ordinary negro of the coast ; the latter is too black for such an
embellishment to be visible.

No. 3298 of ' Herbarium,' is a beautiful Anonaceous shrub grow-
ing at Eppah : the flowers (now turned black in drying) are very
handsome ; the long outer petals are spotted red, brown, and yellow,
quite white at the base ; the inner ones, almost hooded, have a
singular appendage midway on the margin, which I first mistook
for stamens, till a closer examination showed it to be Anonaceous.
No fruit or seeds could be obtained ; but, as I shall probably meet
with it again in the Yoruba forests, I hope to see it yet in our stoves
at home.

Aquatic plants can hardly be said to be numerous in "Western
Africa ; the following species occur in the Crado Lake : —
Papyrus antiquorum, 10 or 12 feet high, is very abundant about
Palaver Island when the water is brackish, with Typha angmtifolia,
Vallisneria spiralis, Pistia stratiotes, Jussicea villosa,AzoUaJV^ilottca,
NymplicBa dentata, CeratopTiyllum vulgare, Utricularia stellata,
Ceratopteris thalictroides, Salvinia sp., Lemna sp., and a species of
Hydrophyllacece with small blue flowers ; these plants occur in
small bays or creeks where the water is undisturbed by the swell
raised by the sea breezes. The bed of this lake is hard white clay ;
average depth of water 10 or 12 feet.

Before our interview with " Kosoko," I could only get on shore

Zb MR. BENNETT ON THE SPECIES OF CROTON

quietly in a few places, penetrating twice about 3 miles inland.
On this, the N.E. side of the lake, beyond the belt of swamp
bordering it, the soil is fine rich loam, well-watered, and capable
of growing any tropical produce. Some cleared ground occurs
here and there ; but very little of it is now under cultivation; for the
growth of cotton it is well adapted. If the attention of the present
occupiers could be turned to this article, several hundred square
miles contiguous to water might produce cotton, which could be
carried to Lagos by canoes merely across the lake. A consider-
able quantity of cotton is now coming down from A.beokuta (distant
70 miles from Lagos by river) ; the price paid there for cotton in
the seed is one halfpenny per lb., three of which yield one pound
pure when cleaned. Labour of cleaning, transit to Lagos, with
shipment, raise it to Sd. per lb. ; one penny more, freight to Liver-
pool, leaves still a profit ; but a much larger supply is necessary
before the leading merchants here will enter into the trade with
the same advantage that now attends their dealings in palm oil.

Too much must not be expected of Central Africa as a cotton-
producing country ; the plant needs more moisture than it would
obtain in much of the land in the interior, and water-carriage
should never be far distant in a country where all loads are con-
veyed by canoe or on the heads of men and women. There is
plenty of available land near the sea and by rivers ; the great valley
of the Niger would alone yield an enormous supply : it is here
cotton must be looked for, and its growth encouraged ; the great
plains of the interior are almost as useless in this respect as
Sahara itself.

I remain. Sir, your most obedient Servant,

Charles Barter,

Note on the species of Croton described by Linnaeus under the
names of Glutia Eluteria and Clutia Cascarilla. By John
J. Bennett, Esq., F.E.S., Sec. L.S.

[Eead April 21st, 1859.]

During a late residence in the Bahama Islands, the attention of our
indefatigable member, Dr. W. E. Daniell, was especially directed
to the species of Croton growing in those islands ; and I am enabled,
by his kind communication of the specimens collected by him, to

DESCRIBED BY LINN^US AS CL. ELUTEBIA AKD CL. CASCARILLA. 27

clear up much of the obscurity in which the species furnishing
the Cascarilla-barks of commerce have been involved. I willingly
leave in his own able hands that portion of the subject which
relates to the Materia Medica and the commercial history of the
Barks in question, and shall limit myself, in the present brief
notice, to the botanical history and discrimination of the species
which have been confounded together under the specific names of
Eluteria and Cascarilla.

The first account given by Linnaeus of C. Eluteria occurs in
' Hortus Cliff*ortianus ' (1737), pp. 486-7. Of the plant there care-
fully described, an authentic specimen exists in Cliifort's Herbarium
in the British Museum, with a portion of the description attached
in Linnaeus' s own hand, and marked with the only synonym
quoted : — " Cortex IlatJieria. Elutheria Provid. folio cordate subtus
argenteo. Sweet bark, s. cortex bene olens. Petiv. Collect, p. 4
n. 276." The synonym ; the habitat, " crescit in Insula Providentia ;"
and the name Elutheria, derived from the adjacent island of
Eleuthera, all bespeak its Bahamian origin. Of this very distinct
species, a specimen brought from the Bahamas forms part of
Catesby's collections in the British Museum ; and there also exist,
in the Banksian Herbarium, a similar specimen of Catesby's from
Gronovius, together with specimens from the Herbarium of Philip
Miller, from the "Bahama Islands, Long Island," collected by
Peter Dean, Esq., in 1788 ; and from the " southern parts of North
America," collected by Andre Michaux, the latter sent under the
erroneous name of Croton Cascarilla. Linn£eus himself never
possessed a specimen ; and having, apparently, entirely forgotten its
characters, he referred to it in his ' Flora Zeylanica ' (1748), No.
366 (with several other equally erroneous synonyms), the Ma-
hapatigaha of Hermann's ' Museum Zeylanicum,' of which no
specimen existed in Hermann's collections, and added the officinal
synonym of Cascarilla. Of the additional synonyms, that quoted
from Breynius, Plukenet, and Seba, unquestionably belongs to the
plant subsequently named by Jacquin Croton niveumi ; and that of
Plumier and Catesby, as we shall hereafter see, is the foundation
of Linnaeus' s own Clutia Cascarilla. In his ' Materia Medica,'
published in the following year, he ascribes the CascariUa Bark
to the Eluteria of his ' Flora Zeylanica,' with the single synonym
of Catesby ; while in the first edition of ' Species Plantarum,'
published in 1753, he quotes, under Clutia Eluteria, his ' Flora
Zeylanica ' and ' Materia Medica,' Eluteria of ' Hortus Clifforti-
anus,' and the mistaken synonym of Plukenet and Seba. Of all

28 ME. BEIfNETT ON THE SPECIES OF CEOTON

these, it is evident that the only true synonym is that of ' Hortus
Cliffortianus,' from which the name of the species was derived.

Up to this time Linnaeus had in his own herbarium no
specimen referred to Clutia Eluteria ; and there is no indication
by which it can be positively determined whence and at what
period the specimen which he subsequently designated by that
name was obtained. It appears probable, however, that it was
one of the Jamaica specimens received by him from Patrick
Browne, and described in his ' Pugillus Plantarum Jamaicensium '
(1759), inserted in the fifth volume of his ' Amoenitates Academicse.'
The description which he there gives (p. 411) of Clutia Eluteria
is quite inapplicable to the original plant, and exactly agrees with
this specimen. In the second edition of ' Species Plantarum,'
he refers to this description, adds Patrick Browne's synonym, and
retains that of ' Hortus CliiFortianus,' as well as the erroneous
reference to Plukenet and Seba. It is only necessary to add, that
in Swartz's ' Flora Indise Occidentalis ' (p. 1183), Patrick Browne's
plant is properly referred to the genus Groton, and is carefully de-
scribed, under the name of Croton Eluteria, as synonymous with
Clutia Eluteria, L., and that a figure of the true or Bahamian
species, taken from one of Mr. Dean's specimens in the Banksian
Herbarium, is given in Woodville's ' Medical Botany,' t. 223, to-
gether with a sketch of a miserable scrap of the Jamaica plant
from a specimen communicated to the same Herbarium by Dr.
"Wright, who, in the eighth volume of the ' Medical Journal,' de-
scribes it as producing " the Cascarilla or Elutheria of the
shops."

I now turn to the second species, Clutia Cascarilla, L. Linnaeus
had originally no knowledge of this species, except that which he
derived from the figure of Catesby and the synonym of " Bicinoides
elseagni folio," quoted by Catesby from Plumier; and both of
these he referred, in his ' Elora Zeylanica,' to the confused heap
there collected under the head of Elutenafoliis cordato-lamceolatis.
The same confusion between the Bahamian and the Ceylonese
species was continued in his ' Materia Medica ' ; but in the first
edition of ' Species Plantarum ' he distinguished the plant figured
by Catesby under the name of Clutia Cascarilla, — mistaking, how-
ever, the habitat, which Catesby indicates as the Bahamas, and
substituting Carolina in its stead. As he denotes by his usual
symbol (f) that he had never seen this species, and quotes no other
synonym than that of Catesby, there can be no question that the
species is wholly founded on the figure and description of that

DESCRIBED BY LINN^US AS CL. ELUTERIA AND CL. CASCARILLA. 29

author, both of which are remarkably good representations of a
plant of which Dr. Daniell has brought home excellent specimens,
and which (as far as I am aware) has never before been forwarded
to European herbaria. Catesby's description is as follows : — " The
Ilathera Bark ; La Chachrille. These shrubs grow plentifully on
most of the Bahama Islands, seldom above ten feet high, and
rarely so big as a man's leg, though it is probable that, before
these islands were exhausted of so much of it, that it grew to a
larger size : the leaves are long, narrow, and sharp-pointed, and of
a very pale light -green colour ; at the ends of the smaller branches
grow spikes of small hexapetalous white flowers, with yellow
apices, which are succeeded by tricapsular pale-green berries, of
the size of peas, each berry containing three small black seeds, one
in every capsule. The bark of this tree being burnt, yields a fine
perfume ; and, infused in either wine or water, gives a fine aromatic
bitter."

As in the former case, it was not until after the publication of
the species in the first edition of his ' Species Plantarum,' that
Linnaeus became possessed of a specimen totally diiferent from
the original plant, but which he nevertheless referred to it. The
same concurrence of circumstances as in the former case leads
me to believe that this also was received from Dr. Patrick Brovme.
It perfectly agrees with the description of Clutia Cascarilla given
in the same Dissertation in the ' Amcenitates Academicae,' vol. v.
p. 411, with the synonym of Browne, and with the figure of
Sloane's ' History of Jamaica,' there quoted, and is the " Wild
Rosemary" of most of the "West Indian Islands, subsequently de-
scribed by Jacquin under the name of Croton linear e — a name,
which has since been generally, but erroneously, considered as
synonymous with the Chdia Cascarilla of Linnaeus.

It only remains to formularize these details, with the addition of
discriminative characters, premising that both the original species
and those which have been substituted for them are true Crotons,
in the comprehensive sense in which that genus is still maintained.

1. Croton eluteria, foliis petiolatis subcordato-lanceolatis obtuse
acuminatis supra viridibus squamulis peltatis raris punctatis subtus
dense argenteo-lepidotis lueidis, spieis siraplicibus axillaribus termi-
nalibusque monoicis.

Elutheria Providentiae, folio eordato subtus argenteo. Sweet Bark, s.
cortex bene olens. Petiv. coll. 4, n. 276. '^

Elutheria, L. Hort. Cliff, p. 486 ! ' •

30 MR. BENNETT ON SPECIES OF CROTON.

Clutia Eluteria, L. Sp. Plant, ed. 1. p. 1042 {excl. synon. omn. prater

Hort. Cliff.).
Clutia Eluteria s. Cascarilla, Woodv. Med. Bot. p. 633, t. 223. f. 2 !
Hab. In Insulis Bahamensibus, Catesby ! Dean ! Dr. W. F. Daniell !

' 2. Croton cascarilla, foliis petiolatis anguste lanceolatis utrinque
attenuatis acutis margine planis v. subundulatis supra viridibus glabris
subtus pallidis pilis stellatis intricatis dense vestitis, spicis simplicibus
terminalibus monoids.

Ricinoides elaeagni folio. Plum. Spec. 20 ; Icon. p. 236, t. 240. f. 1 ;
Catesby Carol, vol. ii. t. 46.

Clutia Cascarilla, L. Sp. PI. ed. 1. p. 1042.

Hab. In Insulis Bahamensibus, Catesby ; " Providence," Dr. W. F.
Daniell !

3. Croton lineare, foliis subsessilibus linearibus obtusis margine
plus minus reflexis supra viridibus glabris subtus pallidis pilis stellatis
intricatis densissime vestitis, spicis simplicibus axillaribus terminali-
busque dioicis.

Ricino affinis odorifera fruticosa major, rosmarini folio, fructu tricocco
albido, Shane, Hist. Jam. i. p. 133, t. 86. f, 1 !

Croton fruticulosum ; foliis longis, angustis, subtus incanis margine
reflexis, Browne, Jam. p. 347.

Clutia Cascarilla, L. Amcen. Acad. v. p. 411 ; L. Herb. !

Croton lineare, Jacq. Amer. p. 256, 1. 162. f. 4 ; Pict. p. 124, t. 263. f. 80.

Croton Cascarilla, W^oodv. Med. Bot. p. 629, t. 222.

Hab. In Ins. Jamaica, Sloane ! Houstoun ! Wright ! ; in Insulis Baha-
mensibus, Catesby ! Dr. W. F. Daniell !

4. Croton Sloanet, foliis petiolatis ovatis obtusis v. obtuse acuminatis
perforatis squamulispeltatis supra raris infra numerosis adspersis, spicis
compositis axillaribus terminalibusque monoicis.

Mali folio arbor artemisiae odoreetflore, Sloane, Jam. ii. p. 30, 1. 174. f. 2!

Clutia Eluteria, L. Amcen. Acad. v. p. 411 ; L. Herb. !

Croton Eluteria, Swart z, Fl. Ind. Occid. p. 1183; Wright, in Med.

Journ. viii. p. 3 ! Woodv. Med. Bot. p. 634, t. 223. f. 1 {pess.) ! Hayne,

Arzneygew. xiv. t.
Hab. In Ins. Jamaica, Sloane ! Wright !

These four species are so totally distinct, that, when once dis-
criminated, they can never again be confounded. In addition to
the three former, Dr. DanielFs collection from the Bahamas con-
tains specimens of Croton lucidum, L., and Croton halsamiferum,
Jacq.

MR. BETfTlIAM'S NOTES ON HOMALIUM., 31

Notes ou Ilomalium. By Gteorge Bentham, Esq., V.P.L.S.
[Read June 2nd, 1859.]
In the revision of the 'Hong Kong Elora,' with which I have been
lately occupied, I had occasion to investigate the validity of the
genus Blachicellia, of which an elegant Chinese species was many
years since introduced into our gardens, and has found its way
into catalogues and botanical works under six different names.
The result of this investigation has been the conviction that the
genus must altogether be united with Homalitim. I could not,
however, come to this conclusion without a careful examination of
all the species referred to both genera of which we had specimens ;
and as I also found several unpublished ones in the herbaria at
Kew, I have been led to draw up a short synopsis of the whole
group, which I now beg to lay before the Society.

The genus Blachwellia was originally established by Jussieu
and Lamarck on two or three Mauritius trees which differed from
the only two Homalia then known, both from South America, in
having only one instead of three stamens opposite each petal (or
inner segment of the perianth as it was then called). Ventenat
afterwards added two or three eastern species having the same
peculiarity ; and De Candolle, in the 2nd vol. of the ' Prodromus,'
maintained the two genera, with the same technical character as
well as geographical distinction. Since then, several Asiatic
species with two or more stamens to each petal have been de-
scribed, and yet they have been published as Blachwellias. An
exception, has been made in the case of the African Homalitim
angustifolium, which has the character of the American ones;
and Sir James Smith, who always closely adhered to generic
character, published it accordingly as a Homalium. Modern
botanists, however, applying too literally the rule of " character
non facit genus," appear in this instance to have practically
adopted geographical origin as the sole basis of the limitation
of the two genera. Some other characters are indeed indicated
by Endlicher and others, such as the supposed larger calycine
segments or capitate stigmas of the American ones ; but none
of them will bear the test of examination. And few, I believe,
would now contest the generally admitted rule in systematic
botany, that geographical origin without any character is not
to be recognized as a generic distinction. It therefore becomes
necessary to unite the Asiatic clustered-stamened species with
the corresponding American Ilomaliums. As some of these, again,
in other respects resemble the single-stamened species more than

32 ME. BENTHAM's notes on irOMALIUM.

they do each other, and aa tlie whole aeries have a remarkable
conformity in the general structure of their flower as well as in
foliage and in habit, it appears more appropriate to consider them
all as one genus, which can be artificially divided into two sections
on the old character.

There is one point, however, in which the American species
appear slightly to difler from the Asiatic and African ones : the
fruit, at least in H. densiflm^um and H. pedicellatum, becomes very
hard, and in our specimens shows no disposition to open in valves,
whilst it does so most readily in some of the Asiatic ones, splitting
the styles so as to cause them to have been occasionally described
as double their real number. But I have not seen the fruit quite
ripe in any species : the ovary, shortly after flowering, appears to
harden in the Asiatic H. grandiflorum as in the above-mentioned
American ones ; and in the original American R. racemosum and
H. Macoubea, the fruit is said to open in short valves at the top,
although I see no tendency to it in our specimens. This cha-
racter cannot therefore be made available for generic distinction,
being accompanied by no corresponding differences in habit or in
other organs.

Among old genera not really differing from Homalium, Hacouhea
(Aubl.) has long been united with it, and Astranthus (Lour.) with
Blachwellia ; Miquel has also correctly joined with it the Gondy-
locarpus lately established by Blume. On the other hand, Na-
pimoga (Aubl.), which does not appear to have been examined since
his time, can scarcely be a congener, not having the characteristic
glands : the analyses given, rude as they are, are not to be de-
pended on for correctness, and afford no evidence of the plant
belonging even to the same natural order.

In the distinction of the species, besides the artificial sectional
character above mentioned, the inflorescence, either a close panicle
with short divaricate branches, or long racemes, either solitary or
few, forming a long loose panicle, as indicated by De Candolle,
divides well the Blackwellias into two groups ; and the species are
mostly w^ell characterized by the relative size and shape of the
calycine segments and petals taken especially w^hen slightly en-
larged after the flowering is over. In some of the section Black-
wellia they are all nearly of a size, linear or oblong, slightly nar-
rowed at the base, ciliate at the edges, so as to give the young
fruit precisely the shape of elegant little shuttlecocks ; in H.
senaHtmij H. pedicellatvm, and otlier.<, they are all broader at the
base, spreading or reflexed and radiate round the base of the

MR. BENTHAM S NOTES ON HOMALIUM. 33

hardened conical free part of the fruit ; in others, again, all have
a tendency to close over the young fruit. In H. grcmdiflorum
and parvifolivm the calycine segments are much enlarged, oblong,
narrowed at the base, thin and spreading horizontally, whilst the
shorter and broader tomentose petals close over the fruit : in the
H. hracteatwm the same arrangement apparently takes place ; but
it is the petals or inner row that are enlarged and spreading,
whilst the calycine segments, or outer row, remain broad and short,
and close over the fruit.

HOMALIUM, Jacq^.

Homalium et Blackwellia, Juss. Gen. p. 343; DC. Prod, vol.ii. p. 54; et
Auct. recent. — Cordylanthes, Blume, Mus. Bot. vol. ii. p. 27.

Calycis tubus turbinatus v. oblongus ovarii basi adnatus ; limbus
pluripartitus segmentis (4-12) petalisque totidem cum iis al-
ternantibus persistentibus post anthesin ssepius accretis. Glan-
dula pulvinata intus ad basin cujusve calycis segmenti. Sta-
mina ad basin petalorum inserta iis opposita, tot quot petala,
vel ad quodque petalum 2-7 approximata v. fasciculata. Ova-
rium uniloculare, basi adnatum et vacuum, superne liberum
conicum, stylis 3-5 liberis v. basi connatis coronatum ; placentae
parietales versus apicem cavitatis tot quot styli et cum iis alter-
nantes ; ovula in quaque placenta 2-6 (ssepius 4) pendula.
Eructus paullo accretus, siccus, medio calycis segmentis peta-
lisque persistentibus et ssepius accretis cinctus, apice valvulis
stylos findentibus et medio placentiferis breviter dehiscens (v. in-
duratus et indehiscens ?) . Semina pauca parva pendula oblonga.
Albumen hand copiosum. Embryo rectus, radicula brevi supera,
cotyledonibus oblongis tenuiter foliaceis. — Arbores fruticesve
regionvm calidiorum utriiisque orhis. Stipulse parvcd, saspius
caducissimcB. Eolia alterna integerrima v. scepius obtuse dentata
pennivenia. Bacemi axillares simplices v. in paniculas termi-
nales dispositi, v. paniculce divaricate ramosce. Elores ad axillam
hractece parvce scepe inconspicuce sessiles v. breviter pedicellati,
solitarii v. fasciculati, singulive scepius sub calyce minute bi-
bracteolati. Perianthium scepissime tomentosum v. pubescenti-
ciliatum. Ovarium extus tomentosum v. villosum^ intus plus
minus villosum.

Sectio I. Blackwellia. Stamina tot quot petala singulatim
iis opposita. Species omnes Gerontogese.

LINN. PROC. — BOTANY. 1)

34 MR. BENTHAM's notes OS HOMALIUM.

* Paniculata. Paniculis breviter divaricato-ramosis.

1. H. Nepalense. Foliis (amplis) petiolatis ovatis crenato-dentatis
subraembranaceis glabris, paniculis divaricato-ramosis, floribus breviter
pedicellatis 6-7-meris, calycis segmentis linearibus petala oblonga to-
mentoso-ciliata subaequantibus. — Blackwellia Napalensis, DC. Prod,
vol. ii. p. 54; Wall. PI. As. Rar. vol. ii. p. 179. — Folia 3-5-pollicaria.
Flores parvi, fere H. paniculati. Styli 3-4.

Hab, Nepaul, Wallich.

2. H. PANicuLATUM. Foliis (amplis) petiolatis ovatis orbiculatis subob-
longisve integerrimis subdentatisque coriaceis glabris nitidis, paniculis
ramosis, floribus breviter pedicellatis 8-12-meris, calycis segmentis
petalisque linearibus subaequalibus plumoso-hispidis. — Blackwellia
paniculata, Lam., DC. Prod. vol. ii. p. 64. B. integrifolia, Lam. 111.
t. 412. f. 2 ; DC. I. c. ; et (forma angustifolia) B. fflauca,Yent. Choix,
t. 55 ; DC. /. c. — Folia bipollicaria et majora, novella tenuia, adulta
crasso-coriacea. Flores parvi eleganter plumosi. Styli 5, v. rarius 6 ?

Hab. Mauritius, Bojer and others.

3. H. RUFESCENS. Foliis (parvis) petiolatis obovatis oblongisve sub-
membranaceis nitidis glabris basi angustatis, racemis brevibus panicu-
latis, floribus pedicellatis 7-H-meris, calycis segmentis linearibus quam
petala oblongo-linearia ciliata paullo brevioribus. — Pythagorea ru-
fescens, E. Mey. PI. Dr. exs. Blackwellia rufescens, Am. in Hook.

Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 149. — Flores parvi fere H. paniculati. Folia
multo minora et tenuiora, vulgo 1^2 poll, longa, f poll, lata, inte-
gerrima, v. sinuato-dentata. Styli 4-5.
Hab. Port Natal, Drege, Gueinzius.

** Racemosa. E/acemis elongatis ad axillas solitariis v. ad apices
ramulorum paucis subfasciculatis v. laxe subpaniculatis.

4. H. AXILLARE. Foliis subsessilibus ovalibus oblongisve subcrenatis
glabris, racemis elongatis, floribus (subsessilibus ? 7-meris ?), calycis
segmentis petalisque linearibus ciliatis subaequalibus. — Blackwellia
aceillaris. Lam. Diet. vol. i. p. 420; et 111. t. 412. f. 1. An etiam B.
gracilis, Blum. Mus. Bot. vol. ii. p. 26, floribus pedicellatis?

Hab. Madagascar. I have seen no specimens ; nor had Blurae, it would
appear, seen any authentic ones, of the original plant ; and I strongly
suspect that the discrepancies which he found between Lamarck's
figure and the specimen he received from Paris, and which induced
him to publish the latter as new, are owing to inaccuracies of the
artist.

5. H. TOMENTOSUM. FoHis subsessilibus late obovatis repando-subcre-
natis supra glabris subtus puberulis tomentosisve, racemis elongatis
tomentoso-villosulis, floribus parvis glomeratis subsessilibus 5-6-meris,
calycis tubo brevi, segmentis petala oblongo-linearia subaequantibus.
Blackwellia tomsntosa. Vent. Choix, t. 57 ; DC. Prod. vol. ii. p. 55.

MR. BENTHAM'S notes ON HOMALIUM. 35

B. spiralis, Wall, in As. Res. ; DC. /. c. Folia 4-6-pollicaria. Flores
in hac et sequente, minimi, numerosi. Styli 3-4.
Hab. Java, also Pegu, Wallich. Catal. no. 4897 A. in part.

6. H. LONGiFOLiuM, sp. n. Foliis petiolatis oblongis v. anguste obovato-
oblongis subintegerrimis glabris, racemis elongatis tomentosis, floribus
parvis glomeratis pedicellatis 6-8-meris, ealycis tubo brevi segmentis
linearibus quara petala lineari-cuneata vix brevioribus. — Folia 5-6 poll,
longa, raro 2 poll, lata, subeoriacea, nitidula.

Hab. Penang, Phillips. Distributed also by Wallich with the last, under
the name of B. spiralis, from the Calcutta Garden, Catal. no. 4897 A.

7. H. ZEYLANicuM. Foliis pctiolatis ovali-cllipticis ovatisve acumiuatis
subdentatis demum coriaceis nitidis glabris, racemis elongatis tomen-
tellis, floribus parvis glomeratis pedicellatis 4-6-meris, ealycis tubo
oblongo-turbinato, segmentis oblongis quam petala obovali-oblonga
ciliata brevioribus. — Blackwellia zeylanica, Gardn. in Calc. Journ.
Nat. Hist. vol. vii. p. 452. B. ietrandra, Wight, Ic. vol. v. t. 1851. —
Folia pleraque 3-4-pollicaria, juniora membranacea. Styli 3-4.

Hab. East Indian Peninsula, Pulney Mountains, Wight-, Concan, Stocks;
Ceylon, Walker, Gardner, Thwaites.

8. H. AFRicANUM. Foliis breviter petiolatis ovalibus oblongisve dentatis
glabris, racemis elongatis, floribus sessilibus glomeratis 5-7-meris,
ealycis tubo turbinato, segmentis acutis quam petala oblongo-cuneata
multo minoribus. — Blackwellia africana, Hook. fil. Fl. Nigr. p. 361.
— Foha 4-5-pollicaria. Styli 4-5.

Hab. Sierra Leone, Don ; Lagos, Barter.

9. H. FAGiFOLiUM. Foliis brevitcrpetiolatis ovalibus obovatisvc dcutatis
membranaceis pubescentibus v. demum glabratis, racemis elongatis
ramulisque pubescentibus, floribus pedicellatis sparsis 6-8-meris,
ealycis tubo anguste turbinato, segmentis lineari-cuneatis quam petala
ciliata pauUo minoribus. — Blackwellia fagifolia, Lindl. in Trans. Soc.
Hort. Lond. vol. vi. p. 269. B. padijiora, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1308.
B. Loureiri, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. i. p. 482. Astranthus
cochinchinensis. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2659 (foliis solito angustioribus),
an Lour. ? — Foha subtripollicaria. Styli vulgo 4.

Hab. South China. By a misprint, this species is called B. pubifiora,
Lindl., by Walpers ; and it is probably the same one also that Steudel,
by some such mistake, has indicated under the names of B. chinensis
and B. grandiflora.

Sectio II. Eacotjbea. Stamina ad quodque petalum 2-7
app|oximata v. fasciculata. E-acemi simplices v. laxe subramosi,
ssepius elongati.

* Americana.

10. H. Racoubea {Sw., DC. Prod. vol. ii. p. 53). Foliis ovahbus oblon-
gisve subacuminatis crenato-dentatis glabris nitidis, floribus subsessili-

d2

36 MR. bentham's notes on homaliitm.

bus 6-7-meris, calycis segmentis quam petala ovata miiioribus, stami-
nibus ad petala ternis, sty lis 3 usque ad ovarium villosum distinetis.
— H. surinamense, Steud. in Flora, 1843, p. 'JbQ. — Folia 3-4-pollicaria
rarius longiora. Bracteae et bracteolse parvse, sed evidentiores et diu-
tius persistentes quam in 2 sequentibus. Perianthium post anthesin
annulatim patens.
Hab. North Brazil and Guiana; on the Solimoes, Spruce; Surinam,
Hostmann, no. 6 & 1053; British Guiana, Rob. Schomburgk, \st Coll.
no. 225, 2nd Coll. no. 883 ; Rich. Schomburgk, no. 1463.

11. H. RACEMOSUM {Jucq., DC. Prod. vol. ii. p. 53). Foliis ovalibus
oblongisve acuminatis erenato-dentatis glabris nitidis, floribus distincte
pedicellatis 6-7-meris, calycis segmentis quam petala ovata paullo
minoribus, staminibus ad petala ternis, stylis 3 usque ad ovarium
villosum distinetis. — H. Racoubece valde affinis et vix nisi pedicellis
diflPert. Folia saepius paullo minora.

Hab. West Indies : Jamaica, Purdie, Macfadyen, etc. ; Cuba, Linden,
no. 2108; Guadaloupe, Dominica, Trinidad, etc.

12. H. DENSIFLORUM {Spruce, PL Bras. exs.). Foliis ovali-oblongis
acuminatis erenato-dentatis subcoriaceis glabris nitidulis, floribus
sessilibus 5-meris rarius 6-meris, calycis segmentis quam petala ovata
pluries minoribus, staminibus ad petala ternis, stylis 3 basi in columnam
glabram coalitis. — Folia 4-5-pollicaria. Flores quam in H. Racoubea
paullo majores. Ovarii pars libera tubo striato aequilonga villosa, in
stylum glabrum breviter trifidum abiens. Fnictus ut in 2 sequen-
tibus induratus (indehiscens ?) medio perianthio patente annulatus.

Hab. Santarem, Spruce.

13. H. PEDiCELLATUM {Spruce, PI. Bras. exs.). Foliis oblongis acumi-
natis erenato-dentatis supra nitidis glabris subtus ad costam liirtellis,
floribus pedicellatis 6-7-meris tomeutellis, calycis segmentis quam
petala ovata multo minoribus, staminibus ad petala subquinis, stylis 3
supra ovarium in columnam brevem coalitis. — Difffert ab H. racemoso
uti H. densijiorum abH. Racoubea floribus majoribus, stylis basi coalitis
et fructu indurato; et ab omnibus praecedentibus staminibus ut in
sequente saepius quinis (rarissime quaternis).

Hab. North Brazil and Venezuela, on the upper Rio Negro abundantly.
Spruce, nos. 1489 and 3722.

14. H. SENARiuM {DC. Prod. vol. ii. p. 54). Foliis breviter petiolatis
ovali-oblongis sinuato-dentatis glabris, floribus subsessilibus 6-8-meris
dense tomentosis, calycis segmentis oblongis quam petala angustio-
ribus, staminibus ad petala 5-6, stylis 3-4 usque ad ovarium distinetis.

Hab. Mexico, Jurgensen (without any no. in Herb. Hook.).

* * Gerontogea.

15. H. viTiENSE, sp. n. Foliis ovatis vix coriaceis glabris, floribus sub-
»ei»ilibus 8-10-meris, calycis tubo oblongo-turbinato, segmentis linea-

MR. BENTHAM's notes ON HOMALIUM. 37

ribus quam petala lineari-cuneata vix minoribus, starainibus ad petala
2-3-nis. — H. fcetido certe affine, sed distinctum videtur. Folia 2-3-
pollicaria. Flores sessiliores, tubo longiore, calycis segmentis petalisque
post anthesin longioribus et minus inaequalibus. Styli ssepius 4.
Hab. Naviti-Leon, one of the Feejee Islands, Milne. This species has
quite the shuttle-cock flowers of several of the 1st Section.

16. H. FCETiDUM. Foliis (araplis) ovali-ellipticis suboblongisve crenato-
dentatis submembranaceis glabris v. ad costam puberulis, floribus
glomeratis brevissime pedicellatis 6-10-meris, calycis tubo breviter
turbinato, segmentis anguste linearibus quam petala oblongo-cuneata
ciliata pauUo brevioribus, staminibus ad petala subgeminis. — Black-
wellia f(£tida. Wall., Deless. Ic. vol. iii. p. 32, t. 53. — Folia 5-8-
poUicaria. Racemi elongati tenuiter tomentelli. Flores parvi. Styli
3-4.

Hab. Indian Archipelago, Mergui, Griffith ; Amboyna, Roxburgh ; Mo-
luccas, Wallich ; Celebes, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind.

17' H. ANGUSTiFOLiuM (Smith, DC. Prod. vol. ii. p. 54). Foliis sub-
sessilibus anguste oblongis subdentatis glabris, racemis elongatis,
floribus sessilibus 5-7-meris, calycis tubo turbinato, segmentis quam
petala cuneato-oblonga multo minoribus, staminibus ad petala ternis.
— Folia 2-5-pollicaria.

Hab. Sierra Leone, Herb. Smith.

18. H. PARViFOLiuM {Hook. jil.). Foliis petiolatis parvis ovali-ob-
longis acuminatis vix dentatis glabris nitidis, floribus subsessilibus
confertis 6-7-nieris, calycis tubo breviter turbinato, segmentis post
anthesin patentibus oblongis quam petala ovata inflexa sublongioribus,
staminibus ad petala subquinis. — Folia 2-pollicaria. Racemus in
specimine brevis densiflorus cano-tomentellus. Flores fere sequentis
nisi minores. Styli brevissimi.

Hab. Borneo, Lobb.

19. H. GRANDiFLORUM, sp. u. Foliis brcvitcr petiolatis amplis oblongis
subintegerrimis coriaceis nitidis glabris, floribus pedicellatis 6-7-meris,
calycis tubo breviter turbinato, segmentis post anthesin accretis ob-
longis patentibus quam petala ovata inflexa longioribus, staminibus ad
petala sub-7-nis. — Folia pallida, rigida, 5-6-pollicaria. Racemi elon-
gati cano-tomentosi. Flores sub anthesi circa 5 lin. diametro, petalis
segmentisque calycinis patentibus parum inaequalibus. Post anthesin
calycis segmenta usque ad 5 lin. longa glabriora tenuiora et stellato-
patentia; petala pauUo accreta supra ovarium arete inflexa. Styli
vulgo 5, breves.

Hab. Malacca, Griffith.

20. H. BRACTEATUM, sp. u. Foliis brcvitcT petiolatis amphs ovatis
oblongisve dentatis coriaceis nitidis glabris, floribus sessilibus 4-
5-meris, calycis tubo breviter turbinato, segmentis post anthesin

38 MB. bentham's notes on homalium.

ovatis iuflexis quam petala obovato-oblonga accreta patentia diraidio
brevioribus, staminibus ad petala subternis. — Folia 6-8-pollicaria.
Racemi elongati cano-tomentosi. Bracteae ovatse concavaj quam in
omnibus speciebus majores et diutius persistentes. Flores primo in-
tuitu iis H. grandijiori similes, sed pauUo minores et petala nee calycis
segmenta stellato-patentia, dum haec uti petala H. grandijiori supra
ovarium inter petala arete inflexa sunt. — Styli 4-5.
Hab. Philippine Islands, Cuming, no. 1109.

21. H. CARYOPHYLLACEUM. Foliis subscssilibus ovalibus obovatisvc
suberenatis coriaceis glabris, floribus subsessilibus 5-6-meris, calycis
tubo oblongo-turbinato, segmentis acutis quam petala ovali-oblonga
vix brevioribus, staminibus ad petala ternis. —Blackwellia caryophyl-
lacea, Zoll. et Mor. Verz. p. 33. — Folia per anthesin pauca supersunt,
novella nondum evoluta ex Miq. 3-pollicaria. Racemi breves con-
fertiflori. Flores 2 lin. longi. Ovarii pars libera tubo multo brevior.
Styli 3-4.

Hab. Java, Zollinger, no. 958.

22. H. coRDYLANTHus. Foliis breviter petiolatis ellipticis v. oblongis
superne dentatis coriaceis glabris, floribus subsessilibus 3-6-meris,
calycis tubo elongate, segmentis acutis quam petala ovali-oblonga
paullo brevioribus, staminibus ad petala 3-4. — Cordylanthes frutes-
cens, Blume, Mus. Bot. vol. ii. p. 28. t. 3. Blackwellia longiflora, Miq.
Fl.Ned. Ind. vol. i. p. 715.

Hab. Java, Blume. I have not seen this plant. From Blume's de-
scription, it scarcely differs from the H. caryophyllaceum except in the
still longer tube of the calyx.

Species dubice v. excludendce,

AsTRANTHUS cocHiNCHiNENSis, Lour. Fl. Cochiuch. p. 225 {Black-
wellia cochinchinensis, Bl. Mus. Bot. vol. ii. p. 27), is probably not
distinct from H. fagifolium.

Blackwellia moluccana, Bl. Mus. Bot. vol. ii. p. 27, founded upon
the figure and description in Rumphius, Amb. vol. iii. p. 25. t. 11,
appears to me scarcely to belong even to the order.

Pythagorea cochinchinensis. Lour. Fl. Cochinch. p. 244, has
been supposed to belong to Blackwellia, but nothing certain can be
made out of his description. The " germen medium inter calycem et
coroUam " and " Capsula 4-locularis polysperma " are quite discordant
with any Homalinece.

Blackwellia cerasifolia. Vent., DC. Prod. vol. ii. p. 54, has an
entirely free ovary, with the placentas extending to the base of the
cavity. It cannot therefore remain in Homalium. It is probably the
Madagascar genus with a free ovary, alluded to by Brown.

PHOF. N. J. ANDEESSON ON EAST INDIAN SALIOES. 39

On East Indian Salices. By Dr. N. J. Andersson, Professor of
Botany in the University of Stockholm. Communicated by
Dr. J. D. Hooker, F.E.S., F.L.S.

[Read June 16, 1859.]

In the Transactions of the Eoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences
(Kongl. Wet. Akademiens Handlingar), 1850, pp. 465-502, I
have already given a Synopsis of the "Willows then known from
the East Indies. Before that time, Eoxburgh ('Plants of the
Coast of Coromandel,' 1795) had described and figured >S'. tefra-
sjperma) Don ('Prodromus Elorse Nepalensis,' Lond. 1825), S.
disperma, S. cusjpidata, and S. japonica ; Pries (I^Tov. PI. Suec.
Mont, i., 1832) >S'. noUlis and S. lenta\ and Wallich ('A Nume-
rical List of Dried Specimens of Plants,' &c.) enumerated >S'. lAnd-
leyanay S. ohovata, S. elegans^ S. grisea, S. Kamanensis, S. erio-
stachya, S. pyrina, S. glahrescens, S. urophylla, S. calophylla, S.
densttj and S. habylonica.

During a tour to the Continent and England, in the year 1850,
I had opportunity to examine almost all these species : at Berlin
I determined the few forms brought from the Himalaya by "W.
Hofmeister in the expedition of Prince Waldemar of Prussia ; in
Paris I saw the collections of Jacquemont and Perrottet ; and in
London Mr. Kippist gave me a liberal access to the East Indian
herbarium of the Linnean Society. Upon those materials was
that Synopsis founded. I there gave diagnoses and descriptions
of twenty -five species, to which were added a few "incertse" and
" dubi«."

Now, having been so fortunate as to make use of the extremely
rich collections formed in that vast land, and in the higher regions of
the Himalaya mountains by Dr. J. D. Hooker and Dr. T. Thomson,
of which the Salices were handed over to me by the generosity of
Sir William Hooker and Dr. Hooker, I not only have had occa-
sion to review the previously published determinations, but also
to describe a very considerable number of new forms.

The species proposed in this paper are as foUow : —

I. Ameeina.

* Folyandros.

1. S. tetrasperma, Roxh.
S. pyrina, Wall.
S. urophylla, Lindl.

S. suaveolens, Ands.
S. ichnostachya, Lindl.
S. nobilis, Fr.

2. S." calostachya, ^wc?5.

3. S. apiculata, Ands.

4. S. glaucophylla, Ands.

40

PROF. N. J. ANDEESSON ON EAST INDIAN SALIOES.

** Fragiles, diandrce.

5. S. dealbata, Ands.

6. S. sericocarpa, Ands.

7. S. babylonica, L.

II. Helices.

8. S. pycnostachya, Ands.

9. S. oxycarpa, Ands.

10. S. eriostachya. Wall.

III. Veteices.
* Amentis 5 sessilibm nudis.

11. S. daphnoides, Z/., indica.

12. S. insignis, Ands.

13. S. viminalis, h.

14. S. Smithiana, Willd.

15. S. populifolia, Ands.

** Amentis pedunculatis.

16. S. eriophylla, Ands.

17. S. Daltoniana, Ands.

18. S. lonsriflora, WaU.

IV. Capee^.

* Cinerascentes^ stylo nudo.

19. S. Caprea, L.

20. S. julacea, Ands.

21. S. Wallichiana, Ands.

** Virescentes, stylo producto.

22. S. hastata, L.

23. S. elegans. Wall.

24. S. myrtillacea, Ands.

V. Feighd^.

25. S. sclerophylla, -4nc?*.

26. S. myricaefolia, Ands.

27. S. fruticulosa, Ands.

VI. Glaoiales.

28. S. flabellaris, Ands.

29. S. Thorn soniana, Ands.

30. S. calyculata, Hook.f.

31. S. Serpyllum, Ands.

32. S. Lindleyana, Wall.

33. S. oreophila, Hook.f.

34. S. secta, Hook.f.

By this enumeration it may be seen that there are five European
species also found in the East Indian Alps, viz. >S^ daphnoides^
S. viminalis, S. Smithiana, S. Caprea, and S. hastata. But, with
the exception of S. hastata, all the others have been determined
upon a few and scarcely complete specimens. Of the rest,
S. hahylonica, S. dealbata, S. glaucophylla, and 8. sericocarpa truly
are allied to the species (^. acmophylla, S. bahylonica, and S. oc-
tandra) of Western Asia ; S. tetrasperma proves to be the form
most peculiar to the East Indies, where it offers a great variety
of interesting forms, quite as, in our own country, S. penfandra,
with which it is somewhat analogous. Helices, indeed, difier
from our species, although S. pycnostachya seems to belong to
the series of S. purpurea, and S. eriostachya to that of >S'. rubra.
Amongst Vetrices, the groups of S. daphnoides and S. viminalis
are each represented by three or four species ; and of Frigidce and
Olaciales, all seem to be peculiar to the Himalayan mountains.

PEOF. N. J. ANDERSSON ON EAST INDIAN SALICES. 41

1. Salix tetrasperma, Roxb. S. amentis lateralibus pedunculatis,
masculis longis laxis rarifloris, femineis cylindricis subdensifloris
elongatis, pedunculo foliis 3-6 instructo ; squamis oblongo-spathu-
latis griseo-puberulis ; nectario pedicello sexies breviore; capsula
longe pedicellata ovata glabra, stylo minimo, stigmatibus divisis;
foliis ovato-lanceolatis elongatis longe acuminatis subtus plerumque
glaucis integerrimis.

S. tetrasperma, Roxb. PI. of the Coast of Coromandel, i. p. 66. tab. 97 ;
Wallich, Catalog. PI. Ind. oriental, no. 3707 ; Ands. Ostindiens Pilar
(Acta Holm. 1850, p. 484. no. 14).— S. Hugelii, Wimm. herb. BeroL
— S. nilagirica, Miguel {Hohenacker, PI. Indies or. 1851).

Hab. Ad ripas et in loeis humidis per totam (Indiam orientalem ?) Ne-
paliam, ut videtur subfrequens. In montibus Nilagiri, Khasia reg.
trop. alt. 2-4000 ped. (Hook, et Thomson). Nullam aliam se invenisse
monet Roxburgh. Tempore frigido floret.

Haec Salix formis numerosis (ut e coUectione ditissima ill. J. D. Hookeri
certior faetus sum) mire ludit, et centrum, ut ita dieam, efficit Salicum
Indiae orientalis vere indigenarum et huic terrse propriarum ; quare
sequentes, a forma typica plus minus recedentes, meras varietates
censeo.

*<S'. pyrina, Wallich (Catal. n. 3705). Amentis breviter pedunculatis
subrarifloris acutiusculis excurvatis, pedunculo paucifoliato, squamis
subdeciduis spathulatis cinerascenti-pilosis ; nectario pedicello cap-
sulae quadruplo breviori ; capsula ex ovata basi attenuata, stylo sub-
nuUo ; foliis lanceolatis acutis subtus cinereis. — Ands. I. c. p. 486.
no. 15.

Hab. In Nepaha {Perrottet, Wallich).

** S. urophylla, Lindl. (Herb. Soc. Linn.). Amentis foliis parvis suf-
fultis arrectis curvatis obtusiusculis ; squamis incano-pilosis ; capsulis
ovato-lanceolatis glaberrimis, pedicello nectarium bis terve supe-
rante, stylo brevi, stigmatibus bipartitis excurvatis; foliis glabres-
centibus lanceolatis. — Wallich, Catal. no. 3708 ; Ands. I. c. p. 487.
no. 16.

Hab. Ind. orient., Oude (Wallich).

*** S. suaveolens (Ands. I. c. p. 491. no. 19). Amentis c? suaveolentibus
pedunculatis strictis elongatis, pedunculo foliato ; squamis latissime
ovatis convexis aureo-fulvis hirsutie densa albo-tomentosis, apice
summo nudis; starainibus 8-10, filamentis tenuissimis inferne bar-
batis, antheris globosis; foliis e basi subovata longissime acutatis
glaberrimis subtus glaucescentibus, coriaceis. — S. Myurus, Wimm.
(herb. Vindob.).

Hab. Ad Ajnir leg. V. Jacquemont (Voyage aux Indes or., no. 96) . Hima-
laya, Hugel, no. 526.

**** S. ichnostachya (Lindl. hb. Wight.). Amentis pedunculatis, mas-
culis patentibus, pedunculo foliis 2-4 instructo ; squamis ovato-
rotundatis dense crispo-villosis ; stam. octo, filamentis basi barbatis ;

42 PEOF, N. J. ANDEBSSOK ON EAST INDIAN SALICES.

foliis lanceolatis acutato-acuminatis integerrirais subtus glaucis. —
Wall. Cat. no. 3702 ; Amis. /. c. p. 488. no. 17.

Hab. Ad Karikal, prope Pondichery [Perrottet), Nepalia {Wallich).

***** S. nobilis, Fr. Amentis subpedunculatis erectis, foliis minutis
deciduis bracteatis, fem. subdensifloris, masc. rarifloris; squamis
parvis rotundatis dorso glabriusculis ; capsulis ovato-subulatis saepius
glabris, pedicello nectarium superante, stylo longissimo, stigmatibus
fissis linearibus; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis adpresse serrulatis gla-
bratis lucidis. — Ands. l. c. p. 492. no. 20.

Hab. In Nepalia {Wall. herb. Hornem.).

Descriptiones completiores harum omnium formarum in Act. Holm. /. c.
jam prius dedimus.

Ad banc speciem eximie polymorpham forsan etiam pertinent sequentes,
de quibus autem valde dubitans sum :

(1.) S. disperma, Don (Prod. Fl. Nepal, p. 68). "Octandra: amentis
masculis prselongis villosis ; squamis obtusis ; ovariis ventricosis to-
mentosis, stigmatibus 2 linearibus apice incrassatis emarginatisque ;
foliis elliptieis integerrimis mucronatis utrinque ramulisque sericeo-
villosis."— Roxb. MSS. ; Ands. /. c. p. 500. no. 26.

Hab. In Nepalia {Hamilton).

(2.) S. lenta, Fr. (Nov. Fl. Suec. Mont. i. p. 78). " Foliis lanceolatis
remote glanduloso-dentatis subtus villosulis canescentibus, stipulis
lanatis, amentis subpedunculatis, bracteis deciduis, masc. arcuatis
diandris (?), capsulis pedicellatis subulatis sericeis, stylo brevi, stig-
matibus emarginatis.*' — Ands. /. c. p. 501. no. 28.

Hab. Etiam in Nepalia.

(3.) S. calophylla, Wall. I. c. no. 9102 ; Ands. I. c. p. 502.

(4.) S. densa. Wall. I. c. p. 9103 ; Ands. I. c. p. 502.

(5.) s. , Wall. I. c. no. 9105 ; Ands. /. c. p. 502.

(6.) S. pseudogriseay Steudel {S. grisea, Wall. no. 3700 D, herb. Berol.
et Vindob.).

2. S. CALOSTACHYA, Ands. {I. c. p. 489. no. 13). Amentis sessilibus
longe cylindricis flexuosis densifloris; squamis parvis fulvis, pilis
albido-griseis hirsutis, pedicello brevioribus ; nectario minutissimo ;
capsula pedicellum elongatum filiformem aequante glabra, stylo nullo,
stigmatibus erectis; foliis ovato-lanceolatis undulatis subtus argen-
teis glaucis.

Hab. In sylvis humidis, 2000 metr. elevatis Indiaj orient, a Kahouta ad

Mahabad {Jacquemont, Voy. no. 250).
Descriptionem in Act. Holm. I. c. vide.

3. S. APicuLATA, Ands. {I. c. p. 470. no. 1). Amentis pedunculatis
erectis, foliis paucis suffultis, fem. subdensifloris ; squamis ca-
ducis, apice obtuso, glabriusculis; capsulis conicis glabris, pedicello
nectarium unicum bis superante, stylo mcdiocri, stigmatibus

PBOF. N. J. ANDERSSON ON EAST INDIAN SALICES. 43

divisis; foliis ovato-lanceolatis, apice longe producto, acuminatis

nitentibiis.
S. cuspidata, D. Don, Prodr. FL Nepal, p. 58 ; WallicJi, I. c. no. 3703.
Hah. Sirinagur {D. Kamroop), Nilgherry (Noton).
Descriptionem in Act. Holm. /. c. dedi. — Nonne autem S. tetraspermce

varietas ?

4. S. GLAucoPHYLLA, Auds. {I. c. p. 474. no. 7). Amentis foliato-pe-
dunculatis erectis, femineis cylindricis rarifloris obtusiusculis ; squamis
subpersistentibus ovatis dense albo-villosis ; nectario lato pedicello
capsulae qiiadruplo breviori ; eapsula pedicellata globoso-conica acuta
glaberrima; stylo subnuUo, stigmatibus brevibus; foliis elongato-
lanceolatis glaberrimis integerrimis subtus glaucis.

Ex India orientali reportavit Jacquemont.

Haec species S. octandra (Sieb.) sine uUo dubio valde affinis est, quae
tamen sat aperte differt: amentis crassioribus magisque densifloris, cap-
sulis brevioribus, necnon foliis vulgo latioribus, serratis, subconco-
loribus.

Descriptionem in Act. Holm. /. c. vide.

5. S. DEALBATA, Ands. (l. c. p. 472. no. 1). Amentis pedunculatis
brevibus obtusis subdensifloris ; pedunculo 1-3-foliato ; squamis de-
ciduis obovatis pubescentibus ; nectario lato brevi subbifido ; eapsula
pedicellata ovato-conica, glaberrima; stylo mediocri, stigmatibus
erectis ; foliis lanceolato-linearibus integerrimis subtus glaucescen-
tibus demum dealbatis.

Hab. Inter Saharnpora et pedem montium Sulin Nauka et Mohur ; in
planitie secus torrentem ad Ghautka-ware (Jacquemont).

Descriptionem in Act. Holm. I. c. vide.

Habitu S. albce v. babylonicoe, a quibus differt foliis omnino glaber-
rimis, sensim angustatis nee ita acuminato-productis, amentis brevi-
oribus, capsulis evidenter pedicellatis. Magna etiam cum S. acmo-
phylla Boiss. est affinitas, quae tamen amentis globosis, densifloris,
squamis glabriusculis et capsulis quodammodo differt. Tribus autem
S. alb(B et babylonicce in Asia occidentali vere indigena ibi magis
quam apud nos variis ludit formis.

6. S. SERicocARPA, Ands. Amentis breve pedunculatis foliis parvis
suffultis angustis elongatis flexuosis ; squamis concoloribus glabris
lineari-spathulatis ; stam. geminis; capsulis sessilibus tenuiter seri-
ceis conico-rostratis stylo producto bifido, stigmatibus integris erectis ;
foliis anguste lanceolatis utrinque glaberrimis apice producto sub-
obliquis integris subtus glaucescentibus.

Hab. Kaschmir, reg. alp., alt. 6000 ped. {Thomson).

Arbor videtur, ramis erectis, subvimineis, cortice fusco-castaueo glabro
obductis. Folia 2-3 pollices longa, vix semipollicem lata, basi atte-
nuata, apice angustato-cuspidata, supra viridia, subtus Isete glauca.

44 PROF. K. J. ANDERSSOK ON EAST INDIAN SALICES.

utrinque glaberrima, margine integerrima vel rarius minute serrulata.
Amenta lateralia, pedunculo semipollieari insidentia, patentia, foliis
2-7 parvis integris oblongis suffulta; maseula 1^ pollicem longa, recti-
uscula, rachi hirsuta, squamaj testaceo-pallidae, stamina gemina, fila-
mentis squamas subtriplo superantibus glabris filiformibus, antheris
minutis flavis; am. fem. laxe flexuosa, 2-3 polliees longa, rachis
hirsuta, squamae obtusiusculae apice fusciores, capsulse lineam longae
coniese tenuiter incano-serieeae, nectario ventrem capsulse tegente,
stylo luteo ad medium fisso, stigmatibus infuscatis.
Primo obtutu, S. alba nostrae similis, abunde autem differt capsulis et
squamis, neenon foliis.

7. S. BABYLONiCA, L. Sp. PI. 1773 ; Auds. {I. c. p. 472. no. 2) ; Don,
Prodr. Fl. Nep. p. 59.— S. japonica, Thbg., Ands. {I. c. p. 501. no. 27).

Hah. Kera, Tunbury, Jacquemont ; Narainhetty Nepalise, Hamilton.

8. S.VYCNOST ACHY A, Ands. Amentis sessilibus foliis nullis suffultis;
staminibus monadelphis, antheris quadrilocularibus ; squamis arctis
obtusiusculis apice fuscioribus basi pilosis ; capsulis sessilibus ovatis
glabris, stylo subnuUo, stigmatibus brevibus erectis bifidis; foliis
lanceolatis obtusis basi angustatis planis integerrimis utrinque glabris
vel junioribus subtus prsesertim sericeis.

Hab. In India orientali : Gauskar, reg. alp., alt. 13,000 ped. (Thomson).

Frutex fere orgyalis. Rami ramulique divaricati, cortice atro-violaceo
obsolete glaucescenti-irrorato lucido obducti. Stipulae obsoletissimae
aut cito caducse. Folia fere 2 polliees longa, supra medium vix semi-
unciam lata, basin versus sensim angustata, apice obtusata, omnino
plana, submoUia, margine integerrima, juniora pilis brevibus adpressis
utrinque albo-sericea, adulta glabrata, utrinque laete viridia costa
dilutiori venisque ex siccatione fuscescentibus rectiusculis subsimpli-
cibus percursa ; petiolus 2^ lin. longus, puberulus. Gemmae ovato-
rotundatae, fusco-castanese, omnino glabrae. Amenta lateralia prae-
cocia, arrecto-patentia, pedunculo 2-3 lin. longo villoso insidentia,
bracteis minimis dense tomentosis suffulta, densiflora, obtusa. Amenta
maseula, 1|^ pollicem longa, cylindrica, rachis hirsuta ; squamae spa-
thulato-obovatae filamentum ad medium tegentes, brunnescentes,
pilis longis albidis conspersae ; filamenta duo concreta pallide flava,
basi parcissime pilosa; anthera quadrata aurea. Amenta fem. excur-
vata, \^-2 polliees longa, cylindrica vel apicem versus fere incrassata,
valde densiflora ; rachis pilosa ; squamae obovato-rotundatae basi ful-
vescentes, pilis longis hirsutae, supra medium castaneo-fuscae, glabrae
vel pilis pallidis ciliatae, capsulis plus quam duplo breviores ; nectarium
punctiforme, glabrum, pilis conditum, basin capsulae vix attingens ;
capsula sessilis, 1^ lin. longa, ovato-oblonga, basi gibba, acutiuscula;
stylus brevissimus in stigmata brevia bipartita arrecta cyathi instar
dilatatus, flavus.

Est in tribu sua habitu prorsus peculiari, hinc ad S. rubram, staminibus

PROF. N. J. ANDERSSON ON EAST INDIAN SALICES. 45

monadelphis> foliis lineari-lanceolatis, interdum sericeo-pubescenti-
bus, illinc ad S. daphnoidem, nempe amentis sessilibus valde densifloris,
capsulis glabris viridulis et ramis adultis nonnunquam glauco-irroratis,
accedens. Sed ab utraque magnopere differt ; a S. rubra foliis non
longe productis obtusis integerrimis, planis, stipulis nullis, capsulis
glabris, stylo brevi et stigmatibus crassis ; a S. daphnoide foliis, stig-
matibus et stylo necnon staminibus.

9. S. oxYCARPA, Ands. Amentis lateralibus prseeoeibus sessilibus
elongatis laxe flexuosis ; staminibus 2, filamentis ad medium con-
natis ; capsulis sessilibus conico-elongatis acutis sericeo-puberulis,
stylo subnuUo, stigmatibus brevissirais subclavatis; foliis lanceolatis
acutiusculis tenuibus, adultis rigidis glabre nitentibus, subintegris
subtus glaucescentibus.

Hab. Kischtwar, reg. temp. alt. 6-11,000 ped. (T. Thomson).

a. angustifolia : foliis anguste lanceolatis subtus glaucescentibus, squa-
mis capsularum acutiusculis fuscis.

h. latifolia : foliis late lanceolatis v. oblongis subtus pallidioribus, squa-
mis caps, rotundatis fulvescentibus.

Frutex plus quam orgyalis. Rami erecti, crassiusculi, in speciminibus
masculis a me visis moUiter incano-pubescentes, brunnei, in spec. fem.
omnino glabri, rufescentes. Gemmse minutissimae, acutiusculae, sero
evolutae. Stipulse anguste lanceolatae, petiolo lineam longo vix lon-
giores, plerumque mox caducse. Folia 3 poUices longa, poUicem lata,
supra medium nonnihil latiora, ceterum aequaliter attenuata, plana,
margine integra vel apicem versus minute et remote glanduloso-ser-
rulata, juniora pellucida, pilis nitentibus adpressis praesertim secus
costam obtecta, demum utrinque glaberrima vel infra obsoletius pube-
rula, supra laete viridia, subtus opace glaucescentia, costa sola di-
stincta; petiolus lineam longus, cano-tomentosus ; folia novella ob-
longa, obtusa, pilis adpressis plus minus dense obtecta. Amenta late-
ralia, prsecocia, pedunculo 3 lineas longo vel immo breviori insidentia,
bracteis 2-4 vix unciam longis subtus sericeis oblongis vel obovatis
suffulta. Amenta mascula patentia vel immo subrecurvata, crasse cylin-
drica, obtusa, densiflora, 2 poUices longa ; rachis hirsuta ; squamae
staminibus triplo breviores, obovato-rotundatae, fusco-castaneae, pilis
cinereis squamarum longitudine corrugatis ciliatae ; stamina 2, fila-
mentis usque ad medium connatis glabris flavis, antheris subrotun-
datis aureis. Amenta feminea arrecta vel laxissime patentia et curvato-
flexuosa, 3-4 pollices longa, acutiuscula ; rachis pubescens ; squamae
ut in am. $ sed pallidiores, capsulis quadruplo breviores ; nectarium
squama triplo brevius, glabrum ; capsula sessilis, ex ovata basi conico-
attenuata, fere 2 lin. longa, apice acutata, tomento sericeo tenui pu-
bescens, stylo parvo sed distincto, stigmatibus brevibus integris cras-
siusculis erectis.

Quoad folia haec salix pulcherrima S. phyliccBfolics vel potius S. laurincB
angustifolicB simillima videtur ; amenta feminea non ab iis harum

46 PEOr. N. J. ANDERSSON ON EAST INDIAN S ALICES.

specierum multum aberrant ; adsunt autem capsulae sessiles stylo mi-
nuto rostratse; prseterea stamina monadelpha? Cum speciebus ad
Helices vulgo relatas hsec nostra ceterura parum babet commune. E
S. cinerea et S. laurina quasi composita videtur ! Et ob id S. julacea
nostra huic quam maxime affinis ; quae tamen differt foliis frequentius
hirsutis vel sericeis, capsulis adhuc longius attenuatis et stigmatibus
prorsus sessilibus.
Hue sine dubio ea Salicis species referenda est, quam nomine S. ( phy-
liccBfolia) macrocarpa, I. c. p. 449. no. 11, "in frigidis umbrosis et
fertilibus a Stari ad Korenass," lectam a Jacquemont, fusius descripsi.
Cui etiam forsitan est associanda S. glabrescens Lindl. " in Oude et
Rohilcund," Wallich (Catalog, no. 3/06).

a, breviuscula amentis fere duplo brevioribus ; capsulis tomento se-
riceo tenuiori parcius puberulis, demum fere glabratis ; foliis anguste
lanceolatis, margine ssepius remote serrulatis, utrinque glabris, subtus
glaucescentibus.

Hab. Janskar, reg. alp., alt. 10-17,000 ped. {Thomson).

Non absque haesitatione permulta banc forniara S. oxycarpce subsumen-
dam suspicor. Recedit quidem foliis, ramis angustioribus cortice
fusco obductis, totoque habitu, nullis autem notis amentorum et cap-
sularum ab ea distingui potest. Ad Salicem rubram foliorum forma
nonnihil appropinquat.

b. serratifolia : foliis 3-pollicaribus exacte lanceolatis cuspidato-pro-
ductis, venis et costa flavescentibus elevatis pulchre et regulariter
striatis, subtus intense glaucis, margine minute sed satis acute glau-
duloso-serrulatis ; amentis (defloratis) 4-5 pollices longis, laxissimis.

Hab. Linla, reg. temp., alt. 8000 ped. (Thomson).

Quoad folia haec speciei forma S. daphnoidi ita est similis, ut ab ea non
nisi amentis longissimis, breve sed distincte pedunculatis et foliis parvis
suiFultis, capsulis breve pedicellatis, conico-rostratis, squamis denique
testaceis glabriusculis diflFert.

10. S. ERiosTACHYA, Wall. [1. c. no. 3/04). Amentis lateralibus,
femineis densifloris ; pedunculis foliatis ; squamis obovato-rotundatis
pilosiusculis j nectario ventrem capsulae attingente ; capsula sessili
ovato-conica albo-villosa, stylo elongato, stigmatibus bipartitis ; foliis
subovalibus obtusiusculis integerrimis subtus glaucis. — Ands. I. c.
p. 493. no. 21. Descriptionem I. c. etiam vide.

Hab. In Nepalia, ad Gossain Than.

Distinctissima species ob amenta capsulasque cum nulla alia confun-
denda. Foliis tamen cum S. daphnoide, amentis cum S. rubra non-
nihil commune babet.

11. S. DAPHNOIDES, L. ; v. INDICA, Auds. {I. c. p. 475. no. 5).
Hab. In surama valle Jumnath, supra fontem thermalem, 2500-3300

metr. alt. (Jacquemont).

PROF. N. J. ANDERSSON OK EAST INDIAN SALICES. 47

Specimina hie lecta a vera S. daphnoide non parum discrepant : amentis
raagis excurvatis, squarais longioribus acutatis, stylo valde producto,
foliisque utrinque viridibus, tenuioribus.

Alia ad "Banhatta, 2952 raetr." etiam a Jacquemont lecta, cum S.
daphnoide subbene congruunt.

12. S. iNSiGNis, Ands. Amentis sessilibus e gemmis magnis erum-
pentibus basi nudis, masculis crassis, squamis atris flavescenti-pilosis,
staminibus geminis j femineis laxe erectis elongato-cylindricis acuti-
usculis, squamis atris obtusis glabriusculis, capsulis breve pedicellatis
conicis sericeis, stylo evidenti, stigmatibus crassiusculis erectis ; foliis
lanceolatis tenuiter serratis rigidis subtus glaucescentibus, stipulis
semicordatis acutis persistentibus.

Foliis latioribus glabris.

Hab. Kaschmir, reg. temp., alt. 6-8000 ped. {Thomson).

Foliis angustioribus, longius acuminato-cuspidatis, utrinque cinereo-
tomentosis.

Hah. Tibet. Occident., reg. temp,, alt. 6-8000 ped. {Thomson).

Arbor vel frutex videtur sat altus. Rami validi, cortice rufo-fusco vel
castaneo glabro nitente rarissime glaucescente obducti. Gemmae ovato-
conicae apice acuto incurvse intrafoliares pedunculo subduplo brevi-
ores fusco-castaneae glabrae vel hirsutie parca puberulae, floriferae late
ovatae 2-3 lineas longae glabrae castaneae. Folia 3 poUices longa, ad
medium pollicem lata, exacte lanceolata, basi et apice aequaliter angus-
tata, margine glanduloso-serrata serraturis subdepressis, supra laete
viridia nitentia costa et venis regulariter arcuatis dilutioribus percursa,
subtus pallidiora vel glaucescentia costa et venis striata ; pedunculus
2 lin. longus, basi dilatatus gemmam amplectens. Stipulae semi-
ovatae vel late lanceolatae basi obsolete cordatae, longissime cuspi-
datae, erectae, latere exteriori arcuato minute serrulatae, glabrae vel
hirsutae. Amenta mascula pollicem longa ovato-oblonga vel oblongo-
ovalia, omnino sessilia, foliis vel bracteis nullis sed perulis magnis sat
diu persistentibus suffulta ; squamae ovato-ovales, obtusae, aterrimae,
pilis longis cinereo-flavescentibus utrinque sericeae ; stamina gemina,
squamas triplo superantia, filamentis flavis, antberis minutis fulves-
centibus. Amenta feminea etiam sessilia foliis nullis sed bracteis
paucis et parvis villosis suifulta, cylindrica apicem versus angustiora
laxe flexuosa, saepe 2 pollices longa, 2-3 lin lata ; squamae lanceolatae
acutiusculae atrae, pilis paucis et brevissimis vel plane nullis basi con-
spersae ; capsulae anguste conicae rostratae, tenuiter griseo-sericeae,
pcdicello nectarium bis superante pallido, stylo parum producto sed
conspicuo etiam pallidiori, stigmatibus crassis integris erectis.

Hacc species ex habitu ad S. daphnoidem aperte pertinere videtur prae-
sertim quoad folia, gemmas et stipulas, amenta etiam mascula illius
sat similia sunt j difFert autem amentis femineis longis laxis, squamis
atris nudis nee longe pilosis, capsulis evidenter pedicellatis. Eo re-
spectu, ut etiam stylo minuto et araentorum habitu ad Capreas vergit.

48 PROF. N. J. ANDEBSSON ON EA.ST INDIAN SALICES.

13. S. viMiNALis, L. Sp. 1448; Ands. I. c. p. 475. no. 6.
Hab. A Castris ad Hirpour (Jacquemont).

14. S. Smithiana, Willd. Enum. H. Berol. ii. p. 1008.
Hab. Sikkim, reg. temp., alt. 5-8000 ped. (J. D. Hooker).
Specimen tantum foliiferum in herb. Hooker, vidi, quod non sine dubio

ad banc speciem referendum puto.

15. S. POPULiFOLiA, Ands. I. c. p. 497. no. 22. Amentis sessilibus
densifloris cylindricis obtusis foliis minoribus bracteatis; squamis
oblongis tomentosis; nectario minuto pedicellum brevissimum cap-
sulae superante j capsula subsessili globoso-conica albo-lanata ; stylo
nullo, stigmatibus cruciatis; foliis longissime petiolatis ovalibus
tenuibus glabreseentibus acute crenatis.

Hab. In India orientali legg. Perrottet et Jacquemont.
Descriptionem in Actis Holm. I. c. dedi.

16. S. ERIOPHYLLA, Ands. Amentis breve pedunculatis subcoseta-
neis foliis parvis suffultis ; capsulis sessilibus obtusis tomento albes-
centi lanatis squamas villosas quadruplo superantibus ; stylo pro-
funde bipartito, stigmatibus bifidis erectiusculis fuscis; foliis lanceolatis
acutis subtus argenteo-tomentosis margine dentatis supra rugose
venosis.

S. psilostigma, Ands. I. c. p. 496. no. 23.

Hab. Khasia, reg. temp., alt. 4-5000 ped. (J. D. Hooker et Thomson).

In coUectione Jacquemontii Parisiis vidi, sed tantum specimina manca.

Frutex sat altus, facie omnino S. viminalis. Rami dense foliati, cortice
fusco-cinerascente glabro (in ramis floriferis) vel tomentoso (in ramis
foliatis) obducti. Folia novella subtus adpresse argenteo-villosa costa
prominula, supra obscure viridia parce pilosa, margine integro exsic-
catione revoluta, exacte lanceolata, etiam basi aequaliter angustataj
adulta 2|-4 poUices longa, petiolo lineam longo basi dilatato breve
petiolata, erecto-patentia, infra medium subovata, inde longius atte-
nuata, apice recto acuta, margine angustissime subrevoluto dense sed
non profunde denticulata, subtus tomento non plane adpresso opace
argenteo plerumque micante densissime vestita, costa lata pallidiore et
venis distinctioribus prominulis percursa, supra saturate viridia to-
mento raro adpresso sub lente distincto mollia, costa pallidiori medio
lineata venis lateralibus ante marginem incurvatis medio partitis im-
pressis rugosa. Stipulae in ramis vegetis et surculis persistentes, ex
ovata vel etiam subcordata basi acutatae, 3-4 lin. longae, infra medium
2-3 lin.latse, subobliquae, nervis impressis rugosae, margine subreflexo
dentato, subtus albo-tomentosse. Gemmae ovato-globosae, cano-hirtse,
petiolum (a quo basi inclusae sunt) longitudine sequantes. Amenta late-
ralia pedunculo semipollicari insidentia, arrecta vel incurvato-patentia ;
folia bracteantia 4-5 minuta plerumque semipoUicaria, apicem versus
latiora, ceterum foliis novellis similia. Amenta mascula pollicaria,

PROF. N. J. ANDEESSON ON EAST INDIAN SALICES. 49

rectiuscula, anguste cylindrica, densiflora, e basi primo florentia, ob-
tusa; rachis hirsuta; squamae obovato-rotundatae, castaneo-fulves-
centes, utrinque sed extus longius albo-villosse ; stamina 2, squamas
duplo tantum superantia; filamenta tota pilis albis hirta; antherae
parvae aureae. Amenta feminea l|^-2-pollicaria, patentia, rectiuscula
V. subflexuosa, anguste cylindrica, obtusa, densiflora ; rachis cinereo-
tomentosa ; squamae capsulis fere duplo breviores, pallide fuscae, obo-
vato-rotundatae, extus pilis albescentibus sat longis villosissimae ; nec-
tarium porrectum, capsulae dimidia longitudine, glabrum, fuscum,
truncatum ; capsula vix semilineam longa, ovato-conica obtusissiraa
V. subglobosa, omnino sessilis, pilis albis opace sericeo-micantibus
densissime vestita; stylus fuscus fere usque ad basin partitus et pilis
capsulae fere obtectus ; stigmata in singulo stylo duo, testacea, stylia
triplo breviora, divaricata.

Quod ad folia haec species S. viminalem v. stipularem valde simulat ;
fabrica autem amentorum longissime ab ea diifert.

17. S. Daltoniana, Ands. Amentis pedunculatis foliis bracteatis
longissimis laxiusculis; squamis capsulas ultra medium tegentibus
pilosis ; capsulis primo sericeis demum glabratis conico-rostratis ses-
silibus; stylo longissimo bipartito; stigmatibus filiformibus; foliis
lanceolatis integris vel minutissime glanduloso-serrulatis planis supra
demum glabris subtus ferrugineo-sericeis.

Hab. Sikkim, reg. temp., alt. 9000-14,500 ped. (J. D. Hooker).

Arbor baud excelsa videtur. Rami strictiusculi, cortice atro-piceo gla-
bro obducti ; ramuli cinerei parcissime puberuli. Folia juniora poUi-
caria, late lanceolata, utrinque hirsuta sed praesertim subtus lucide
sericea, adulta 3-7 pollices longa, in medio poUice sublatiora basi et
apice acuta, superne obscure viridia costa venisque parallelo-arcuatis
impressa cinerea, ceterum glabra nitentia, subtus tomento adpresso
cinereo-cupreo rufescentia, costa subelevata, margine aut integerrima
aut serraturis minutis et sat remotis glanduligeris obscure denticulata ;
petiolus 2-3 lin. longus cinereo-pubescens. Stipulae nuUae persis-
tentes. Gemmae parvae hirsutae. Amenta lateralia pedunculata ; pe-
dunculus foliis 3-5, ceteris duplo minoribus, basi subrotundis in-
structus. Amenta mascula erecto-patentia, fere bipollicaria, 2 lin.
crassa, rachis incano-pilosa ; squamae cuneatae, dorso glabrae nervosae,
staminibus duplo triplove breviores, fulvescentes ; stamina gemina,
filamentis ad medium dense hirsutis, fulvis ; antheris rotundatis, aureis.
Amenta feminea erecto-patentia, demum 4-6-pollicaria, laxiuscula,
subdensiflora, acuta; squamae spathulatae, subcastaneae, pilis griseis
hirtae, capsulae dimidiam mediam inferiorem tegentes, demum ea qua-
druplo breviores ; nectariura basin capsulae attingens ; capsula fusco-
rufescens, conico-acutata, pilis brevibus adpressis primo sericea, demum
calva ; stylus piceus, valde elongatus (longitudirie capsulae), ad medium
fissus ; stigmata divaricata, brevissima, pallidiora.

Variare videtur foliis anguste lanceolatis utrinque attenuatis (fere ut m
LINN. PEOC. — BOTANY, E

50 PEOF. N. J. AKDEESSON ON EAST INDIAN SALICES. ,

S. viminali) et fol. ovalibus, basi subrotundatis (fere ut in S. Smith-
iana). Nulli formae Salicis cujusdam europeae similis, a S. viminali
et affinibus longissime recedit annulis pedunculatis ; a S. phylicifolia
capsulis sessilibus ; ab omnibus amentis femineis longissimis, capsulis
acutatis, stylo eximio producto et bipartito, foliis subtus rufescenti-
sericeis.

18. S. LONGiFLORA, Wall. (sec. specimen in herb. Hookeri). Amentis
breve pedunculatis foliis 2-3 parvis suffultis gracillimis laxe pendulis
densifloris ; squamis fusco-testaceis obtusis glabris vel sparse pubes-
centibus; capsulis sessilibus crasse ovatis acutis glaberrimis; stylo
brevi ; stigmatibus partitis erectis ; foliis anguste lanceolatis acutis
integerrimis subtus pallidioribus nonnunquam tenuiter sericeis.

Hab. in India orientali (Wallich) ; Sikkim reg. temp., alt. 9000 ped.
leg. J. D. Hooker.

Arbuscula 10-pedalis, ramosa; ramuli breves, fere rectangulariter diva-
ricati, glabri, cortice fusco-nigricante obducti. Gemmae parvae, vix
lineam longae, adpressae; saepius pallescentes. Folia alterna, pa-
tentia, petiolata, adulta 1^ vel 2^ pollices longa, semiunciam et plus
lata, exacte lanceolata, basi et apice angustata, margine omnino inte-
gerrima, utrinque glaberrima, supra obscure viridia, costa lucida et
parce pilosa percursa ; subtus juniora glaucescentia, costa et nervis
fuscioribus lineata, adulta opaca et dilutiora ; petiolus 2 lin. longus,
parce pilosus, in foliis novellis multo brevior. Amenta lateralia, pa-
tenti-pendula, adulta 2-4-pollicaria, 2 lin. crassa, valde densiflora,
subflexuosa, exacte cylindrica, apice acutiuscula; pedunculus semi-
poUicem longus, foliis 2-4 suboblongis vix pollicaribus subtus glau-
cescentibus vestitus. Rachis ob capsulas condensatas scrobiculata,
brevius hirta ; squamae semilinea longiores, subspathulatae, brunneo-
testaceae apice subfusciores, dorso glabriusculae vel parce puberulae,
basin capsulae vix attingentes ; nectarium minutum ; capsula ex ovata
et crassa basi brevissime conica, | lin. longa, fere omnino sessilis,
glabra, viridi-brunnescens ; stylus obsoletus apice bifidus ; stigmata
bipartita, laciniis divaricatis.

19. S. CAPREA, L. Sp. 1448. Folia tantum vidi, ad banc speciem for-
sitan referenda. Ands. I. c. p. 476. n. 7.

20. S. JULACEA, Ands. I. c. p. 476. n. 8, Amentis sessilibus longissi-
mis attenuatis squamis glabrescentibus ; capsulis ovato-linearibus vix
pubescentibus, pedicello nectarium ter quaterve superante, stylo nullo,
stigmatibus erectis; foliis oblongis obtusiusculis subtus argenteo-
pilosis ; gemmis ramisque glabris.

Hab. In sylvis excelsis supra Hyderabad, alt. 2600-2730 metr. {Jacque-

mont).
Descriptionem in Act. Holm. I. c. vide.

21. S. Waluchiana, Ands. I.e. p. 477. n. 9. Amentis sessilibus at-
tenuatis erectis, fern, densifloris, masc. arcuatis ; squamis basi hir-

PROF. N. J. AKDERSSON ON EAST INDIAN SALICES. 51

sutis ; capsulis conicis elongatis cano-villosis ; pedicello nectarium
minutum bis superante ; stylo nullo, stigmatibus erectis ; foliis ob-
longis abrupte acuminatis glabris coriaceis ; gemmis glabriusculis ;
ramulis pulverulis.

Salix grisea. Wall. Catalog, n. 3700.

Hab. In Nepalia, Kamaon, Silhet (Wallich), Kalimath {Strachey et
Winterhottom), Himalaya bor.-occ, regio temp. alt. 6000-9000 ped.
{Thomson).

Descriptionem in Act. Holm. /. c. vide.

22. S. HASTATA, L., sp. 1443 J Ands. I.e. p. 479. n. 10.
Specimina, quae, a Jacquemont reportata, in herb. Parisiensi vidi, ab

europseis nullo modo differunt, duabus formis ludentia : 1 . rotundi-
foliax foliis rigidis, acute serratis, cortice ramorum fusco-roseo; 2. ob-
longifolia '. foliis tenuioribus, fruticulus minimus. Quae tamen in
herb. Hookeriano (Tibet, reg. alp., alt. 11,000-1 5,000 ped.) examinavi,
a nostris in eo recedunt, quod amenta multo praecociora videntur, aut
omnino sessilia, aut bracteis paucis parum evolutis suffulta.

23. S. ELEGANS, Wall. I. c. n. 3699, Amentis pedunculatis, masc.
brevibus obtusis erectis, fem. gracillimis laxe subpendulis acutis;
squamis parvis pallide flavis apice glabris, nectario pedicellum cap-
sulae subaequante ; capsula brevissime pedicellata couica glaberrima ;
stigmatibus sessilibus bipartitis ; foliis (obovato-) lanceolatis serru-
latis subtus intense glaucis demum rigidis utrinque glaberrimis.

S. Kamanensis, hindl. Wall. I. c. n. 3701 ; S. denticulata, Ands., I. c.
p. 481. n. 12.

Hab. In India superiori alpestri in regionibus Himalensibus ad Baltal
(Jacquemont) ; in Kamaon {R. Blinkworih) ; Himalaya boreal.-oc-
cid.; reg. temp. 6000-9000 ped. (Thomson); Niti, Garhwal, 11,500
ped. (Strachey et Winterbottom) .

Descriptionem in Act. Holm. I. c. vide.

Species nitidissima alpestris, ob folia et habitum totum necnon amen-
torum et capsularum forma inter S. phyliccefoliam et S. hastulatam
quodammodo media, posteriori autem sine uUo dubio proxima.

*S. himalensis, Klotzsch (herb. Berolin.). Magnitudine altiori, foliis
majoribus magis elongatis apicem versus attenuatis exacte lanceolatis
margine acutius dentatis basi aequaliter angustatis subtus evidentius
caesiis. — S. Govaniana, Wall. Cat. n. 3699.

Hab. In 'NeipaVm (Wallich) ; Sirmore (Govan et Kamrup) ; in alpibus
Himalensibus (Hofmeister).

24. S. MYRTILLACEA, ^wc?5. Amcutis scssilibus crassiusculis curvatis
densifloris ; squamis acutatis nigricantibus basi pilosiusculis ; cap-
sulis conicis puberulis subsessilibus, stylo producto, stigmatibus in-
divisis; foliis rigidiusculis ellipticis integerrimis glaberrimis subtus
opacis venulosis.

Hab. Sikkim, reg. alp., alt. 12,000 ped. (J. D. Hooker).

e2

62 PBOF. N. J. ANDEESSON ON EAST INDIAN SALICES.

Frutex mediocris altitudinis. Rami sat robusti, ramosi, toruloso-angu-
lati, cortice fusco-castaneo vel cinereo nigrescente glaberrimo nitente
obducti. Folia dense conferta, petiolo glabro lutescente vix lineam
longo brevissime petiolata, pollicaria, semipoUicem lata, supra medium
frequenter latiora, basi subrotunda vel rarius subangustata, apiee acu-
tiuseula, margine acuto subrevoluto integerrima, utrinque pure at
subtus dilutius virescentia, lucida, plana, venis et prsesertim costa
fulveseenti subtus elevatis pulchre striata, juniora subpellueido-rufes-
centia, adulta membranaceo-rigida. Amenta (mascula non vidi) prse-
cocia, omnino sessilia, nullis foliis evolutis suffulta, poUicem longa,
curvata ; squamae ovatae, acuta?, fusco-nigricantes, pilis sat longis basi
obsita, eapsulam basi amplectentes et eam dimidiam apiee acutae
aequantes ; capsulae testaceo-fuscae, pubescentia brevi subsericeae, ex
ovata basi conico-angustatae, lineam longae, stylo sat evidente rostratae.

Habitu fruticis, forma, consistentia, nervatione, glabritie et colore
foliorum Salici myrtilloidi omnino est similis, ut forsan ab ea vix
tute distinguenda. Differt autem : amentis (quae tamen non nisi jam
deflorata vidi) certe sessilibus, foliis nullis bracteatis, capsulis brevi-
oribus etiam sessilibus, stylo denique evidenter producto.

2b. S. SCLEROPHYLLA, Ands. Amentis sessilibus nudis e gemmis
maximis erumpentibus ; stam. 2 liberis; squamis ovatis concoloribus
seu apiee subinfuscatis margine pilosis ; capsulis sessilibus conicis
rostratis sericeo-puberulis cinerascentibus, nectario ventrem capsulae
tegente, stylo obsoleto fusco, stigmatibus erectis; foliis ovalibus
basi rotundatis integerrimis coriaceis planis.

Hab. Laptak Tibetiae {Strachey et Winterbottom) et Dras Himalayae,
alt. 10,000-15,000 ped. {Thomson).

Frutex ut videtur humilis. Rami divisi et divaricati, crassiusculi, toru-
losi, cortice fusco saepius glauco-irrorato obducti. Gemmae intra-
foliares ovato-conicae, apiee subincurvo productae, intus planae, extus
trigono-teretiusculae, basi fuscescentes saepe irrorato-glaucae, apiee
testaceo-pallidiores, petiolum saepissime superantes ; gemmae florales
sat magnae, perulis castaneo-nitentibus diu persistentibus inclusae.
Folia juniora exacte elliptica utrinque adpressa, sericea, integerrima et
glabra, subtus pallidiora, adulta poUice fere longiora, f poll, lata,
rotundato-ovalia, basi late rotundata immo obsolete subcordata, apiee
vix producta, venis arcuatis valde distinctis venulosa, pure viridia,
subtus pallidiora, coriaceo-dura, plana, utrinque glabra, margine
omnino integerrimo interdum subrevoluta ; petiolus vix lineam longus
basi in gemmae latitudinem dilatatus. Amenta sessilia nudiuscula vel
bracteis minutis suffulta, brevia (vix semipoUicem longa et 2 lin. crassa),
ovali-oblonga, obtusa; amenta mascula arrecta, ramo adpressa;
squamae ovato-subrotundatae, pallidae apiee subinfuscatae, superne
tenuissime et breviter pilosiusculae, venis obscurioribus percursae;
stamina gemina libera, filamentis glabris luteis squamam triplo supe-
rantibus, antheris rotundatis fulvescentibus. Amenta feminea hori-

PHOF. N. J. ANDERSSON OK EAST INDIAN SALICES. 53

zontaliter excurvata vel recurvata ; squamae ut in amentis masciilis,
sed apice evidentius ciliatse; capsular sessiles, ovato-conicse, pube
cinerea inferne rariori puberulae ; nectarium crassum truncatum ; stylus
brevis sed evidens, fuscus ; stigmata brevissiraa, erecta, etiam fusca.
Hsec species nostrae S. repenti admodum similis eique sine ullo dubio
proxime analoga ; a qua tamen bene differt : ramis glauco-irroratis,
foliis margine parum revoluto exsiecatione nuUo modo nigrescentibus
sed planioribus, amentis et capsulis omnino sessilibus, stylo vix pro-
ducto. Ramis et gemmis magnis conicis subincurvis affinitatera cum
(S. daphnoide prsebet sat magnam ; folia et amenta tamen reeedunt.

26. S. MYRic^FOLiA, Ands. I. c. p. 483, no. 13. Amentis sessilibus
brevibus crassis densifloris subbracteatis ; squarais obovato-spathu-
latis barbatis ; neetario brevissimo ; capsula sessili ovato-conica albo-
sericea; stylo nullo; stigmatibus erectis; foliis lingulato-oblongis
integerrimis eoriaeeis opacis subtus pallidioribus.

Hab. In India superiori orientali (Jacquemont et Perrottet).

Deseriptionem in Act. Holm. I. c. vide.

Est e tribu S. repentis, Salici sibiricce etiam quodammodo similis, sed
foliis opace cinerascentibus, amentis brevissimis et horizontaliter pa-
tentibus, squamis exacte spathulatis apice subtruncatis necnon cap-
sulis sessilibus alto-tomentosis stylo producto destitutis, bene di-
stincta. Folia nunc latiora et subovalia, nunc angustiora et plus minus
lanceolata, incana vel glabrescentia variant; semper autem rigida,
opaca, et subtus pallidiora.

27. S. FRUTicuLOSA, Auds. Amcutis lateralibus subsessilibus bracteis
nuUis aut parvis et perulis magnis suifultis ovalibus densifloris ; squa-
mis rotundato-obovatis infuscatis glabris ; capsulis sessilibus ovatis
subrostratis dense cinereo-villosis, neetario basin capsulse tegente,
stylo obsoleto, stigmatibus efectis ; foliis anguste lanceolatis glaber-
rimis integris, subtus glaucis.

Hah. Pindari, Kumaon (Strachey et Winterbottom) ; Janshar, reg. alp.,
alt. 15,000 ped. (Thomson).

Fruticulus parvus fere semipedalis vel ultra ; rami validi, intricati, toru-
losi, cortice glabro fusco-nitente vel testaceo interdum glaucescente
obducti. Gemmae sub margine conicae castaneae, adpressae, obtusius-
culae. Folia vix unciam longa, 1^3 lineas lata, basi et apice aequaliter
attenuata, margine omnino integerrima, subrevoluta, supra laete viridia,
subtus pallide glaucescentia. Amenta mascula pedunculo brevissimo
laterali foliis minutis instructo insidentia, vix semipollicem longa,
rachis hirsuta, squamae obovato-spathulatae, filamenta gemina libera,
obscurius flava, glabra, squamam triplo superantia, antherae sat magnae
demum fuscae. Amenta feminea lateralia, vix pedunculata, foliis per-
paucis minimis sufFulta, brevissima (21in. longa) ovato-ovalia; rachis
puberula; squamae rotundatae, apice subinfuscatae ceterum flavescentes,
capsulam ad mcdiam involventes; capsula sessilis, anguste conica

54 PROF. N. J. ANDEllSSON ON EAST INDIAN SALICE8.

dense sericea, cinerascens, nectario basin superante; stylus vix con-
spicuus ; stigmata brevissiraa, erecta, nigricantia.
Est frutex parvus inter S. hastifoUam nostram et S. arbusculam forsan
medius. Differt autem foliis minutis integerrimis subtus glaucis, cap-
sulis sessilibus et stylo nullo conspicuus.

28. S. FLABELLARis, Auds. I. c. p. 497, n.24. Amentis ex apice ra-
morum annotinorum, fern, subdensifloris ; squamis obovato-rotun-
datis glaberrirais ; nectario basin eapsulae superante ; eapsula subsessili
ovato-conica glaberrima ; stylo mediocri, stigmatibus bipartitis ; foliis
obovato-rotundatis vel lingulatis glabris erenatis subtus pallide viri-
dibus ; trunco procumbente, ramis flabelliformibus.

iS. lucida, Jacqueraont, n. 1600. S. o6ot?afa. Wall., n. 3698.

S. rotundifolia, Royle, Klotzsch. herb, berol.

Hab. In humidis herbosis sub jugis versus Soogrum, alt. 4000 metr.
(Jacquemont) ; and Kamaon (fVallich). In alpibus Himalensibus
{W. Hofmeister) ; Kunawur, reg. alp., alt. 15,000 ped. (Thomson).

Descriptionem in Act. Holm. /. c. vide.

Modus crescendi omnino ut in S. retusa, sed consistentia foliorum fere
ut in S. hastata, amenta iis S. hastatce hyperborecs Fr. non parum
similia. Cseterum, ut facile omnes species hujus generis vere alpinae,
admodum variat.

Foliis (1) subrotundis, basi dilatatis, apice rotundatis. — HaecS. herbacece
non dissimilis.

(2) obovatis, basi eximie angustatis, apice dilatatis et saepe emar-
ginatis. — Haec forma speciei est typica, modificationes max-
imas retusa semulans.

(3) spathulatis, basi sensim angustatis, apice producto, acutiusculo

angustis. — Haec formis maxime alpinis et parvis S. hastata
analoga.
Amentis (1) brevibus crassisj in formis minimis.

(2) longis subrarifloris ; in formis maxime elatis.

29. S. Thomsoniana, Ands. Amentis. in ramulis elongatis annotinis
terminalibus elongatis cylindricis, masculis laxifloris, femineis sub-
densifloris; squamis obovato-rotundatis hirsutis; nectario produc-
to fere ad mediam capsulam attingente ; eapsula subglobosa albo-
villosa ; stylo product©, stigmatibus crassis integris divaricatis ; foliis
lanceolatis subtus incano-villosis nervis albo-lineatis tenuiter et re-
mote serrulatis. — S. vagans. Hook. f. (herb. Ind. orient.).

Hab. Sikkim, reg. temp., alt. 10,000 ped. {Hooker et Thomson).

Fruticulus subpedalis, trunco sat valido repente, ramis adscendentibus
torulosis, cortice fusco nitente obductis. Folia lanceolata, utrinque
attenuata, plana, margine tenuissime revoluta, remote serrulata, supra
obscure viridia et glabra, subtus incano-hirta, secundum nervos arcu-
atos serifea. Amenta sat longa ; masc. usque ad 2 poUices producta^
laxe patentia, flexuosa, remotiflora ; squamae atrae, densissime cinereo-

PEOF. N. J. ANDEKSSON ON EAST INDIAIf SALICES. 55

hirsutse ; stamina et antherae minutae, fuscescentes. Amenta feminea
breviora, angusta, magisque densiflora saltem parte superiore ; squamae
atro-fuscae rotundatae eapsulam mediam superantes, convexae, pilis raris
conspersae; nectarium angustum, subcapitatum, squama parum bre-
vius, ventrem eapsulae superans; eapsula globosa, omnino sessilis,
pube cinerea tomentosa ; stylus rectus, semilineam longus, ater ; stig-
mata stylo tertia parte breviora, indivisa, rectangulariter divaricata.
Habitu amentorum et forma capsularum solae S. reticulatce similis, foliis
autem S. arbusculce proxima.

30. S. CALYCULATA, HooTc. fil. herb. Ind. orient. Amentis termina-
libus sessilibus oblongis, masc. diandris ; capsulis breviter pedicellatis
ovatis glabris, stylo medioeri, stigmatibus brevibus; foliis obovatis
crenulato-dentatis petiolatis subtus pallidioribus junioribus villosis,
venis supra impressis.

Hah. Sikkim, reg. alpina, 14,000-15,000 ped. alt. (J. D. Hooker).

Fruticulus parvus, ad summum semipedalis, adscendens ; truneus penna
passerina crassior, eortice fusco rugoso obductus, inferiore parte radi-
cans ; rami arrecti, subfastigiati, apice ramulosi, foliati et eortice
pallidiori obducti. Stipulae nuUae conspicuae. Gemmae mediocres
fusco-rufescentes, ovales, glabrae, adpressae. Folia plerumque vix pol-
licem longa, 3-7 lin. lata, supra medium dilatata, subrotunda, ibique
serraturis subdepressis, apice minoribus crenata, juniora utrinque, prae-
sertim autem subtus et secus costam, pilis argenteis adpressis sub-
villosa, demum omnino glabra; supra obscure viridia, venis impressis
subangulosa, subtus pallidiora non autem glaucescentia venis obscuri-
oribus prominulis venulosa ; petiolus ^lin. longus. Amenta mascula
ovali-rotundata, foliis fulcrantibus subocculta ; squamae ligulato-obo-
vatae, fuscae, glabrae, staminibus 2 triplo breviores ; filamenta glabra,
libera, demum subpicea, antherae ovales exsiccatione fuscescentes.
Amenta feminea etiam terminalia, sub-rotunda ; squamae ut in amentis
masculis ; eapsulae ex ovata basi conicae, glaberrimae, piceae, pedicello
nectarium glaberrimum subduplo superante.

Monstrositas in herbario adest, staminibus sc. in tubum, eapsulae apertae
instar, supra crassiorem ibique biiidum concretis, laciniis ovatis acutis
intus subantheriferis, basi squama ampliata velatis.

Proxima est sine dubio speciei sequenti, sed difFert : trunco multo hu-
miliori nee flabellatim repente, ramis divaricatis nee unilateraliter
erectis, foliis duplo latioribus aut integris aut obsolete crenulatis,
squamis capsularum elongato-spathulatis glabris cum capsuhs di-
stinctius pedicellatis rufo-piceis.

31. S. Serpyllum, Ands. Amentis in ramulis annotinis terminalibus
longius et distincte pedunculatis, masc. diandris; capsulis sessilibus
glabris squamas involucrales apice superantibus, stylo elongato fili-
formi apice bipartito, stigmatibus bifidis laciniis brevissimis excurvis ;
foliis parvis ligulato-lanceolatis planis apicem versus utrinque 3-den-

56 PEOr. N. J. ANDEESSOF ON EAST INDIAN SALICES.

tatis ceterum integerrimis breviter petiolatis subtus pallidioribus ;
trunco repente, ramis arrectis foliosis. — S. longipes, Hook. fil. (herb.
Ind. orient.).

Hab. Sikkim, reg. subalp., alt. 10,000-17,000 ped. (J. D. Hooker).

Est fruticulus humilis, procumbens, radicanti-repens, pedalis, trunco
pennam anserinam crasso, raniis simplicibus arrectis foliatis apice
floriferis puberulis, 2-4 uncias longis. Stipulae nuUse persistentes.
Folia in ramulis quasi distiche condensata, circiter 3 lin. longa, supra
medium linea sublatiora, lingulato-lanceolata, basin versus attenuata,
apice argute denticulata, plana, glaberrima, subtus subglaucescenti-
pallidiora venisque lineata, supra dense viridia costa impressa ; peti-
olus semilinearn longus, gracilis. Gemmae, e quibus rami erumpunt,
perulis luteis glabris obtectae. Amenta terminalia, pollicaria, sub-
clavata, densiflora, erecta. Amenta mascula: rachis aureo-pilosa ;
squamae rotundato-obovatae, intus et margine pilosae, dorso nigri-
cantes, starainibus triplo breviores ; filamenta tenuissima, basi (ubi a
squama teguntur) dense pilosa, ceterum glabra obscure fusca; an-
thei-ae minutae oblongae, exsiccatione flavo-virescentes. Amenta fe-
minea primo semipollicaria et claviformia, demum cylindrica, U poll,
longa; rachis hirsuta; squamae obovato-cuneatae fuscae, pilis crispatis
cinereis ubique pilosae, demum denudatae, sub florescentia germina fere
tota obtegentes, deinde capsulis fere duplo breviores ; capsula conica,
attenuato-apiculata, omnino sessilis, glabra, fusco-brunnea ; nectarium
basin capsulae superans ; stylus filiformis, capsula vix duplo brevior,
fusco-castaneus, fere ad medium bipartitus, laciniis erectis filiformi-
bus ; stigmata brevissima, pallidiora, bifida, divaricata.

Distinctissima est species, crescendi modo (fere ut in thymo serpyllo)
ramis et foliis ab omnibus diversa. Quod ad formam amentorum
eorumque partium attinet proxima est S. myrsinites, quae tamen
abunde differt.

32. S. LiNDLEYANA, WalUch, I. c. no. 13,697. Amentis in apice
ramulorum annotinorum brevibus ovato-rotundatis ; squamis ovatis
glaberrimis capsula duplo brevioribus; capsula breviter pedicellata
conica glaberrima ; stylo producto, stigmatibus incrassatis ; foliis ovali-
lanceolatis crenulatis glaberrimis subtus pallidioribus. — Ands. I. c.
p. 199, no. 25.

Hab. In India superiori, ad Gossain Than, ad Kumaon {Blinkworth,
sec. Wallich), Sikkim, reg. alp., alt. 16,000 ped. (J. B. Hooker), et
Barje Kung pass, Kumaon, 17,000 ped. alt. {Strachey et Winterbottom,
17). _

(1) latifolia: foliis condensatis, 3-4 lin. longis, 1-2 lin. latis, apicem

versus subserrulatis.

(2) microphylla : foliis valde condensatis, 2-3 lin. longis, lineam latis,

costa impressa profunde canaliculatis, margine revolutis. Fruti-
culus habitum Azalece procumbentis non male referens.
Descriptionem in Act. Holm. /. c. vide.

PEGF. N. J. ANDERSSON OTf EAST II^^DIAN SALICES. 57

33. S. ORBOPHILA, Hook.fil. {Herb. Ind. Orient.). Amentis sessilibus
foliis subobtectis minimis paucifloris; masc. diandris; capsulis sub-
sessilibus glabris squamas lingulatas glabras triplo superantibus, stylo
brevi, stigmatibus brevissimis integris; foliis oblongo-cuneatis vel
obovatis apice argute dentatis cetemm integris breviter petiolatis
utrinque concoloribus glaberrimis venis supra impressis.

Hab. In Sikkim, reg. alp., alt. 15,000-16,000 ped. (J. D. Hooker).

Fruticulus semipedalis vel minor, trunco pennam passerinam crasso
ramoso atro-fusco ; ramis arcuatis, ramulosis, flabellatira repentibus
cum ramulis dense foliatis. Gemmae glabrae rufescentes. Stipulae
nulla; conspicuae. Folia 2^—3 lin. longa, 1^ lin. lata, obovata v. ob-
longo-cuneata basi angustata apice acuta ibique serraturis 3-5 pro-
fundis subfissa, ceterum omnino integerrima, venis supra impressis
subtus prominentibus rugulosa, petiolo perbrevi insidentia, laete viridia,
subtus vix pallidiora, utrinque glaberrima pilis paucis ad basin petioli
nonnunquam hirta. Amenta in ramulis ultimis terminalia, omnino
sessilia et foliis summis obtecta, 2-5 flora. Am. raascula: rachis
tenuissime puberula ; squama lingulata, acutiuscula, vix lineam longa,
testaceo-rufescens, glabra vel pilis brevissimis et rarissimis nonnun-
quam conspersa venisque obscurioribus lineata; filamenta gemina
libera squamam duplo superantia eique concolora, glabra; antherae
etiam pallide brunnescentes, parvae, globosae. Amenta feminea vix
3 lineas longa, e floribus quasi umbellatim confertis 3-7 constantia ;
squama spatliulato-lingulata, pallide fusca, glaberrima, venulosa, basin
capsulae superans ; nectarium ovatum acutiusculum ventrem capsulae
attingens ; capsula basi quasi in pedicellum brevissimum constricta,
deinde incrassata et itaque ex ovata basi conica, 1^ lin. longa, obtusi-
uscula, castanea, lucens, glaberrima; stylus vix ^ lin. longus tenuis;
stigmata eadem longitudine excurvata, quam capsula fusciora ; lana
seminum nivea.

A S. Lindleyana, quacum habitu maxime congruit, aperte differt foliis
apice profunde serratis, planis. S. retusam serpyllifoliam non male
habitu refert.

34. S. SECTA, Hook. fil. Amentis terminalibus eximie paucifloris foliis
conditis, masc. diandris, squamis acutiusculis glaberrimis testaceo-
rufescentibus ; capsulis sessilibus glaberrimis squama rotundata ad
medium involutis, stylo subnullo, stigmatibus brevissimis ; foliis cune-
atis apice 3-5-fidis glabris ; fruticulus omnium minimus.

Hab. Sikkim, alt. 17,000 ped. reg. alp. (J. D. Hooker).

Est quantum novi omnium Salicum maxime pygmaea, e trunco h)rpogaeo
ramos vix poUicares undique divaricatos valde intricatos et dense
foliatos, ut folia rosulata Androsaces vel DrabcB cujusdam, caespites
densos et minimos formans. Folia vix linea longiora, apice fere
eadem latitudine ibique ad tertiam partem laminae laciniis porrectis
acutis secta, utrinque viridia, subcoriacea, plana, impresse venulosa.

08 ME. E. SPEUOE ON LEOPOLDINIA PIASSABA.

Amenta terminalia foliis arete abscondita, e floribus 2-4 constantia ;
mascula subrariflora, squaniis apice subpallidioribus integris aut sub-
divisis filamentis geminis liberis pallidis et glabris duplo brevioribus,
antheris rotundatis sat magnis, fuscioribus ; feminea ovato-ovalia e
capsulis 4-6 composita, in apice ramulorum capituliformi sessilia et
foliis oceultata; capsulae lineam longae, exacte conicae, glaberrimse,
testaceo-rufescentes, dorso squama rotundata glaberrima apice infus-
cata involutse, nectario capitato glabro ventrem capsulae superante ;
stylus vix conspicuus ; stigmata minima, divaricata-.
S. oreophila et S. secta inter se eodem modo affines sunt ut <S. Brayi
et S. berberifolia ; bene autem distinguuntur non tantum habitu toto
fruticuli sed etiam foliis et amentis.

On Leopoldinia Piassaba, Wallace. By Eichaed Speuce, Esq.
Communicated by G-eoege Bentham, Esq., V.P.L.S.

[Read June 16th, 1859.]

As the palm producing the Piassaba of the Rio Negro — ^better
known as that of Para, from which port it is exported in vast
quantities to Europe and N. America — has been supposed, for
want of sufficient data, identical witli the Attalea funifera of Mar-
tins, which furnishes the Piassaba of Bahia, I am desirous of lay-
ing before the Linnean Society a description of the former, which
has been correctly referred by Mr. Wallace to the genus Leopol-
dinia. In proof of this assertion, I need cite only the most pro-
minent characters : thus, in L. Piassaha Wallace, the male flowers
have six monadelphous stamens, and the fruit is a herry with a
sarcocarp composed of thich interlacing fibres, as in the Leopol-
dinicB described by Martins ; whereas in the genus Attalea, the
male flowers have from ten to twenty four free stamens; and the fruit
is a drupe, loith a stony putamen. The fruits of the Piassaba have
the peculiar dull blood-colour, the compresso-globose form (though
less compressed than in L. minor), and the gibbosity at the base
(like that of the fruits of some Sapindi) which characterize all the
species of Leopoldinia known to me*. The long beard of the
petioles, extending to the very ground, except in the tallest speci-
mens, where the lower part decays and falls away, and the crown

* The fruits of the Leopoldinia are called "flavo-virentes" by Martins, who,
it is plain, had not seen them fully ripe.

MR. E. SPRUCE ON LEOPOLDINIA PIASSABA. 59

of long widely -arched fronds, with the lower part of the rachis
destitute of pinnse for a length of nearly 5 feet, give to the Pias-
saba an aspect sui generis, and render it one of the most striking
and handsome of the noble family of palms. This beard is the
membrane which envelopes the frond in its folded-up state, and
which in most palms falls away entirely when the frond expands,
or remains attached in fragments to the margin and apex of the
pinnse. The other species of Leopoldinia have the stem " fibril-
litio reticulato circumtextus" — sheathed with the persistent peti-
ole-bases, which do not terminate in a pendulous beard, as in L.
Fiassaba. In tall specimens this net-work falls away, especially
in L. major, Wallace*.

It is plain in all Leopoldinia that the sarcocarp of the fruit cor-
responds to the sheathing base of the petiole, as it consists of the
same interlacing woody or horny fibres, only on a smaller scale
and more compact. The sarcocarp of L. Piassdba differs from
that of the other species of Leopoldinia in having several inner
layers of slender brown interlaced fibres, which correspond to the
beard of the petiole.

As Martins had not seen his Leopoldinice in all stages of their
growth, the delicate fugacious spathes escaped his notice, and he
describes the genus as spatheless, which would be an anomaly
among palms. In reality, all the species have two very thin fusi-
form brown spathes, which fall away at an early stage, long before
the flowers are fully formed. I have good specimens of those of
L. minor, Mart.

The ascertained distribution of the Piassaba palm is from the
river Padauiri (a large tributary of the Hio Negro, entering on
the left bank) on the south, to the cataracts of the Orinoco on
the north ; and from near the Japura on the west, to the sources
of the Pacimoni on the east. Its place of growth is in low sandy
flats, where the water stands to a slight depth in rainy weather,
but it avoids the swamps and the gapos in which the Mauritias
and Euterpes delight. It is mostly found far away from the
banks of the rivers ; and I have seen but a single plant in such a
locality, namely, just within the lower mouth of the Casiquiare,

* L. major is a many-stemmed palm — I have coimted as many as twenty -
four stems from one root ; and by this character alone it may be distinguished
from the other species of the genus, all of which have sohtary stems. SeedHng
plants often form wide strips on the edge of sandy islands of the Eio Negro.
In this state I have mistaken them, at a distance, for a species of Pariana — a
genus of grasses well known to have considerable affinity to the palms.

60 MR. R. SPRUCE ON LEOPOLDINIA PIASSABA.

on the right bank, on a barranca beyond the reach of floods. This
was a noble specimen — perhaps over 40 feet high. My friend
Wallace had been wrongly informed of the partiality of the Pias-
saba for black waters, as it grows more abundantly than anywhere
else in the forests of the Casiquiare, and especially from the mouth
of Lake Vasiva upwards, where the waters of the river are much
whiter than below ; but, as I have nowhere seen it on ground
inundated by the rivers, it is plain that the colour of their waters
cannot influence its existence. Near two Indian villages on this
part of the Casiquiare, where I penetrated deep into the forest, I
came on large groves of Piassaba. Nothing that I have seen in
Amazonian forests dwells more strongly and pleasantly on my
memory than my walk among these strange bearded columns,
from whose apex sprang the green interlacing arches which
shaded me overhead. The ground was dry — herbaceous vegeta-
tion there was none — and almost the only companions of the palm
were scattered low trees of Heterostemon simplicifolivmi Spruce,
with its large blue butterfly -like flowers, and another sort of tree
of equally humble growth, clad with numerous flesh-coloured
flowers, which Mr. Bentham is disposed to consider a new genus
of Flacourtiaceai. To have escaped from the cloud of mosquitos
on the bank of the river no doubt enhanced the enjoyment. This
was on the south side of the Casiquiare, but the Piassaba is equally
abundant north of that river, and throughout the broad plain
included by the Casiquiare, Orinoco, and Guainia. North of the
Orinoco, on the Cunucunuma, Ventuari, and Sipapo, it is appa-
rently much scarcer.

Of the Piassaba collected on the Casiquiare and Guainia, about
half is taken down to Para, and the other half to Angostura, on
the Orinoco. In the summer season the Indian villages on those
rivers present a very lively appearance, from the boat-building
and rope-making which occupy their inhabitants. An interesting
circumstance respecting the latter branch of industry came to my
knowledge at San Carlos del Rio Negro, where, constantly hearing
an old Indian woman spoken of as ' La Inglesa,' I sought her out,
and found that she had been the lawful wife of an Englishman —
a soldier in the Eoyalist army, who, when the Eepublican party
triumphed, retired towards the frontier of Brazil, and squatted
down at San Carlos. I was assured by his widow, and by others of
the inhabitants, that this man, whom they knew only by the name
of ' Don Juan,' first taught the people to make Piassaba-rope by
the aid of a wheel, and in fact established the first rope-walk in

ME. R. SPEUCE ON LEOPOLDINIA PIASSABA. 61

the Canton del Rio Negro. Whether this were true, or whether
the Portuguese at an earlier date extended this branch of industry
beyond the limits of their own territory, it is certain that, in so
much as I have yet seen of the Peruvian and Quitenian Andes,
rope of every kind, whether of Agave, Yucca, or palm fibre, or of
cotton, is made purely by hand.

To Mr. Wallace's interesting account of the mode of collecting
the Piassaba-fibre I have nothing to add, save that, as in the young
plants, from which it is solely obtained, the beard is not always
completely separated into fibres, but hangs down in riband-like
strips, it is necessary before cutting it off to comb it out by means
of a rude comb of two or three pointed sticks or long palm-
prickles.

Besides the use which is made of the beard of the Piassaba, the
pulpy envelope of the sarcocarp in the ripe fruit is said to yield
the most delicious of all palm drinks, bearing great resemblance
to cream both in colour and taste. I have not had the good
fortune to taste it, or even to see the ripe fruit, which comes into
season at midsummer, but, like the fruit of most other trees, is
subject to seasons or periods of intermittence, when little or no
fruit is matured. In 1853, the fruits all fell ofl* when green. In
the summer of 1854, I was prostrated by remittent fever at San
Fernando de Atabapo. In the month of October of the same
year I made an excursion of three days from San Carlos into the
forest at the back of Solano, on the Casiquiare, with the express
object of gathering flowers of the Piassaba, for which I was ex-
actly in the season ; but, singularly enough, on four trees I caused
to be cut down there were only male flowers ; and the heavy rain,
with the sloppy state of the forest, compelled me to desist from
further search. In the following November, a few days previous
to my final departure from Venezuela, I visited another locality
for the palm, on the Guainia, where I collected the fruit, which
was almost fully formed externally, though the nucleus was still
in a liquid state. In this place nearly all the Piassabas seen were
monoicous. It seems, therefore, that the fruit takes from October
to June (both inclusive), or nine months, to ripen. Some palms
require a whole year, so that I have not seldom gathered ripe fruit
and flowers on the same tree.

The other species of Leopoldinia have a thickish fleshy rind to
the fruit, but it is so bitter as not to be eatable.

Another bearded palm is known to me, which has a consider-

62 MB. E. SPEUCE ON LEOPOLDINIA PIASSABA.

able range of distribution in latitude, and apparently a very
limited one in longitude, extending all along the eastern roots of
the Andes, from a good way up the Huallaga, on the south, to
the sources of the Bombonasa, and how much further northward
I know not ; but I have myself seen it through nearly six degrees
of latitude. It is particularly abundant on low alluvial ridges
strewed with pebbles of auriferous quartz near Paca-yacu, on the
Bombonasa, and near Chapaja, on the Huallaga ; but it nowhere
descends into the Amazonian plain, nor have I seen it higher
among the hills than about 2000 feet. This palm is a true Attalea,
which I suppose distinct from A. fimifera Mart., because the fruit
is of a different form, and because Martins assigns a submaritime
habitat to his palm. It is known to the inhabitants of Maynas
by the name of ' Biroti-hudsi^ {Biroti, the darts used in shooting
with the blowing-cane, and hudsi, a habitation), because they
make their Biroti of strips of the petiole. The beard is deciduous
— not persistent, as in the Piassaba — shorter, far less copious, and
apparently less durable. It makes, however, excellent brooms,
which is the only use I have seen it turned to. In the Quitenian
Andes a very similar broom is made of the base of the petiole of
the Cadi palm (Phytelephas macrocarpa) ; but the decayed paren-
chyma requires to be combed away from the fibres ere they can
be well put to this use.

I proceed to give the dimensions of a Piassaba palm which I
cut down in the forests of the Guainia, in November 1854 ; fol-
lowed by a detailed description of the same species, drawn up from
fresh specimens.

Caudex, 40 ft. Fronds, 151—16^ ft. (including petiole of 4 ft.
8 inches). Pinnae, 63 pairs. Beard, 21 inches long (but on young
plants growing close by as much as 4 feet 9 inches long). Spadix,
4 ft.; stipes (to first branch), 15 inches, 10 Hnes broad, 4^ lines
thick ; remains of two spathes, 5 inches apart. Fruit (not ripe),
21 lines long, 18 lines broad, 15 lines thick.

Leopoldinia Piassaba, Wallace, JPalm Trees of the Amazon,
p. 17.

Piagaba Brasihensium. Chiquichiqui* Orinocensium.

Hab, Per tractus sylvarum Amazoniensium a flu vie Padauiri ad Orinoci

* The name ' Chiquichiqui ' originated on the Orinoco ; but I am ignorant to
what Indian language it belongs.

MR. 11. SPEUCE ON LEOPOLDINIA PIASSABA. 63

cataractas usque, in arenosis depressis quibus tempore pluvioso aquae
imbrium colliguntur, gregarie viget.

Descr. Caudex solitarius, mediocris (15-40-pedalis), crassitudine eum
Iriartce exorrhizce sequans, Isevis, annulatus, barba petiolorum per-
sistente omnino velatus, vel in stirpibus elatioribus, barba marcida
delapsa, apice solo barbatus.

Frondes terminales, plurimae contemporales, lato-areuatae, infimae sub-
pendulae, pinnatse. Petiolus elongatus, basi erectus concavo-convexus,
margine in vaginam fibroso-reticulatara badiam demum in barbam
pendulam dissolutam dilatatus, superne semiteres angulis acutis.
Pinnce sub 60-jug8e, horizontaliter patulae apice subpendulae, lineares
acuminatae.

Spadices 2 v. 3 eontemporales monoici dioicive, arcuato-penduli, pani-
culati, 4-ies divisi, ambitu triangulari-acuminati, tomento pallido fulvo
baud dense vestiti. Stipes a basi ad ramum infimum usque valde
eompressus et reliquiis spatharum duarum truneato-laceris instructus,
superne polygonus. Rami angulares, basi plano-eonvexi, angulo recto
V. subdivergente inserti ; primarii sub 25, alterni, tres inferiores dis-
tichi praelongi 3-pinnati, superiores subito breviores polystichi ; rarauli
baud profunde foveolati, floriferi. Bracteee minutae, ad ramorum
basin triangulares acuminatae, ad ramulorum basin subulatae acu-
minatae.

Flores S ochrei, odore Resedce odoratce scatentes, vel ad spadicem totum
ejusdem diversaeve stirpis, vel ad spadicis ramos superiores solos,
ramis infimis flores $ gerentibus. Calyx uterque 3-sepalus ; sepala
exteriora oblata fimbriata tenuiuscula pellucida late imbricata ; inte-
riora duplo longiora late ovata obtusa cartilaginea valvata. Stamina
6, filamentis basi ipsa coalitis et ovarii rudimento stylos 3 rudimen-
tarios gerenti adnatis. — Flores ? baud vidi.

Bacca drupaeformis subcompresso-globosa, basi subgibba, monosperma.
Epicarpium sordide sanguineum nitidum. Sarcocarpium crassum
laminis plurimis constans ; lamina exteriore e fibris crassis corneo-
lignescentibus intertextis anastomosantibusque ; laminis interioribus e
fibris tenuibus intertextis. Testa tenuis membranacea badia sepa-
rabilis. Nucleus in fructu juniori nondum formatus est.

64 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE MOSSES OF

Descriptions of some new species of Musci from New Zealand
and other parts of the Southern Hemisphere, together with
an enumeration of the species collected in Tasmania by
William Archer, Esq. ; arranged upon the plan proposed in
the ' Musci Indise Orientalis.' By William Mitten, Esq.,

A.L.S.

[Eead March 17th, 1859.]

I. Andre^ace^.

1. Andeejea, Uhrh.
A. subulata, Harvey.

Hab. Tasmania ; Jackey's Plain Creek, on rocks ; rivulet at the back
of Cumming's Head, Western Mountains. Mr. Archer.

A. nitida, Hook.fil. et Wils.

Hab. Tasmania; on stones; rivulet near Cumming's Head, Western
Mountains. Mr. Archer.

A. petrophila, Ehrh.

Hab. Tasmania; the Falls. Mr. Archer.

A. acuminata (Mitten). A. acutifolice simillima, fohis e basi erecta
caulem amplectente patulis apicibus incurvis explanatis ovato-lanceo-
latis margine partis erectae minute crenulata dorso apicem versus
inconspicue papillosis, cellulis ex apice ad medium minutis quadrato-
rotundatis diametro circiter j^Vo unciae metientibus deinde in ob-
longas subparallelogrammaticas parietes latitudine superantes infeme
in longiores angustas fuscidulas parietibus crassioribus transeuntibus,
perichsetialibus ovalibus tenuiter acuminatis convolutis.
Hab. Tasmania ; Cheshunt. Mr. Archer.

Very nearly allied to A. acutifolia, but with leaves a little wider, and
cells in the upper portion smaller and more numerous, all with much
narrower walls ; those just below the middle of the leaf with walls nar-
rower than their own width, and pellucid. From A. petrophila it re-
cedes in the form of its leaves as well as in their cellular structure
already described.

A. MONTANA {Mitten). A. alpincB simillima, foliis parte superiore sen-
sim acutis vix acuminatis margine integerrimis, margine partis inferi-
oris minute crenulato, cellulis basi oblongis elongatisque parallelo-
graramaticis cito in minutas longitudine 2oVo> latitudine j oVo unciae
metientes transeuntibus.

Hab. On rocks ; rivulet behind Cumming's Head, Western Mountains ;
Tasmania. Mr. Archer.
Closely resembling A. alpina in size, habit, colour of its leaves, and

general appearance ; but the outline of its leaves, when compressed, is

ovate, slightly acuminate; the cells at the base distinctly parallelo-

^hTEW ZEALAND, TASMAl^TA, ETC. 65

grammatic, and those of the upper portion larger. A. acutifolia has

much naiTower leaves.

A. ASPERULA (Mitten). Gracilliraa, caespitosa, ramosa, foliis pateu-
tibus ovato-lanceolatis acutis enerviis margine superiore dorsoque
papillis asperrimis, cellulis superioribus longitudine ywu-q latitudine
575V0 unciae metientibus, inferioribus in folii medio croceis oblongis
paululum majoribus.

Hab. Australian Alps, D. F. Miiller, No. 14, ex parte. Readily di-
stinguished from all the allied species by the very papillose margin
and back of its leaves.

II. DiCEANACEiE.

1. Pleueiditjm, Brid.

P. GRACiLENTUM {Mitteii). Monoicum, habitu P. alternifolii, gracile,
foliis inferioribus e basi ovali subulato-lanceolato-acuminatis, nervo
subulam superiorem totam occupante, margine ad basin partis subu-
latse indistincte crenulato vel Ifevi, cellulis inferioribus oblongis paral-
lelogrammaticis superioribus minoribus, perichaetialibus thecam non
tegentibus patulis anguste ellipticis subulato longe attenuatis canali-
culatis apice parce denticulatis integerrimisve laxe areolatis, theca in
pedunculo brevi subglobosa leptodermi, operculo brevissirao, calyptra
cucullata ad thecae mediam descendente.

Hab. West side of Tower Hill, Tasmania ; Mr. Archer. Also in King
George's Sound, New Holland, Menzies.
Excepting that the perichsetial leaves are less straight and bristly, in

general appearance scarcely ditferent from P. alternifolium, but its leaves

are of a different form.

P. TENELLUM {Mitten). Monoicum, habitu staturaque P. nitidi, flore
masculo gemmiformi minuto in foliorum caulinorum axillis, cellulis
foliorum paululum brevioribus firmioribusque.
Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

When dry, firmer than P. nitidum, with which it corresponds very
closely, excepting in the male inflorescence, which has been observed
on a single individual only. The substance of the leaves is firmer, and
the whole plant pale brown- It appears to be distinct, but requires
further examination in living specimens.

2. Bruchia, Schw.
{S^mrledera^ Hampe.)

B. MiNUTA (Mitten). Monoica, perpusilla, brevicaulis, foliis patentibus
laneeolatis angustatis, nervo percurrente, margine superne serrulato,
cellulis laxiusculis, theca suborbiculari-ovata acuta collo sensim at-
tenuato sessili erecta, calyptra apice rugulosa thecae tertiam partem
obtegente, flore masculo gemmiformi.

Hab. Tasmania, sides of ditches, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.
LINN. PBOC. — BOTANY. F

GQ ME. W, MITTEN ON THE MOSSES OF

Plants very minute, brownish, considerably snuiller than JB. brevipes.
Leaves, when dry, appressed. In appearance, it resembles the smallest
states of Pleuridium nitidum.

3. Leptotrichitm, Rampe.

L. PR^ALTUM {Mitten). Dioicum, dense csespitosum, robustum, caule
elato subsimplici radiculis fuscis albidisve tomentoso, foliis patulis
siccitate incurvis recurvisve subcrispatis e basi ovali sensira ad apicem
angustatis lanceolatis concavis nervo lato sed tenui partem lanceo-
latam fere totam occupante, margine superne minute subserrulato,
cellulis inferioribus oblongis ovoideis in rotundatas transeuntibus ala-
ribus nuUis, perichsetialibus eonvolutis vaginatisque externis acumi-
natis internis subito in acumen setaceum contractis, theca in pedun-
culo elongato flavo cylindrica erecta, operculo subulato aequilongo
subrecto, peristomio parvo dentibus rubris dimidio superiore irregu-
lar! modo bi- trifidis annulo angusto, flore masculo parvo in caule gra-
cillimo innovante e tomento in axillis foliorum plantae fertilis oriente.
Hah. Magellan, in woods, Sandy Point, Lechler, 1022.

In size and appearance not unlike Dicranum Drummondii, B. & S.,
but in the structure of its leaves closely allied to those species of Lepto-
trichum in which the nerve occupies nearly the whole of the upper por-
tion of the leaf.

L. AUSTRALE (Mitten). Monoicum ! caule elongato ramoso caespitoso,
foliis erecto -patentibus elongato-ovalibus ellipticisve, cellulis elon-
gatis areolatis, nervo in subulam setaceam apice parce denticulatam
longe excurrente, perichaetialibus elongatis eonvolutis apice abruptis
nervo longo capillar! excurrente, theca in pedunculo circiter semi-
unciali pallide fusco ovali erecta fusca, flore masculo in ramo ex infe-
riori parte caulis fertili egrediente terminali. — Lophiodon strictus.
Hook. fil. et Wils. in Fl. Antarct. Crypt, p. 18. t. lix. f. 2. Didymodon
longifolius, var. 3. penicillatus, eorund. I. c. p. 102. D. longifolins
et Distichium capillaceum in Flora Novae Zelandise enumerati etiam
huic speciei pertinent.
Hah. Cheshunt, Tasmania, Mr. Archer-, New Zealand, Dr. Lyall ;
Falkland, Lord Auckland's and Campbell's Islands, Dr. J. D.
Hooker.

This most distinct moss has been wrongly described with dioicous
inflorescence and striated leaves. In the specimens collected by Mr.
Archer the stems are four inches high, but the seta is not longer than in
the shorter states of the plant. The capsules in all the specimens are
too old to aff'ord an idea of the perfect peristome ; but in every other
particular the structure is similar to that observable in the species of
Leptotrichum, and not at all difi^erent from that of Weissia strict a, Hook,
fil. et Wils. Flora Antarct. Crypt, y). 98, t, clii, f. 4, which is also refer-
able to the same genus.

:NEW ZEALAND, TASMAmA, ETC. 67

L. HYALINUM (Mitten). Dioicum? caule elongate ramoso, foliis
erecto-patentibus e basi elongata elliptica convoluta hyalino-marginata
subulato-angustatis, nervo subulam superiorem totam occupante apice
parce denticulato, cellulis inferioribus elongatis subparallelogramma-
ticis sensim superne in minutas rotundatas transeuntibus firmis, peri-
chaetialibus basi latiore longioreque vaginantibus, theca in pedunculo
luteo-fusco ovali-cylindracea.

Didymodon longifoUus, var. 2. tenuifolius. Hook. fil. et Wils. Crypt.
Antarct. p. 102.

Hab. On the ground on the hills, Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and in
the Falkland Islands, Dr. J. D. Hooker.
In habit similar to L. Hookeri, C. Miill., but in the outline of its

leaves more like L. australe ; readily distinguished from both by the

hyaline margins of its leaves. The male flower has not been seen.

L. Oldfieldii (Mitten). Monoicum, habitu L. affinis, foliis e basi
lata oblongo-ovata erecta longe subulatis patentibus apice pareissime
denticulatis, cellulis angustis elongatis sensim superne brevioribus
firmis nervo subulam superiorem totam occupante canaliculatis, peri-
chaetialibus basi longiore latioreque eUiptica convolutis, theca in pe-
dunculo elongato setate rubro cylindracea arcuata, flore masculo
gemmiformi brevifolioso in foliorum caulinorum axillis.

Hah. In Tasmania, Mr. Oldfield, No. 154.
Very near to L. affine, C. Miill., in size and appearance, but with

leaves about twice as wide at the oblong base, and thence subulate.

L. capillaceum (Distichium, J3. 8f S.).

Hab. Tasmania, behind Cumming's Head, Western Mountains, with
Conostomum puLsillum, Mr. Archer.

\i. FERRUGINEUM (Mitten). Dioicum, caulibus caespitosis, radiculis fer-
rugineis dense intertextis, foliis e basi erecta ovali-oblonga sensim
attenuatis patentibus integerrimis nervo percurrente cellulis basi
utrinque ad margines pluribus oblongis quadratisque parallelogram-
maticis superioribus inaequalibus perichsetialibus conformibus, theca
in pedunculo rubro erecta globoso-ovata, operculo conico rostrato,
peristomio e dentibus latis rubris dicranoideis annulo latiusculo com-
posito.
Hab. On the ground, plain behind Cumming's Head, Western Moun-
tains, Tasmania, Mr. Archer.

Whole plant dull ferruginous-green. Stems from half an inch to
one inch in height. In general appearance it has some resemblance to
L. Jamesoni (Dicranum), Taylor ; but it is smaller, compactly caispi-
tose, and interwoven with intensely ferruginous radicles. The seta is
about three lines long, rather stout, pale red. The small subglobose
erect capsule readily distinguishes it from all its allies.

F 2

68 MB. W. MITTEN ON THE MOSSES OE

4. Trematodon, Bich.

T, FLExiPES (MiV^ew). Dioicus? csespitosus, caule erecto breviusculo,
foliis erecto-patentibus lanceolato-subulatis integerrimis nervo lato
totam fere folii partem superiorem oceupante, periehaetialibus latis
vaginautibus, theca in pedunculo brevi gracili flexuoso stramineo sub-
erecta rufo-fusca collo pallidiori sequilongo, operculo curvirostrato,
peristomio e dentibus rubris dicranoideis annulo coraposito.

Hah. On the ground, plain behind Cumming*s Head, Western Moun-
tains, Tasmania, Mr. Archer.
Very nearly resembling T. brevicollis, but with leaves in which the

nerve occupies the whole of the upper three-fourths, the seta flexuose,

and the peristome with distinctly cleft teeth.

5. Bltndia, Br. Sf Sch.

B. acuta, B. 8f S., var. curviseta.

Hab. Tasmania, on stones, rivulet behind Cumming's Head, Western
Mountains, Mr. Archer.

6. DiCBANUM, Hedw.

D. robustum, Hook.fil. et Wils.

Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

D. pungens, Hook.fil. et IVils.

Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

D. Billardieri, Schw.

Hab. Tasmania, on logs in creeks, Mr. Archer.

D. dicarpon, Nees. — D. leucolomoides, C. Mull, in Bot. Zeit. 1851,

p. 549.
Hab. Tasmania, in many places, Mr. Archer ; Wellington Falls, Mount

Wellington, Mossman, No. 744.

Variable in appearance, but a most distinct species.

D. Menziesii, Taylor. — D. brachypelma, C. Miill. in Bot. Zeit. 1851,

p. 550 !
Hab. Tasmania, in creeks, Mr. Archer.

D. ANGUSTiNERVE (Mitten). Dioicum, D. Billardieri simile, caulibus
brevibus ramosis, foliis patentibus subsecundis e basi subovali elon-
gata sensim angustatis, nervo angusto percurrente dorso marginibusque
apicem versus serrulatis, cellulis elongatis angustis alaribus oblongis
quadratisque flavide fuscis in massam quadratam utrinque dispositis,
perichaetialibus convolutis internis vaginautibus subito in acumen

NEW ZEALAND, TASMANIA, ETC. 69

breve setiforme angustatis, theca in peduneulo breviuseulo semiuneiali
arcuata inclinata basi strumosa, peristomio dentibus rubris dicranis.
Hab. Tasmania, on dead wood, Mr. Archer and others.

Nearly allied to D. Billardieri, but with somewhat the aspect of
jD. refiexum. It differs from D. Billardieri in the form of the wider
portion of its leaves being more elongate, and the narrow upper part
being shorter ; the internal perichsetial leaves are also furnished with a
bristle-like point, which seems wanting in D. Billardieri.

D. introflexum, Hedw.

Hab. Tasmania, on logs, and on the ground, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

D. TORauATUM {Mitten). D. pyriformi omnibus partibus maxima
simile sed foliis a parte inferiori magis gradatim subulatis et lamina
altiore a nervo distinguenda, cellulis in parte laminae superiori qua-
druplo minoribus, foliis perichaetialibus internis basi tenerionbus,
peduneulo siccitate spiraliter torto. — Campylopus pallidus, ex parte
Hook. fil. et Wils. Fl, New Zealand, xi. p. 68, t. 84. f. 3. Dicra-
num fleoeuosum, C. Miill. in adnot. ad Muscos Mossmanianos, Bot.
Zeit. 1851, p. 551. D. {Campylopus) torfaceum, Mitten in Hook.
Kew. Miscell. 1856, p. 257.
Hab. New Zealand, Colenso, Sinclair, Mossman ; Tasmania, on decayed
bogs. West-end Rivulet, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer ; Victoria, Australia,
D. F. Miiller.

So very much does this species resemble D. pyriforme (Campylopus,
Schultz), that it may readily be passed over as a state of that species,
having the same soft appearance. The species referred to in the ' Flora
of New Zealand ' as the typical form gathered by Prof. Jameson in the
Andes of Quito is a more robust species, with stiffer and less finely
attenuated leaves, and a capsule rough at the base. Dicranum nodosum,
Beauvais in Hb. Hooker, is a much larger moss, with leiaves having a
longer base, stouter nerve, and stiffer habit ; it is in all probability syn-
onymous with Campylopus nivalis, Brid. If Campylopus could be de-
fined so as to distinguish it from Dicranum, there would be no necessity
to alter the name of the present species ; but it seems impossible to
separate them in an extensive herbarium, notwithstanding the difference
in the aspect of some of the species, and, there being a Dicranum pal-
lidtim from N. America previously published by Bruch and Sehimper,
an alteration has become unavoidable.

7. DiDYMODON, Hedw.

D. purpureus, Hedw. (Ceratodon, Brid.).

Hab. Tasmania, on rocks and stones. Western Mountains, Mr. Archer,

70 MR, W. MITTEN ON THE MOSSES OF

D. Tasmanicus (Tridontium, Hook.fiL).

Hab. Tasmania, fossiliferous limestone. Meander River, Mr. Archer.

D. papillatus, Hook.fiL et Wils.

Hah. Tasmania, the Hummocks, Mr. Archer.

D. cyathicarpus (Zygodon, Mont.).
Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

This and the allied European species, D. Lapponicus and D. Mou-
geotii, referred to Zygodon, and more recently, by M. Schimper, pro-
posed as distinct, under the name of Amphidium, scarcely differ from
Rhabdoweissia, except in the absence of a peristome; and Rhabdo-
weissia itself is not generically separable from Didymodon.

8. HoLOMiTEiUM, Brid.

H. cirrhatum (Weissia, Hedw.).

Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

Like those specimens collected in Victoria, Australia, by Dr. F.
Miiller, but, except in being rather more slender, not diflferent from
European specimens.

III. Leucobbtacejj.

1. Lextcobettjm, Hampe.

L. candidum. Dill.

Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

IV. Teichostomace^.

I. AsTOMUM, Hampe.

A. cylindricum (Phascum, Taylor).
Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

2. Weissia, Hedw.

W. contro versa, Hedw.

Hab. Tasmania, Port Sorrell, Long Hill, and Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

3. ToETTJi/A, Hedw.

T. Australasiae, Hook, et Grev.

Hab. Tasmania, west side of Cataract, Launceston, Mr. Archer.

T. torquata, Taylor.

Hab. Tasmania, Doublegate Park, Mr. Archer.

T. calycina, Schw.

Hab. Tasmania, Port Lovell, Mr. Archer.

i

NEW ZEALAND, TASMANIA, ETC. 71

T. Knightii (Mitten). Monoica, habitu statura coloreque T. North-
iance simillima, foliis siccitate crispatis humidis patentibus e basi pau-
lulum latiore subovata lanceolatis apice acuminatis comalibus sensim
ad apicem angustatis lanceolatis marginibus undulatis integerrimis
nervo concolori excurrente mucroiiatis, cellulis basi hyalinis elongatis
utriuque ad margines altius quam in medio adscendentibus subito in
minutas viridas obseuras transeuntibus, perichsetialibus longioribus
paululo latioribus, theca in peduneulo rubro cylindrica, operculo subu-
lato theca dimidio breviore, peristomio et flore masculo T. Northianee.
Hab. New Zealand, Colenso, Kerr, Knight.

This is the T. ccespitosa var. of Hook. fil. et Wils. in Fl. New Zea-
land i but it is assuredly distinct from T. Northiana, Grev., in the much
narrower leaves with undulated margins.

4. AcAULON, Hampe.

A. APicuLATUM, Hook. fil. et Wils. Fl. Nov. Zeland. par. ii. p. 58,
t. 83. f. 1, ubi calyptra sub fig. 5 delineata delenda est et capsulae
apiculus in figuris 3 et 4 calyptram veram repraesentat.
Var. turgidum foliis internis turgide concavis longioribus.
Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

These specimens are so different at first sight from those from New
Zealand, from the turgid, inflated state of the perichaetial leaves, that,
relying on the figure, they were considered distinct ; but an examina-
tion of authentic specimens shows that the species has not been fairly
illustrated. The capsule is globose, without any apiculus ; and the api-
culus observable in the figures above quoted represents, much too large,
the minute calyptra. The calyptra figured more nearly represents one
of the lower leaves than any other portion of the moss. The margins
of the leaves are generally obtusely crenate at the apex.

5. Desmatodon, Brid.
D. nervosus, Brid.
Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

6. Syntrichia, Brid.

S. princeps (Tortula, De Not. ; Barbula Miilleri, jB. ^ S.).

Hab. Tasmania, on rocks and stones, the Hummocks, near Cleveland,

and on rocks. Port Sorrell, Mr. Archer.

Divided by Mr. Wilson (FZ. Tasmamca ined.) into three species, di-
stinguished from each other by the outline of the leaves ; but the struc-
ture is the same in all, and the differences appear of the same import-
ance as those observable in forms of S. ruralis and S. Icevipila.

S. Fuegiana {Mitten). Dioica, -S. principi siifaillima sed minor, fohis
ereeto-patentibus siccitate appressis ambitu ovato-lingulatis apice ob-
tusis nervo in pilum hyalinum flexuosum laevem excurrente, margine

72 MB. W. MITTEN ON THE MOSSES OF

plus minus rccurvo integerrirao, cellulis superne minutissimis rotun-
datis obscuris e medio ad basin pallidioribus elongatis pellucidis, peri-
chaetialibus latioribus, theca in pedunculo elongato rubro cyliudrica
curvata, operculo subulato, peristomio elongato dimidio inferiore
tubuloso.

Hab. Falkland Islands, on sand-hills in Uranie Bay, Dr. J. D. Hooker ;
Capo Negro, Magellan, Lechler, 1088.
Rusty-green; nearly allied to S. princeps and to «S. ruralis, but

smaller ; stems half an inch to one inch high, seta an inch long. Easily

recognized by its ovate leaves.

7. Steeptopogon, Wils.

S. mnioides. Mitten (Barbula, Schw.).

Hab. Tasmania, on logs in copses. Falls- run, Mr. Archer ; Chili, LccA/er,

654.

The calyptra of this species resembles that of S. erythrodontay to which
it is very closely allied.

Another species of this genus is S. marginatus (Schistidium, Hooh.fil.
et Wils. Crypt. Antarct. t. 151. f. 6).

8. Encaltpta, Schreb.

E. AUSTRALis {Mitten). Monoica, E. vulgari simillima, foliis inferi-
oribus ligularibus comalibus sub-elliptico-spathulatis obtusiusculis
nervo percurrente dorso apice parce denticulato scabrove margine ob
papillarum prorainentiara erosula, theca cylindrica laevi gymnostoma,
operculo subulato sub-sequilongo, calyptra apice laevi.

Hab. Tasmania, near the Cataract, Launceston, and on the fossiliferous
limestone near Cheshunt, Mr. Archer ; New Zealand, Colenso, Kerr,
Knight.
Differs from E. vulgaris in the less rounded apices of its leaves and

smooth point of the calyptra.

V. GRIMMIACEiE.

1. GrElMMlA, JEhrh.

* Schistidium.
G. apocarpa, Hedw.

Hab. Tasmania, on the rocks, the Falls ; on stones, the Hummocks ;
on rocks. Meander River, and Jackey's Plain Creek, Mr. Archer.

** Eugrimmia.

G- pulvinata, Hook, et Tayl.

Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, and var. ^, Africana, on rocks, Port Sorrell,
and elsewhere, Mr. Archer.

NEW ZEALAND, TASMANIA, ETC. 7t3

G. trichophylla, Grev.

Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer,

G. leucophea, Grev.

Hab. Tasmania, on stones, the Hummocks, Mr. Archer.

*** Bhacomitrium.

G. Symphyodonta, C. Muller, Synops. i. p. 809. — G. emersa, ejusd.,

Bot. Zeit. 1851, p. 562.
Hab. Tasmania, on rocks, *The Falls,' Mr. Archer \ Mount Wellington,

Mossman, No. 743 ; elsewhere, Mr. Oldfield.

G. crispula (Rhacomitrium, Hook.fil. et Wils. Crypt. Antarct.).
Hab. Tasmania, on rocks and stones, rivulet south of Cumming's Head,
Western Mountains, Mr. Archer.

2. Gltphomiteium, Brid.

G. acutifoUum(Ptychomitrium,HooAr./Z. et Wils. j Flor. Tasman.ined.).
Hab. Tasmania, on rocks, Port Sorrell, Mr. Archer.

G. SBRRATUM {Mitten). G. polyphyllo minus, foliis patenti-recurvis e
basi ovata lanceolatis sensim acutis margine apicem versus serrato
inferne recurvo nervo percurrente, celluHs basi paucis elongatis mox
in rotundatas inter se remotiusculas diametro circiter jtjVo^ unciae me-
tientibus transeuntes, perichaetialibus caulinis similibus, theca in
pedunculo quadrilineari ovali-cylindrica, operculo subulato subsequi-
longo, peristomio dentibus longiusculis rubris asperulis profunde fissis
basi geminatim approximatis, calyptra G. crispatce.

Hab. Tasmania, rocks north side of the Cataract, Launceston, Mr.
Archer.
In size and habit so nearly resembhng G. acutifolium as to be readily

mistaken for it, but safely distinguished by the serrated leaves, which

are shorter and less narrowed towards the apex than those of G. poly-

phyllwm.

G. Adamsoni {Mitten). G. crispato simile sed minus, foliis inferne
paululum dilatatis lineari-lanceolatis acutis nervo percurrente integer-
rimis, cellulis basi paucis oblongis parailelogrammaticis cito in parvas
rotundatas distinctas diametro circiter ^uVo unciae metientes transeun-
tibus, perichaetiaUbus nullis a caulinis difFormibus, theca in pedunculo
trilineari ovali, operculo subulato, peristomio dentibus brevibus cru-
ribus plus minus discretis.

Hab. Australia; common on trap-rocks, Melbourne, Mr. Adamson,
No. 60.
Smaller than G. crispatum, with leaves scarcely wider at the base

than they are in the upper part, their cells all distinct, and the capsule

shorter.

74 ME. W. MITTEN ON THE MOSSES OF

G. MiJLLERi {Mitten). Monoicura, habitu G. crispati, foliis e basi lata
subquadrata superne paululum dilatata vaginante annotatis patentibus
lanceolatis apice obtusis acutatis subcucullatis nervo sub summo
apice evanido carinatis raargine integerrimo, cellulis basi ad mediam
partis latioris oblongis parallelogrammaticis inde ad apicem parvis
rotundatis approximatis obscuriusculis diametro circiter yoVo unciae
metientibus, perichaetialibus tribus brevioribus ovatis acuminatis acu-
tioribus, theca in pedunculo tri-quadri-lineari ovali setate corrugata,
operculo subulate subaequilongo, peristomio vetusto, et calyptra G.
crispati.

Hah. Australia, Victoria, Rocky Mountains, called the Glass-houses,
Moreton Bay, and Brisbane River, Dr. Ferd. Muller.
Densely tufted stems about half an inch high, as thick as those of

G. polyphyllum, with hard crisped foliage.

G. Fernandesianum {Mitten). G. crispati simile sed robustius,
foliis e basi erectiuscula ovali patentibus lanceolatis acutis incurvis
nervo crasso lato percurrente marginibus integerrimis, cellulis basi in-
fima paucis oblongis parallelogrammaticis cito abbreviatis superioribus
minutis rotundatis distinctis, diametro circiter -3-^-0 unciae metientibus,
parietibus pellucidis, perichaetialibus conformibus, theca in pedunculo
trilineari parva ovali-cyhndrica, operculo aequilongo subulato, calyptra
apice subscabra.

Hab. Insula Juan Fernandez, Bertero, 1691 j et Cuming , 1486.

More robust, but with the same habit and appearance as G. crispatum.

The capsule is small for the size of the moss. The very thick broad

nerve readily distinguishes this species from its allies.

VI. Oethotbiohace^.
1. Ztqodon, Hoole. Sf Tayl.

Z. Menziesii (Codonoblephai-um, Schw.).

Hah. Tasmania, on trees in open ground, and in the forests, Mr.
Archer.

Z. Reinwardti, Schw.

Hah. Tasmania, on trees, Stackhouse Falls, Mr. Archer.

Z. Brownii, Schw.

Hah. Tasmania, on logs and dead trees, copses and rivulets, Cheshunt,
Mr. Archer,

Z. intermedins, B. 8f S.

Hah. Tasmania, Cheshuut, Mr. Archer ; Mount Wellington, Mossman,
No. 758 in part.

2. Orthotbiohum, Redw.

O. Tasmanicum, Hook. Sf Wils.

Hah. Tasmania, Falls Run, Mr. Archer.

NEW ZEALAND, TASMANIA, ETC. 75

3. Ulota, Brid.

U. fulvella {Mitten). Monoica, caule procumbente ramis pluribus
brevibus ramoso, foliis, madore, e basi late ovali erecta con cava serie
unico cellularum oblongarum parenchymaticarutn hyalinarum margi-
nata interioribus angustis elongatis luteis patentibus, siccitate sub-
tortis non crispatis, longe angusto lanceolatis nervo sub apice evanido
carinatis, margine Isevi, cellulis rotundatis diametro toVo unciae meti-
entibus, perichsetialibus a basi sensim lanceolatis caulinis paululum
latioribus erectioribus, theca in pedunculo ea duplo longiore ovali
plicata, collo sensim attenuato, peristomio dentibus 8 bigeminatis
apicibus secedentibus, interno — ?, calyptra ramentis sequilongis luteis.
— Orthotrichum luteolum. Hook. fil. et Wils. Crypt. Antarct. ex parte.

Hab. Hermite Island, Br. J. D. Hooker.

Like U. germana, but rather larger, its leaves not crisped when dry,

narrower, the structure of the base diflferent.

U. Lobbiana (Mitten). U. carinatce habitu colore statura crispa-
tioneque fohorum simile, foliis angustioribus e basi erectiuscula sub-
orbiculari seriebus pluribus cellularum hyalinarum quadratarum
crasse limbatarum marginata interioribus angustis luteis angustatis
longe lanceolatis patentibus nervo carinatis marginibus minute erosis,
cellulis rotundatis approximatis diametro a^oVo unciae metientibus ob-
scuriusculis minutissime papillosis, perichsetialibus caulinis duplo lon-
gioribus vaginula nuda, theca in pedunculo ea quadruplo longiore,
calyptra ramentis stramineis cam superantibus dense vestita.
Hab. Patagonia and Chiloe, Mr. Lobb.

Differs from U. carinata in its narrower leaves, with the marginal hya-
line cells shorter, thick-walled, and in the naked vaginula.

U. CARINATA {Mitten). Monoica, pulvinata, foUis siccitate crispatis
madore e basi erectiuscula suborbiculari concava cellulis marginalibus
oblongis parallelogrammaticis hyalinis in seriebus pluribus dispositis
interioribus elongatis angustis luteis lanceolatis elongatis nervo sub
apice evanido profunde carinatis margine minute crenulatis cellulis
minutis depressis approximatis latitudine a^Vo longitudine jqVo
uncise metientibus minute papillosis obscuriusculis, perichaetiahbus
longioribus latioribus erectioribus vaginula pilosa, theca in pedunculo
quadruplo longiore ovali plicata, operculo convex© brevi rostrato,
calyptra laevi, peristomio dentibus 8 bigeminatis ciliis 8 capillaribus
subaequilongis.
Hab. Chiloe, Mr. Lobb.

Rather larger than U. fulvella, leaves wider, with cells more densely
placed, crisped in drying, base of the leaf shorter than in its allies, cap-
sule without an attenuated neck.

U. M\CROCALYCiNA {Mitten). Monoica, caule repente, ramis brevibus
erectis, foliis patentibus siccitate appressis strictis e basi lata obovata

76 MB. W. MITTEN ON THE MOSSES OF

erectiuscula concava seriebus cellularum hyalinarum oblongarum pa-
renchymaticarum prosenchymaticarumque raarginata interioribus an-
gustis elongatis angustatis brevi-lanceolatis apice obtusiusculis nervo
sub apice evanido carinatis integerrirais, cellulis remotiusculis de-
pressis latitudine 2x00 longitudine j oVo uncise metientibus Isevibus,
perichactialibus exsertis late-lanceolatis erectis obtusis laxe convolutis
nervo medio evanido, theca in pedunculo earn duplo superante ovali
plicata, operculo conico aeuminato, peristomio dentibus 8 bigeminatis,
ciliis angustis 8 brevioribus ?, calyptra nuda fusca.

Hab. Straits of Magellan, on trunks of trees. Port Famine, Dr. Lyall.
Less than U. Hutchinsiee ; the straight cauline and large wide obtuse

perichsetial leaves readily distinguish it from its allies.

U. EREMiTENSis (Mitten). Monoica, caespitulosa, foliis siccitate vix
mutatis patentibus e basi erectiuscula suborbiculari lata concava an-
gustatis lineari-lanceolatis nervo sub apice evanido carinatis margine ,
ad apicem baseos dilatato et inde recurvo minute creuulato cellulis ad
baseos latera seriebus pluribus parallelogrammaticis hyalinis interiori-
bus angustis cito in rotundatas diametro ^oVo uncise metientes trans-
euntibus papillosis, perichaitialibus lanceolatis, theca in pedunculo
triplo longiore ovali plicata basin versus Isevi, peristomio dentibus
8 bigeminatis apicibus liberis cihis 8 angustis capillaribus subajqui-
longis, calyptra glabra.

Orthotrichum luteolum, Hook. fil. et Wils. Crypt. Antarct. ex parte.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, Dr. J. D. Hooker.

A little larger than U. germana (Mont.), and with the bases of its

leaves a little longer, their cells in the upper part not depressed, the

leaves themselves not crisped when dry, and the cilia of the internal

peristome capillary.

U. GLABELLA. Monoica, subpulvinata, fohis siccitate appressis sub-
tortis madore e basi erectiuscula suborbiculari concava cellulis margi-
ualibus oblongis parallelogrammaticis hyalinis in seriebus pluribus
dispositis interioribus elongatis angustis angustatis longe lanceolatis
patentibus nervo sub apice evanido carinatis margine minute crenulato
cellulis remotiusculis rotundatis diametro ^oVo unciae metientibus pa-
pillosis, perichsetialibus paululum latioribus, theca in pedunculo cam
duplo superante ovali plicata, coUo brevi, calyptra nuda apice rugosa.

Orthotrichum luteolum, var.. Hook. fil. et Wils. Crypt. Antarct.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, Dr. J. D. Hooker.
The leaves not crisped in drying and the glabrous calyptra distinguish

this from its allies. In size it agrees with U. yermana. No perfect

peristomes have been seen.

U. FuEGiANA {Mitten). Monoica, caule procumbente ramoso caespitu-
loso, foliis siccitate tortis madore e basi late obovata erectiuscula con-
cava margine cellulis oblongis hyahnis parallelogrammaticis in seriebus
pku'ibus marginata inde angustatis longe lanceolatis patentibus nervo

:NrEW ZEALAND, TASMANIA, ETC. 77

sub apice evanido carinatis, cellulis reinotiusculis rotundatis diametro
3^oVo unciffi metientibus laevibus margine apicem versus eroso, perichae-
tialibus erectioribus paululum latioribus vaginula nuda, tbeca in
pedunculo ea duplo longiore ovali, collo sensim attenuate plicato,

peristomio dentibus 8 bigeminatis plus minus fissis, ciliis ?,

calyptra ramentis paueis brevibus appressis pilosa.

Orthotrichura luteolura, Hook.fil. et Wils. Crypt. Antarct. quoad iconem
calyptrae. O. coarctatum, Hook, et Grev., hue pertiuere videtur.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, Dr. J. D. Hooker.
Very near to U.fulvella in habit, size, and in the torsion of its leaves ;

but the base of its leaves with many series of pellucid marginal cells,

the margin towards the apex irregularly erose, and the calyptra with few

appressed hairs.

U. Darwinii {Mitten), Pulvinata, foliis e basi ovali concava erectius-
cula cellulis hyalinis oblongis in seriebus pluribus dispositis interioribus
angustis luteis patentibus longe lanceolatis nervo carinatis marginibus
minute erosis, cellulis rotundatis remotiusculis diametro yoV^^ unciae
metientibus sublaevibus, perichaetialibus longioribus erectioribus pau-
lulum latioribus vaginula pilosa, theca in pedunculo cam duplo su-
perante ovali plicata collo sensim attenuate, operculo convexo brevi
rostrato, calyptra ramentis brevibus pilosa, peristomio dentibus 8
bigeminatis ciliis 8 capillaribus paululum brevioribus.

Hab. Terra del Fuego, Mr. Darwin.

Resembles very closely U. Puegiana, but with larger leaves, which

have their cells more closely placed, and the vaginula pilose.

U. LUTE A {Mitten).. Monoica, dense pulvinata, fulvo-lutea, foliis sicci-
tate crispatis madore patentibus e basi obovata concava erectiuscula
lineari-lanceolatis nervo flavo sub apice evanido carinatis cellulis
utrinque ad baseos ovatae latera circiter quadriseriatis oblongis paral-
lelogrammaticis hyalinis interioribus angustissimis elongatis luteis
superioribus rotundis diametro ^ot unciae metientibus in seriebus
10-12 inter marginem et nervum in folii medio dispositis papillosis
margine minute crenulato et ubi basis in partem superiorem angus-
tatur recurvo, perichaetialibus lanceolatis latioribus vaginula glabra,
theca in pedunculo vix duplo longiore ovali cylindrica plicata collo
elongato crassiusculo, operculo convexo brevi-rostrato, peristomio
dentibus 8 bigeminatis ciliis 8 angustis tertio brevioribus, calyptra
ramentis exstantibus elongatis pilosa.

Hab. Tasmania, on trees, rivulet behind Cumming's Head, Western
Mountains, Mr. Archer; Mount Wellington, and in New Zealand,
Wairoa River, Kaipara, Mossman.
Corresponding in size with U. crispa, but with leaves of a different

form at the base, erose margins, and cells in the upper portion larger

and further apart ; the capsule is also thinner.

78 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE MOSSES OF

4. Macromitritim, Brid.

M. microphyllum {Hook.).

Hah. Tasmania^ on trees in creeks and damp woods, Mr. Archer.

M. pusiLLUM {Mitten). Dioicum? M. microstomo siraillimum, foliis
siecitate spiraliter tortis madore patentibus lineari-lanceolatis apice
breviter apiculatis nervo fusco sub apice evanido carinatis integerrimis
cellulis basi angustis elongatis superioribus rotundatis diametro cir-
citer ^ oVo nnciae metientibus breviter papillosis distinctis, perichsetia-
libus intemis brevioribus ovatis acuminatis, theca in pedunculo circiter
trilineari ovali plicata ore intensiore colorato, calyptra nuda.

Hab. On stones. Cataract Hill, Tasmania, Mr. Archer.

Leaves longer and narrower than those of M. microstomum, with cells

far larger than those of the last-named species, having a diameter of

sifo^^ of an inch.

M. LiGULARE [Mitten). Dioicum? M. erosulo simile, foliis siecitate
tortis subcirrhatis linearibus ligulatis obtusis vel nervo excurrente
brevissime apiculatis carinatisque cellulis inferne pro spatio brevi
ovoideis cito in rotundatas approximatas papillosas obscuriusculas
transeuntibus margine erosulo, perichsetialibus brevioribus ovatis
acutis, theca in pedunculo trilineari ovali circa os intensius colorata
et plicata, operculo conico acuminato, calyptra nuda, peristomio sim-
plici dentibus brevibus.

Hah. New Zealand, Kerr ; Waikeki, Dr. Sinclair.
Smaller than M. prorepens ; leaves more crisped, with cells at their

bases of an oblong or ovoid form.

M. EROSULUM (Mitten). Dioicum? caule repente, ramis brevibus sim-
plicibus ramulosisve dense stratosis, foliis siecitate compacte tortis
incurvisque madore patentibus e basi subelliptica ligulatis obtusis
nervo flavo-fusco excurrente breviter mucronatis carinatisque margine
papillis prominentibus eroso, cellulis inferioribus elongatis angustis
laevibus superioribus apicem versus obscuriusculis grosse papillosis,
perichaetialibus paululo latioribus acutis, theca in pedunculo circiter
trilineaii ovali fusca circa os intensius colorata et plicata, operculo
subulato subsequilongo, peristomio simplici dentibus brevibus, calyptra
ramentis appressis sparsis pilosa.

Hah. New Zealand, Kerr ; near Wellington, Stephenson ; Middle
Island, Bidwill; Waikeki, Milne.
In habit, size, and colour similar to M. prorepens, but the bases of its

leaves narrower, the upper portion longer, more obtuse, the cells larger

and less obscure. M. prorepens is monoicous.

M. Archeri (Mitten). M. hemitrichodi simillimum, foliis siecitate
tortis subcrispatis madore patentibus inferne ellipticis inde lanceo-
latis obtusiusculis nervo excurrente carinatis brevissime apiculatis

^EW ZEALAND, TASMANIA, ETC. 79

margine minutissime eroso cellulis basi pro spatio brevi elongatis mox
in rotundatas transeuntibus papillosis apicem versus obscurioribus,
perichaetialibus brevioribus duplo latioribus acutis, theca in pedunculo
tri-quadrilineari elongate ovali sub ore intensius colorato plicata, peri-
stomio nuUo ?, operculo subulato, calyptra nuda.
Hab. On trees, Cheshunt, Tasmania, Mr. Archer ; on dead branches
of trees, Kermandec Rivulet, Mr. Oldfield.

Fulvous ; in size and general appearance scarcely different from
M. hemitrichodes, to which at least in part belongs M. amm7iumf Horn-
schuch, according to authentic specimens'; but in the present, the leaves,
although agreeing in form, have their cells more widely separated, rather
larger, and not obscure, as in M. hemitrichodes, in which too the leaves
are smoother.

M. ORTHOPHYLLUM {Mitten). Dioicum, M. longirostri habitu statura
coloreque simile, foliis siccitate appressis strictis madore patentibus
late lanceolatis breviter apiculatis nervo excurrente concolori carinatis
margine integerrimo cellulis e basi ad medium elongatis angustis inde
ad apicem ovoideis latitudine circiter ^oVo uneiae metientibus, peri-
chaetialibus longioribus latioribus erectis longiore apiculatis, theca in
pedunculo circiter sex lineari ovali ore plicato, collo sensim attenuate,
operculo subulato subaequilongo, peristomio simplici dentibus brevibus
liberis, calyptra nuda.

Hah. New Zealand, Kerr, Knight.

Very distinct from all its congeners in the leaves being straight, and,

except that they are appressed to the stem, unaltered in drying.

M. Mossmannianum (C. Miiller, Bot. Zeit. 1851, p. 561) is identical
with M. gracile. Hook.

VII. Efnaeiace^.

1. Ephemeriim, Hampe,

E. cristatum (Phascum, Hook, et Wils.).
Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

2. Leptangixjm, Mofif.
L. repens (Anictangium, Hook. Muse. Exot.).
Hab. Tasmania, Port Sorrell, and north side of Cataract, Launceston,

Mr. Archer.

This curious moss, which has no affinity with Hedwigia nor with
Erpodium, seems to accord very nearly with Dr. Montague's description
of L. Perrottetii from Senegambia, and from the structure of its leaves
appears to be more nearly allied to this family than to any other.

3. Phtscomitrium, Bri<^.
P. coNicuM (Mitten). P. pyriformi simile, foliisque conformibus ser-
rulatis cellulis fere dimidio minoribus marginalibus intensius coloratis.

80 MR. W. MITTEN OK THE MOSSES OF

theca in pedunculo bilineari pyriformi, operculo depresso-conico um-

bonato.
Hab. Tasmania, Leith's Creek, Mr. Archer.

Less than the usual states of P. pyriforme, but very similar to it in
appearance.

4. Entosthodon, Schw.

E. laxus (Physcomitrium, Hook.fil. et Wils.).

Hab. Tasmania, on stones, rivulet near Cumming's Head, Western
Mountains, Mr. Archer.

E. apophysatus (Physomitrium, Taylor).
Hab. Tasmania, the Hummocks, Mr. Archer.

E. PRODUCTUS (Mitten). Monoicus, parvulus, humilis, foliis iuferne
ovatis in acumen lanceolatum angustatis integerrimis nervo sub apice
evanido cellulis elongatis, theca in pedunculo bilineari parva ovali,
operculo depresso-convexo umbonato, peristomio nullo ?

Hab. Tasmania, behind Cumming's Head, Western Mountains, Mr.

Archer.

A small species aUied in the form of its leaves to E, Mittenii, Dzy. et
Molk. The fruit too young to exhibit the peristome, if indeed that
organ is present.

5. FuNARTA, Schreh.

F. radians (Weissia, Hedw.).

Hab. Tasmania, the Hummocks, Port Sorrell, bark near Cheshunt, and
on rocks north side of Cataract, Launceston, Mr. Archer.

F. hygrometrica. Dill.

Hab. Tasmania, on stones of fossiliferous limestone, and on the chimney
of a cottage, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

YIII. SPLACHNACEiE.

1. Splachnum, L.

{Eremodon, Brid.)

S. octoblepharum, Hook. (Dissodon plagiopus, C. Miiller).
Hab. Tasmania, on cowdung, Sand Hill, on logs. Smith's Creek, Mr,
Archer.

IX. Bartramiace^.

1. Bartramia, Hedw.

* JEuhartramia.

B. Halleriana, Hedw. (B. Mossmaniana, C. Miiller, Bot. Zeit. 1851,

p. 552).
Hab. Tasmania, on rocks, EUiott Rivulet, rivulet behind Cumming's

NEW ZEALAND, TASMANIA, ETC. 81

Head, and in a rivulet north side of the Western Mountains, at an
altitude of about 2000 feet, Mr. Archer.

Notwithstanding the observations of M. C. Miiller, there appears to
be no real difference between these and European specimens.

B. papillata. Hook. Jil. et Wils. in Fl. Nov. Zealand, p. 89, t. 86. f. 4.

(B. acerosa, Hampe, Plantce Muelleriance !)
Hab. Tasmania, east side of Ovens Creek, Mr. Archer.

B. FRAGiLis {Mitten). Dioica? dense caespitosa, caule erecto sub-

simplici, foliis densis fragillimis erecto-patentibus e basi appressa laxe

vaginante oblonga superne paululum dilatata ibique tenuiter hyalino

marginata laxe areolata subito subulato longe lanceolatis cellulis ob-

scuris densis nervo percurrente margine dorsoque serrulatis, perichae-

tialibus lanceolatis inconspicuis, theca in pedunculo breviusculo rubro

globosa plicata erecta, operculo brevi conico, peristoraio externo nor-

mali interno processibus brevissimis rudimentariis.

Hah. On rocks, rivulet behind Cumming's Head, Western Mountains,

Tasmania, Mr. Archer ; New Zealand, Mr, Kerr.

More densely and compactly caespitose than B. papillata. Hook. fil.

et Wils. The subulate portion of the leaf wider, less papillose, and not

so obscure. The inflorescence appears to be dioicous. The leaves are

so densely congested that the vaginant base is not erect, but only ap-

pressed to those above it, and the slightest touch suffices to detach

them from the stem.

2. Philonotis, Brid.
{Conostomum.)
P. pusilla. (Conostomum, Hook. fil. et Wils. in Fl. Nov. Zeland.)
Hab. Tasmania, on rocks, the Falls, rivulet behind Cumming's Head,
Western Mountains, Mr. Archer.

P. australis. (Conostomum, Swartz.)

Hab. Tasmania, in the same localities as the preceding, but barren,

Mr. Archer.

Bartramia {Philonotis) curvirostra, Mitten, collected in Victoria, Au-
stralia by Dr. F. Miiller j belongs to the same section as the two fore-
going species, but is much smaller.

{Philonotis.)

P. appressa. (Bartramia, Hook. fil. et Wils. in Fl. Nov. Zeland.)
Hab. Tasmania, on rocks, EUiott Rivulet, rivulet near Cumming's Head,
Western Mountains, Mr. Archer.

P. VAGANS {Mitten). Dioica, caule elongate ramoso, foliis patentibus
ovatis sensim acutis nervo angusto excuifrente marginibus cellulis
angustatis subcartilagineis limbatis apicem versus serratis celluUs
LINN. PEOC. — BOTANY. G

82 ME. W. MITTEN ON THE MOSSES OF

omnibus conformibus magnis pellucidis parietibus angustis, perichae-
tialibus e basi latiore lanceolatis, theca in pedunculo elongate rubro
horizontali globoso-ovali plicata coUo vix ullo, operculo breviter
conico, floribus masculis in rarais gracilioribus laxifoliis foliis peri-
gonialibus latis apice obtusiusculis cymbiformi-concavis superne cel-
lulis angustis areolatis.

Bryum vagans. Hook. fit. et Wils. Crypt. Antarct.

Hab. Hermite Island, Dr. J. D. Hooker ; Sandy Point, Magellan, and
Chili, Lechler, 3063.
This fine moss has been referred by M. C. Miiller to Meesia; the

fertile state is named by M. Schimper, in Leehler's collection, Philonotis

dimorpJia, Schimper, MSS.

3. Beeutelia, B. ^ S.

B. affinis. (Bartramia, Hook.)

Hab. Tasmania, The Falls, Mr. Archer.

B. coMOSA (Mitten). Dioica, caule erecto ramis pluribus confertis eo-
mosis inferne fusco-tomentoso, foliis e basi brevi erecta superne dila-
tata utrinque ad raargines seriebus pluribus cellularum majorum
hyalinarum limbatis angustatis lanceolatis patentibus nervo excurrente
piliformi mucronatis plicatis margine serrulatis papillosis, perichseti-
alibus e basi sensim angustatis late lanceolatis, theca in pedunculo
elongato sesquiunciali ovali inclinata plicata, operculo conico, peri-
stomio normali.

Hab. New Zealand, Manikau Forest, N. Island, Col. Bolton. Bay of
Islands, Dr. JoUiffe. Gathered also by Dr. J. D. Hooker, Mr. Kerr,
and Mr. Knight. Tasmania, on rocks and earthy banks. East Creek,
and rivulet near Cumming's Head, Western Mountains, Mr. Archer,
Wellington Falls, Mount Wellington, Mossman, 744 in part.
Differs from B. pendula in the form of the base of its leaves and of

its capsule.

B. DUMOSA (Mitten). Dioica, caule erecto ramis confertis dumoso
inferne radicellis fuscis intertexto, foliis e basi erecta superne dilatata
caulem amplectente cellulis fere omnibus conformibus angustatis lan-
ceolatis patenti-divaricatis plicatis papillosis siccitate non mutatis
nervo tenui excurrente mucronatis margine serrulato, perichaetialibus
ovatis acumine lanceolato, theca in pedunculo erecto breviusculo
rarius elongato oblonga nutante plicata, operculo brevi conico, peri-
stomio normali. — Bartramia pendula, Hook. fil. et Wils. in Crypt.
Antarct. ex parte.

Hab. Hermite Island and Kerguelen's Land, Dr. J. D. Hooker. Chiloe,
Lobb. Chili, Lechler, 813 and 809 in part.
DiflFers from B. pendula in the clasping bases of its more divergent

leaves, without the band of enlarged cells on each side. In Mr. Lobb's

specimens the seta is an inch and a half long; in those collected by

Dr. Hooker it is about half an inch.

T^EW ZEALAND, TASMANIA, ETC. 83

B. DiVARiCATA {Mitten). Dioica, caule elongato inferne tomentoso
subsimplici, foHis e basi brevi caulem araplectente cellulis hyalinis
pluribus ad angulos marginum congestis divaricatis lanceolatis plicatis
papulosis margine serrulatis nervo tenui excurrente mucronatis sic-
citate subflaccidis, perichaetialibus ovatis integerrimis nervo angus-
tissimo, theca in pedimculo elongaio horizontali oblongo-ovali coUo
pyriformi attenuate, operculo conico, peristomio normali,

Hab. New Zealand, Colenso, Dr. J. D. Hooker, Knight, Lyall, Sinclair ;
Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.
Resembles the larger states of -B. pendula, but differs in its divaricated

leaves, which have, when dry, a subflaccid appearance, a differently

formed base, and the stems almost simple.

B. pendula, which has been much misunderstood, varies greatly in its
size, being sometimes not larger than the usual states of Philonotis
fontana, as in the original specimens gathered by Menzies, at others as
large as B. gigantea, Schwsegrichen's figure 161 having been taken from
this state ; but the capsule is not erect. The Hypnum elongatum. Hook,
fil. et Wils. in Crypt. Antarct. t. 60, is certainly of this genus, and may
be a form of B. pendula. Hypnum consimile. Hook. fil. et Wils. in Crypt.
Antarct. t. 60, is also to be referred to Breutelia.

B. Sieberi, of which some specimens have been gathered by Mr. Old-
field, may be thus characterized : —

B. Sieberi, Hornsch. in Muse. Sieber. No. 12. Dioica, caule procum-
bente suberectove ramuhs brevibus fasciculatis ramoso innovante
iterumque ramoso inferne dense radiculoso, foliis hand nitidis e basi
brevi erectiuscula ad insertionem contracta patentibus lanceolatis
estriatis nervo angusto in acumen setaceo-pungens excurrente mar-
ginibus serrulatis inferne recurvis cellulis omnibus elongatis an-
gustis papillosis, perichaetialibus conformibus, theca in pedunculo
rubro unciali apice flexura angusta pendula ovali plicata, operculo
depresso conico, peristomio parvo normali ? flore masculo foliis qua-
druple latioribus late ovatis patulis nervo superne evanido.
Hab. Tasmania, Mount Wellington, Dr. J. D. Hooker and Mr. Oldfield ;
New Holland, Sieber.

Stems in all the Tasmanian specimens scarcely exceeding an inch in
height; colour of the foliage yellowish-green, without gloss; leaves
narrow; cells in the upper portion elongated, everywhere distinctly
papillose ; alary cells few, indistinct. In all the allied species the cells
of the upper portion of the leaf are shortened.

B. PLICATA {Mitten). B. divaricates simillima, foliis siccitate curvatis
e basi erecta plicata divergentibus lanceolatis nervo percurrente mar-
ginibus arete serrulatis cellulis basi angustis elong-atis pellucidis
utrinque ad latera seriebus pluribus hjalinis superioribus quadrato-

g2

84 MR. W, MITTEN ON THE MOSSES OF

oblongis inde rotimdatis densissime minutissiraeque papillosis sub-

opacis.
Hnb. Chili, Lechler, 809 in part.

In the curled dry foliage, this agrees with B. divaricata ; but in the
plicate base and minutely papillose subobscure areolation of the upper
part of the leaf, it recedes from all the species yet known.

X. Bktaceje.

1. Oethodontium, Sckw.

O. sulcatum, HooJc.fil. et Wils.

Hab. Tasmania, on dead trees, West-end Rivulet, Mr. Archer.

2. MiELICHflOFEBIA, Hsch.

M. Eckloni, Homsch.

Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

3. Webera, Hedw.

W. nutans, Hedw.

Hab. Tasmania, road-side, Splitters Hill, Mr. Archer,

4. Bbyum, L,

B. caespiticium, Hedw.

Hab. Tasmania, Port Sorrell, Mr. Archer.

B. bimum, Schreb.

Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

B. torquescens, B. Sf S.

Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

B. Tasmanicum, Hampe.

Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

B, Billardieri, Schw.

Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer. Wellington Falls, Mossman.

B. truncorum, Brid.

Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

B. dichotomum, Hedw. (B. atropurpureum, Auct.)
Hab. Tasmania, rocks. Port Sorrell, burat ground, plains, &c., Mr.
Archer.

B. crassum, Hook.jil. et Wils.

Hab. Tasmania, Saw Pit Hill, Mr. Archer,

B. levigatum, Hook.jil. et Wils.

Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, a few barren stems, Mr. Archer.

NEW ZEALAND, TASMANIA, ETC. 85

XI. Htpnace^.
1. Meteorium, Brid.

M. FULVUM {Mitten). Ramis gracilibus flexuosis, ramulis remotis at-
tenuatis flexuosis pinnatis, foliis subnitentibus luteis jetate fulvis
patentibus e basi lata cordata alis amplexantibus hastatis sensim
tenuiter acuminatis marginibus hie illic undulatis basi ad alas serru-
latis superne minutissime serrulatis apicem versus integemmis nervo
brevi infra medium in carinam parvam latiusculam ultra medium ex-
aratam evanido ramulinis minus tenuiter acuminatis distinctius ser-
rulatis eellulis elongatis fusiformibus angustissimis distinctis minu-
tissime papillosis sublaevibus.

Hah. Australia, Victoria, Tarwin, Dr. F. Mueller.

A slender species, allied to the Indian M. aureum, but with its leaves

attenuated into longer points.

2. Htpnum, Dill.

' * Brachythecium^ Schimp.
H. rutabulum, L.
Hob. Tasmania, on trees. Long Hill, Mr. Archer.

H. paradoxum, Hook.fil. et Wils.
Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer,

H. campestre, B. 8f S.

Hab. Tasmania, near Woolmers, Mr. Archer.

H. aristatum, Hook.fil. et Wils. Fl. Tasmanica ined.
Hab. Tasmania, Mr. Archer. New Zealand, Mr. Knight.

In size resembling H. Buchanani, but in the form of its leaves allied
to H. Vaucheri and to H. piliferum, and agreeing with them in the cell-
structure of its leaves and rostrate operculum.

** Bhynchostegium et EurJiynchivm, Schimp.

H. ASPERiPES {Mitten). Monoicum, caule procumbente, ramis pin-
natis, foliis patentibus latissime ovatis acuminatis serrulatis nervo
tenui medio evanido eellulis longitudine circiter ^^ latitudine -g-^g-o
unciae metientibus, periehaetialibus latis in acumen breve attenuatis,
theca in pedunculo sub-unciali aspero oblongo-ovali horizontali,
operculo longirostrato, peristomio normali.

Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

More densely branched and with more acuminated leaves than

H. Mans, Hedw., to which in size and general appearance it is nearly

allied.

H. tenuifolium, Hedw.

Hab. Tasmania, on stones and logs, Tent's Creek, Mr. Archer.

This species appears to be frequent in Tasmania and New Zealand,
some of the specimens from whence agree exactly with Iledwig's figure
in the ' Species Muse'

86 Mil. W. MITTEN ON THE MOSSES OF

* Caulis simplex.
T. subbasilaris. (Hypnum, Hook. Muse. Exot.)
Hab. Tasmania, Mr. Archer.

** Caidis dendroidem.
T. comosa. (Ilypnum, Schw.)
Hab. Tasmania, on stones in rivulets, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

T. arcuata. (Hypnum, Hedw. ; H. spininervium, Hook. Muse. Exot.)
Hab. Tasmania, on the ground, and on stones in the beds of rivulets,

Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

In this species the superior or dorsal series of leaves are smaller
than those of the lateral series ; but it does not follow that it is to be
referred to Rhacopilum, as has been supposed by M. C. Miiller ; for
in every other particular, excepting the furrowed capsule, the species of
this group are remote from that genus. Bridel's genus Trachyloma is
adopted in preference to the creation of a new one to include the species
here enumerated and a few others, which, although they do not in all
respects entirely agree with T, planifolia, yet offer no prominent cha-
racter whereby they may be distinguished. The nerve which in the
cauline leaves of T. planifolia is imperceptible, is distinct in the leaves
of the ramuli, although very slender. Trachyloma therefore agrees in
structure with Hypnum, but differs in habit, the branches arising from
a creeping leafless (?) rhizoma.

T. Archeri {Mitten). Dioica, ramis erectis inferne simplicibus sparse
foliosis superne ramulis patentibus distichis pulchre pinnatis plumi-
formibus in frondem brevem subtriangularem dispositis, foliis bifarie
compressis ovato-lanceolatis acutis nervo percurrente dorso apice den-
ticulato marginibus simpliciter serratis cellulis longitudine circiter
3^ latitudine 40V7 uncise metientibus dorso minute papilloso punc-
tatis, seriebus foliorum in latere dorsali minoribus sed conformibus,
perichsetialibus e basi late ovata tenui acuminatis erectis, theca in
pedunculo vix unciali horizontali oblonga sulcata, operculo longi-
curvi-rostrato, peristomio normal! .

Hab. Ovens Creek, Tasmania, Mr. Archer.

Two or three inches in height, pale yellowish green, shining. Nearly

allied to T. arcuata; but its branches are more regularly disposed,

forming a subtriangular frond, and readily distinguished by its minutely

dotted leaves and short capsule.

T. Kerrii (Mitten). T. arcuata similis, stipite plus minus elongato,
apice ramis brevibus pinnatis in frondem brevem subrotundatum dense
confertis, foliis rameis homomorphis ovatis acutis nervo tenui excur-
rente dorso spinoso dentato mucronatis marginibus superne breviter
simpliciterque spinoso dentato cellulis angustis elongatis basi flavis

NEW ZEALAND, TASMANIA, ETC. 87

alaribus nullis, perichaetiis ad basin raraorum copiosis foliis erectis e
basi ovata sensim lanceolatis attenuatis superne serrulatis nervo in
exterioribus obsolete in interioribus tenuissimo infra apicem evanido,
theca in pedunculo sub-unciali ovali inaequali horizontali laevi, oper-
culo conico rostro brevi, peristomio normali.
Hab, New Zealand, near Wellington, Stephenson. Waikeki, Dr. Sin-
clair and Mr. Kerr.

Habit, size, and colour of T. arcuata, but with more tufted branches,
and leaves not of different forms, the capsule not more than half so long,
and not furrowed.

4. Stereodon, Brid.

* Cupressiformes.

t Operculum Irevirostre.

S. cupressiformis, Brid., var. Mossniani. (Hypnum Mossmanianum,

C. Muller, Bot. Zeit. 1851, p. 565.)
Hab. Tasmania, on trees and logs, Mr. Archer.

If this moss were, as described by C. Muller, truly monoicous, it might
be safely distinguished from S. cupressiformis, but male flowers are not
present in any of the specimens yet examined.

S. chrysogaster (Hypnum, C. Muller. H. patale, HooJc.fil. et Wils.).
Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, on logs, Mr. Archer.

ft Operculum longirostre.

S. curviculatus. (Hypnum, HooTc.fil. et Wils.)
Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

S. cyparoides, Brid,

Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, on logs, frequent, Mr. Archer.

S. contiguus. (Hypnum, Hook.jil. et Wils. Fl. Tasmanica.)

Hab. Tasmania, on logs and upon the ground, Mr. Archer and Mr.

Oldfield. New Zealand, Dr. Sinclair.

Allied to S. microcarpus (Hypnum, C. Muller) and to S. brachy-
carpus (Hypnum, Hampe), but with more spicular leaves of a different
outline.

S. JoLLiFFii {Mitten). Monoicus, S. Loxensi habitu staturaque simihs,
ramis apicibus cuspidatis, foliis patentibus laxe imbricatis ovali-ellip-
ticis acuminatis concavis obsolete binerviis enerviisve integerrimis vel
apice subserrulatis cellulis angustis elongatis alaribus utrinque tribus
majoribus hyalinis, perichaetialibus interioribus tribus erecto-patenti-
bus caulinis conformibus, theca in pedunculo gracili parva ovali in-
clinata horizontalive, operculo rostro sequilongo, peristomio dentibus
flavis processibus solidis ciliis in uno breviore coalitis in raembranam
ad f exsertis annulo simplici.

Hab. Tasmania, on stones and the earth, Western Creek, Mr. Archer.
New Zealand, Jolliffe, Sinclair, Kerr.

88 ME. W. MITTEN ON THE MOSSES OF

Very much like /S. Loxensis (Hypnura), Ilook., but with a leaf of a
different form.

** Isotlieciv/m.

S. cochlearifohus. (Hypnum, Schw.)
Hob. Tasmania, on rocks, Elliott Rivulet.

S. deflexus. (Hypnum, Wils. MSS, olim.)

Hab. Tasmania, on the ground, rivulet at Cheshunt, and on logs,
Western Creek, Mr. Archer,

S. gracihs. (Isothecium, Hool.fil. et Wils.)

Hah. Tasmania, stones in rivulets, Jackey's Plain Creek, Mr. Archer.

S. ANGUSTATUS {Mitten). Dioicus ? ramis inferne simplicibus foliis
appressis superne in frondem planiuscularo dendroideam dense bi- tri-
pinnatam divisis, foliis patentibus subcorapressis anguste ovali-ellip-
ticis brevi-acuminatis acutis concavis lateralibus complicatis integerri-
mis breviter binervatis, ramulinis anguste ellipticis superne serrulatis,
cellulis angustis omnibus conformibus, perichsetialibus e basi ovata
convoluta subuiatis patentibus, theca in pedunculo brevi ovali hori-
zontali, peristomio normali ?
Hab. New Zealand, near Wellington, Stephenson ; and elsewhere, Kerr,
Lyall, Knight.

Stems one and a half to two inches in height ; habit that of S. {Iso-
thecium) arbuscula and S.{I.) dejlexus, but smaller in all its parts ; leaves
more narrow. Only one perfect peristome has been seen, and this
appears to be normal.

S. lagurus. (Leucodon, Hook. Muse. Ewot.)
Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

The peristome of this moss is simple by reason of the external teeth
being obsolete.

S. mollis. (Leskea, Hedw.)

Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

*** Plagiothecium, Scliimp.

S. Donianus. (Hypnum Donianum, Smith.)
Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

This species has been confounded with S. denticulatus, but in the
substance of its leaves it differs.

S. auriculatus. (Hypnum, Mont.)

Hab. Tasmania, on logs. Western Creek, Mr. Archer.

***** Achyrophyllwm .
Rami erecti, elongati, ramosi. Folia lata, nitentia, concava, paleiformia.
Theca plicata, operculo longi-rostrato. Florescentia dioica.

NEW ZEALAND, TASMANIA, ETC. 89

S. acicularis. (Hypnum, Brid.)

Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

S. sciuroides. (Leskea, Hook. Muse. Exot.)
Hab. Tasmania, trees in creeks, Mr. Archer.

To this group, of which S. acicularis is the type, belong S. densifolius
(Hypnum, Brid.), from Tristan d'Acunha and New Zealand, S. ptycho-
carpon (Hypnum, Schw.), S. ericoides, and S. Lyallii, Mitten (Leucodon
nitidus, Hook.Jil. et Wils. in Fl. New Zealand). All these agree in habit,
ramification, the red colour of their stems, and thin, pale, chaff-like
leaves and plicate capsules. S. ericoides and S. sciuroides in the Fl. of
New Zealand are joined with Neckera setosa, Hook. Muse. Exot., to form
the genus Cladomnion ; but the last-named species is in structure alto-
gether different, and is in fact a Spiridens.

Achyrophyllum differs from Hylocomium, Schimp., in its ramification
not being pinnate, and its plicate capsules. From Plagiothecium it
differs in its leaves not being obliquely inserted and its erect stems.

5. Sauloma, Kooh.fil. et Wils.

S. tenella, eorund.

Hab. Tasmania, on logs near Cheshunt, and on rocks, Jackey*s Plain
Creek, Mr. Archer.

XII. Neckeeace^.

1. Neckeea, Hedw.

* Etmechera.

N. hymenodonta, C. Miiller, Bot. Zeit. 1851, p. 564.
Hab. Tasmania, rivulets and damp copses, on trunks and branches of
trees, Mr. Archer.

** Thamnium.

N. rivalis {Mitten). Dioica, humilis, ramis arcuatis parce bipinnatis
apice ssepe productis stoloniferis, foliis distichis patentibus spathulatis
acutis nervo ultra medium evanido margine latere inferiore anguste
incurvo superne serrulatis ramulinis ellipticis magis serrulatis, cellulis
inferne elongatis superne ovoideis rotundatis parvis, perichsetialibus
e basi lata ovata brevissime nervata subulatis longe attenuatis, theca
in pedunculo elongato ovali horizontali, operculo subulato rostrato,
peristomio interno ciliis binis ap})endiculatis inter processus per-
foratos dentium longitudine in membrana ad f eorum longitudinis
exserta.

Isothecium pumilum, Hook.Jil. et Wils. Fl. Tasm. t. 175. f. /.

Hab. Tasmania, on stones, copse by West End Rivulet, on rocks by
rivulets and Stackhouse Falls, Mr. Archer.
Allied to Omalia oblongifolia, Hook. fii. et Wils., but larger, less

densely branched, leaves acute, and peristome more developed.

90 MIt. W. MITTEN ON THE MOSSES OF

XIII. Leskeace^.
1. Hedwiqia, JEhrJi.

H. ciliata, Ehrh. (Pilotrichum, Cryphaea, Dichotomaria, microcyatheum,

C. Muller, Bot. Zeit. 1851, p. 564.)
Hob. Tasmania, on rocks, O'Farrell's Hill, Mr. Archer. Near Laun-

ceston, Mossman, No. 830.

There appears to be no appreciable difference between these and
European specimens.

H. imberbis. Spruce.

Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, on rocks, Mr. Archer.

H. Humboldti, Hook.

Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

2. Ceyph^a, Brid.

C. Tasmanica (Mitten). Monoica, ramis elongatis inferne saepe denu-
datis superne ramulis brevibus ut plurimum fertihbus dense approxi-
matis, foliis patentibus orbiculari-ovatis acutis nervo sub summo apice
evanido margine e medio ad apicem minutissime sed dense serrulato
nullibi recurvo cellulis minutis ovoideis ad basin angustis elongatis,
perichsetialibus e basi ovali subulatis thecam ovatam longe superanti-
bus, operculo convexo acuto, peristomio interno processibus angustis
dentium longitudine in membrana brevissima annulo duplici.

Hab. Tasmania, on rocks, Jackey*s Plain Creek, Mr. Archer.

More robust than C. dilatata or C. Mulleri, the margins of its leaves

not recurved below, and the perichsetial leaves more subulate, but of the

same habit and colour.

C. CRENULATA {Mitten). Monoica, ramis pinnatis, foliis late-ovalibus
acutis obtusisve concavis nervo paulo ultra medium evanido margine
apice crenulato inferne recurvo cellulis minutis ovoideis basi elongatis,
perichsetialibus convolutis thecam paululo superantibus acuminatis
apicibus erosis, theca ovali, operculo conico acuminate.
Hab. Victoria, Tarwin, Br. F. Mueller, No. 107.

Habit of the branches more nearly that of C. patens, but closely allied
to C. dilatata, and, like it, probably a riparial species ; from this, how-
ever, it differs in the shorter nerve of the leaves, more robust habit, and
more shortly acuminated perichsetial leaves.

3. Teachypus, Schw,

T. HoRNSCHUCHii {Mitten). Caule repente, ramis longissimis pendulis
flexuosis subpinnatim ramosis, foliis e basi cordata caulem amplexante
marginibus minute crenulatis ovatis brevi-apiculatis integerrimis nervo
apicem versus evanescente carinatis bistriatis e cellulis minutissimis
subopacis margine pellucidioribus rotundatis areolatis, perichajtialibus
ovato-lanceolatis, theca in pcdunculo brevi basi paraphysibus louge

NEW ZEALAND, TASMANIA, ETC. 91

exsertis ovali, operculo subulato longi-rostrato peristomio T. nigres'

centis.
Meteoriura cuspidiferum, Tayl. MSS. ; Hook. fil. et Wils. in Fl. New

Zealand, p. 101. Pilotrichuin nigrescens, Hsch. in Muse. Sieber.
Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer. New Zealand, Messrs. Knight,

Kerr, Jupp, Stephenson, Colenso, and Dr. Lyall. Found also in

Australia, New Holland, Sieber, and the Pacific Islands.

The original Neckera cuspidifera, Taylor, MSS,, is an East Indian
species, which, although very nearly resembling the present species, has
its leaves narrowed from a subquadrate base, and the narrowed portion
obtusely sharpened, forming a wide point ; the whole plant is also much
more rigid. The capsules resemble those of T. nigrescens, with which
also the peristome, so far as has yet been observed, appears to corre-
spond ; but the form of the leaves is very different, and the whole moss
generally more robust.

T. CERINUS {Mitten). T. Hornschuchii similis sed robustior, ramis ra-
mulis copiosioribus pinnatis foliis ambitu ovatis basi cordatis alis
amplexantibus serrulatis deinde sensim apicem versus angustatis apice
brevi-acuminatis nervo sub apice evanido vix carinatis baud plicatis
margine medio sinuato recurvo integerrimo cellulis ad marginem pal-
lidioribus elongatis caeteris abbreviatis obscuris inferioribus pallidi-
oribus.
Neckera cerina et N. luteola, Taylor MSS. in Herb. Greville. Meteo-
rium cuspidiferum, ex parte. Hook. fil. et Wils. in Fl. New Zealand,
p. 101.
Hab. Tasmania, on trees in creeks, Mr. Archer. Australia, Mr, BidwiU
and Dr. F. Mueller. Also in New Zealand.

More robust than T. Hornschuchii, but with the same habit and pale-
green or yellowish colour. The leaves have their nerve narrower and
thinner, and the cells for several series at the margin are paler and
elongated ', by this particular, and the sinuation of the leaf about the
middle, the species is easily distinguished from the preceding.

T. flexicaulis. (Pilotrichum, Tayl. MSS. Meteorium flexicaule, ^ook.

fil, et Wils. in Fl. New Zealand, p. 101. Pilotrichum croceum, Hampe ?

in Linncea, 1852.)
Hib. Tasmania, Mr. Archer. Found also in New Zealand and in S.

America on Cinchona lancifolia.

It is not possible to determine if M. Hampe's name belongs to
this or to one of the other Tasmanian species, the description being
insufficient.

4. Leskea, Hedw.

L. hispida. (Hypnum, Hook. fil. et Wils.)

Hab. Tasmania, bank by a waterfall, fossiliferous limestone, Cheshunt,
Mr. Archer.

92 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE MOSSES OF

L. UMBROSA {Mitten). Dioica, caule procuinhente breviusculo vage
ramoso, foliis patentibus subsecundis siccitate vix mutatis e basi
paululum latiore subovata angustatis ligulari-lanceolatis apice acu-
minatis apiculo longiusculo nervo crassiusculo in apiculo evanido
margine superne minute serrulato, cellulis minutis subobscuris dia-
metro circiter jgVo unciae metientibus, perichaetialibus e basi latissime
ovata subulato-attenuatis nervo percurrente marginibus utrinque uni-
bi-dentatis caeterum integerrimis, theca in pedunculo sub-semiunciali
rubro ovali horizontali, peristomio normali.

Hab. New Zealand, Kerr.

Stems about one inch long, with a few irregular branches. At first

sight it might readily be passed over as a small or young state of

L. hispida, which it very nearly resembles in habit and colour, but its

leaves are of a very different form.

L. FULVASTRA (Mitten). L. delicatulm habitu statura colore ramifica-
tioneque simillima, foliis caulinis patenti-recurvis e basi late hastato-
ovata acuminatis planiusculis tenuiter biplicatis nervo concolori
excurrente margine hie illic crenulato vix serrulato basin versus
recurvo, cellulis distinctis limitibus latiusculis rameis late cordatis
acuminatis concavis subserrulatis ramulinis ovatis acutis laxe imbri-
catis serrulatis nervo sub apice evanido dorso breviter papillosis,
pericheetialibus erectis ovatis acumine lanceolate recurvo nervo tenui
percurrente margine superne fills elongatis ciliato, theca in pedunculo
elongato rubro cylindrica curvata inclinata, operculo subulato-rostrato,
peristomio normali interno, ciliis tribus inter processus positis.

Hypnum furfurosum, Hook.Jil. et Wils. ex parte.

Hab. New Zealand, Col. Bolton, Kerr, Knight, Milne, Dr. F. Mueller.
Also in Tristan d'Acunha, Milne.

L. L^viuscuLA (Mitten). Dioica, L. tamariscince simillima, caule
foliolis brevibus dense vestito, foliis ejusdem latitudinis subajquilateri-
triangularibus nervo crasso concolori in acumen angustum elongatum
flexuosum excurrente marginibus inferne recurvis integerrimis cellulis
minutis subobscuris Iseviusculis rameis basi ovatis acuminatis obtu-
siusculis concavis ramulinisque ovato-oblongis compressis obtusis
obscuris subintegerrimis minutissime papillosis sublaevibus, peri-
chaetialibus erectis pallidis ovato-lanceolatis in acumen elongatum
flexuosum subserrulatum attenuatis margine apicem versus partis
latioris ciliato, theca in pedunculo elongato rubro cylindrica arcuata
horizontali, peristomio normali.

Hab. New Zealand, near Wellington, Stephenson. Milford Sound,
Dr. Lyall; and elsewhere, Kerr. Forests, Wairoa River, Kaipara,
Mossman, No. 742. Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.
Size, habit, and colour of L. tamariscina, but with leaves more nearly

resembUng those of L. cymbifolia (Ilypnuni, Dzy. et Molk.), having the

nerve excurrent into a long flexuose slender point, and scarcely anywhere

KEW ZEALAND, TASMAKTA, ETC. 93

serrulate or papillose. The cauline and rameal leaves with longer points,
the margins of the former scarcely serrulate ; and the ciliated perichsetial
leaves suffice to distinguish this from the L. delicatula of the Northern
hemisphere.

L. hastata. (Hypnum, C. Muller.)

Hab. Tasmania, on stones by rivulets, Ovens Creek, and Cumming's
Head, Western Mountains, Mr. Archer.

5. Ehacopilum, JSrid.

R. strumiferum, C. Muller, Bot. Zeit. 1851, p. 563. (R. australe, Hook.

fil. et Wils. in Fl. New Zealand.)
Hab, Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

R. cristatum. Hook. fil. et Wils. in FL New Zealand.
Hab. Tasmania, Mr. Archer.

R. L^TUM (Mitten). Dioicum? statura R. spectabile aemulans, laete
luteo-viride, foliis ventralibus elliptico-ovatis acutis basi paululura
asymmetricis dorsalibus ovatis sensira acutis nervis concoloribus in
mucrones setiformes excurrentibus marginibus minute subserrulatis,
cellulis ovoideis rotundatisque intermixtis distinctis Isevibus pellucidis,
perichaetialibus erectis ovatis acuminatis, paraphysibus brevibus in-
clusis, theca in pedunculo elongato trigono rubro cylindracea arcuata
plicata subhorizontali ore obliquo basi strumuloso, operculo subulato-
rostrato, peristomio normali ?, calyptra parce pilosa.

Hab. New Zealand, Mr. Kerr and Br. Sinclair.

Intermediate in size between jR. toraentosum and U. spectabile, but

approaching nearest to the latter ; leaves thin and less rigid than in the

other New Zealand species.

XIV. Mniaoeje.

1. FissiDENS, Hedw.
F. adiantoides, Hedw.

Hab. Tasmania, small island at the foot of Top Paddock, Woolmers,
Mr. Archer. Sterile.

F. rigidulus. Hook. fil. et Wils.

Hab. Tasmania, Tent Rivulet, Cheshunt, on rocks, Stackhouse Falls,
Mr. Archer.

F. tenellus. Hook. fil. et Wils.

Hab. Tasmania, Sandstone Hill, Mr. Archer.

F. Taylori, C. Muller. (F. pygraaeus, Taylor.)

Hab. Tasmania, on the earth, in copses, forests, &c., Cheshunt, Mr.
Archer.

F. pallidus. Hook. fil. et Wils. Fl. New Zealand, t. 83. f. 7-
Hab. Tasmania, Cataract Hill, Mr. Archer.

94 MR. W. MITTET^^ ON THE MOSSES Or

F. iNTBGERRiMUS {Mitten). Dioicus? caule humili caespitoso ramoso,
foliis plurijiigis in frondem linearem approximatis patentibus lineari-
liinceolatis apice obtusiusculis nervo concolori sub apice evanido
lamina vera apice ad medium producto insequali uno latere rotundato
dorsali basi sensim angustato, omnibus laminis immarginatis integer-
rimis eellulis diametro circiter yoVo uneiae metientibus limitibus crassi-
usculis, perichajtialibus conformibus, theca in peduneulo brevi apicali
crassiusculo suberecta brevi ovali, operculo subulate brevioie.
Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

Half an inch high. Seta scarcely two lines long. In general appear-
ance nearly allied to F. pallidus, but its leaves are entire, the cells
smaller with thicker walls, male flowers absent. In the few specimens
yet seen, the plants are, above brownish yellow, below black.

2. Mniopsis, gen. nov.

Acrocarpica. Folia eellulis hexagonis areolata. Peristomium externum
dentibus 16 ; internum processibus alternantibus e membrana exsertis.
Calyptra mitriformis parva.

M. PLUMULA {Mitten). Dioica, gregaria, caulibus siraplicibus erectis
inferne foliis minutis remotis superne majoribus in caule fertili ho-
rizontaliter insertis patentibus ovatis comalibus perichaetialibusve
ligulatis obtusis, in caule sterili distichis verticalibus oblongo-ovatis
acutis obtusisve patentibus decurrentibus omnibus integerrimis nervo
sub apice evanido eellulis hexagonis limitibus crassiusculis, theca in
peduneulo bilineari gracili ovali cylindrica sequali, operculo subulato
recto, peristomio externo dentibus longissimis angustis rubris siccitate
incurvis cirrhatisque, interno processibus ciliiformibus brevibus in
membrana brevi exserta, flore masculo foemineo similis in caulium
apicibus parvo capituliformi, antheridiis minutis brevibus, paraphy-
sibus nullis.
Hab. Tasmania, below the quarry, Ovens Creek.

Stems from one-fourth to half an inch high, dull green, considerably
resembling some small species of Fissidens ; its affinity is, however, to
Schistostega, with which it agrees in the vertical insertion of the leaves
of its barren stems, but recedes in the presence of a rather stout nerve
and the regular hexagonal cells. In the structure of its peristome it
approaches to Aulacomnion. The calyptra is smaller in proportion than
that of Tetraphis or Tetrodontium.

3. Leptostomum, S. Brown.

L. inclinans, R. Brown. (L. flexipile, C. MilUer, Bot. Zeit. 1851, p. 547.)
Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

4. Aulacomnion, Schw.
A. Gaudichaudi. (Leptotheca, Schw.)

NEW ZEALAND, TASMANIA, ETC. 95

Hab. Tasmania, on rocks. The Falls, and Sandstone Hill, Mr. Archer.
Wellington Falls, Mount Wellington, Mossman.

5. Htmenodon, HooJc.fil. et Wils.
H. pilifer, eorund.
Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer,

6. ElIIZOGONIUM, J5Wc?.

R. distiehum, Brid. (R. Miilleri, Hampe in Plantce Muelleriance !)
Hab. Tasmania, on stones by rivulets. Smith's Creek, Mr. Archer.
Mount Wellington, Mossman.

R. Novse-Hollandiae, Brid.

Hab. Tasmania, on dead trees. Western Creeks and West-end Rivulet,
Mr. Archer. Mount Wellington, Mossman, No. 7b^.

R. Hookeri, C. Miiller. (R. Mossmanianum, ejusd. Bot. Zeit. 1851,

p. 547.)
Hab. Tasmania, on rocks, Elliott Rivulet and elsewhere, Mr. Archer.

There appears to be no real difference between these two reputed
species ; the difference in aspect probably arises from locality. Other
and larger specimens than Mossman's have been received from New
Zealand.

R. spiniforme, Brid.

Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer. Mount Wellington, Mossman,
No. 753 part.

7. Daltonia, Hook, et Tayl.

D. Nov^-Zelandi^ {Mitten). Monoica, D. splachnoidi simillima,
foliis elliptico-lanceolatis acuminatis, nervo sub apice evanido pro-
funde earinatis alis convexis marginibus recurvis cellulis ovoideis basi
paululum longioribus apice minoribus margine tenui inconspicuo,
perichsetialibus parvis ovatis, theca in pedunculo superne subscabro
globoso-ovali inclinata, operculo subulato, calyptra laevi, fimbriis ad
thecae medium descendentibus.

Hab. New Zealand, ravines near Wellington, Stephenson.

Stems, in the very small quantity of this species yet seen, half an

inch high ; in other respects similar in appearance to D. splachnoides ;

but the upper part of the leaf wider, not gradually narrowed, but rather

abruptly acuminated, with shortened cells and the margin recurved.

8. Mniadelphus, C. Miiller.
M. microcarpus. (Hookeria, Hook.)

Hab. Tasmania, rivulets, Ovens Creek, Cheshunt, and Tent Creek,
Mr. Archer.

M. pulchellus. (Hookeria, Hook.fil. et Wils.)

Hab. Tasmania, on rocks, rivulet near Ouraming's Head, Western
Mountains, Mr. Archer.

96 MB. W. MITTEN ON THE MOSSES OF

M. crispulus. (Hookeria, Hook.Jil. et Wils.)

Hah. Tasmania, rivulet behind the Sawpit, Smith's Creek, Mr. Archer.

9. Pteeygophtllum, Brid.

P. nigellum, Hook.Jil. et Wils.

Hah. Tasmania, rocks in rivulets and creeks, Mr. Archer.

P. OBSCURUM {Mitten). Caule bi- tri-pollicari latitudine cum foliis
fere trilineari parce ramoso, foliis disticho-compressis lateralibus pa-
tentibus late elliptico-spathulatis angulo apicali obtuso basi angus-
tatis intermediis patentibus dimidio brevioribus subtrapezoideis ob-
tusis duobus cauli parallelis mediis dorsalibus et ventralibus ere(!tis ap-
pressis late obovatis apice rotundatis omnibus foliorura nervo ad me-
dium brevi-furcato evanido marginibus superioribus crenulato-serratis
cellulis partis superioris circiter -^^-^ uncise diametro raetientibus.
Hah. Tasmania, Clieshunt, Mr. Archer.

Whole plant obscure blackish green. AUied to P. denticulatum and
P. nigellum, but with its lateral leaves very much narrowed towards the
base, and these, as well as the intermedial and medial, of a different
form. The species of this genus, from neglect in the descriptions of
the very different forms of their leaves in the several series, are hardly
intelligible.

XV. Htpopteetgiaceje.

1. Ctathophoeum, Brid.

C. bulbosum. (Anoectangium, Hedw.)
Hah. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

2. Hypopterygiitm, Brid.

H. Novae-Zelandise, C. Muller, Bot. Zeit. 1851, p. 562. (H. Smithi-

anum, Hook.Jil. et Wils. in Fl. New Zealand.)
Hab. Tasmania, on Uving trees. Western Creek, and by rivulets,

Mr. Archer.

H. Struthiopteris, Brid. (Lopidium pallens, Hook.Jil. et Wils. in Fl.

New Zealand.)
Hah. Tasmania, in creeks, Mr. Archer.

XVI. Buxbaumiace^.

1. BUXBAUMIA, Hall.

B. Tasmanica (Mitten), B. indusiatce simillima, foUis parvis cihatis,
pedunculo nitido subscabro, theca suberecta ovata superficie supe-
riore planiuscula immarginata inferiore convexa, operculo conico.

Hah. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

JVEW ZEALAND, TASMANIA, ETC. 97

Closely resembling jB. indusiata, but differing in its nearly smooth
shining seta. Peristome apparently composed of smooth bladdery cells,
scarcely free from the internal membrane. All the capsules yet seen,
although fully formed, are too immature to show the perfectly developed
peristome, or whether the external capsular wall rolls off as in B. indu-
siata.

XVII. POLTTRICHACEJB.

1. Ateichum, Beauv.

A. ligulatum. Mitten.

Hab. Tasmania, Mr. Archer.

This is probably the Catharinea 'Mulleri, C. Miiller et Hampe, but it
has not yet been compared with their description.

2. PsiLOPiLUM, Brid.

P. crispulum, Uook.fil et Wils. Fl. New Zealand, pi. 87. f. 3,
Hab. Tasmania, Western Mountains, Mr. Archer.

P. australe, Hooh.fil. et Wils. I. c.

Hab. Tasmania, on stones and on the earth, rivulet behind Cumming's
Head, Western Mountains, Mr. Archer.

3. PoaoNATrM, ^W^.
P. alpinum, L.

Hab. Tasmania, The Falls, and rivulet behind Cumming's Head, West-
em Mountains, Mr. Archer.

4. POLTTEICHADBLPHtrS, G. Miiller.

p. Magellanicu s (I/., emend.). Caule subsimplici vel fastigiatim ramo-
sissimo, foliis siccitate appressis incurvis subsecundisve humidis e basi
erecta convoluta subquadrata cellulis elongatis pellucidis superne in
minutas incrassatas subito transeuntibus patentibus angustatis brevi-
lineari-lanceolatis apice crassiusculo acutis lamellis obtectis margine
in parte lanceolata dentatis dorso sublsevibus, perichaetialibus caulinis
similibus vaginula pilosa, theca in pedunculo elongate inclinata hori-
zontalive ovata bi-angulato superne piano subconcavo inferne con-
vexo, operculo subulato, calyptra apice setulosa basi nuda vel pilis
paucis vestita {Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 20. fig. 1. tantum ! ; Hook. jil. et
Wils. Crypt. Antarct. pi. 59. t. 3).

Catharinea (Polytrichadelphus) innovans, C. Miiller, Bot. Zeit. 1851,
p. 548.

Hab. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer. Mount Wellington, Mossman,
No. 752 ; intermixed with Polytrichum juniperinum. Found also in
New Zealand, Fuegia, and Campbell's Island.
LINN. PKOC. — BOTANY. H

98 MR. W. MITTEN OK THE MOSSES OF

Great confusion exists amongst the species of this group, whose cap-
sules are inclined, bi- angular, plane or concave above and convex below,
like those of Lyellia and Buxhaumia. The figure in " Hedwig Sp.
Muse.*' fairly represents this moss, so far as relates to the entire plant ;
in the figure in " Crypt. Antarct." the capsules are not depicted with the
two angles, and the outline of the leaf is not quite correct. M. C.
Miiller describes the capsule as " irregulariter 4-5 angulata," but Moss-
man's specimens are precisely like those from New Zealand and Fuegia.
Bridel and Miiller describe the perichaetial leaves as cordate, but these
appear to be not different in form from the cauline.

P. CROCEUS {Mitten). Habitu staturaque P. Magellanici, caule sub-
simplici foliis siccitate erectis appressis humidis e basi erecta convoluta
oblongo-ovata inferne cellulis elongatis teneris pallidis superne in
maculam obcordatam basin fere dimidiam occupante intense croceo
tinctis inde subito in minutas depressas incrassatas pallide fuscas trans-
euntibus angustatis lanceolatis erecto-patentibus apice crassiusculo
acutis lamellis obtectis margine superne dorsoque apice dentatis, peri-
chsetialibus basi longiore tenerioreque convolutis parte angustata
breviore vaginula fills fuscis emergentibus pilosa, theca in pedunculo
elongato inclinata oblonga bi-angulata piano convexo, operculo ros-
trato, calyptra glabra.

Hah. Brazil, common on clayey banks, Gardner, no. 12.

Leaves, when dry, more erect and appressed, and gradually narrowed

from an ovate base in which the saffron-coloured spot appears to be

uniformly present.

P. HORRIDUS {Mitten). Habitu formis communibus P.formosi, caule
simplici, foliis rigidis siccitate vix mutatis e basi subovata erecta,
convoluta, cellulis elongatis angustis subpellucidis subito superne in
parvas depressas transeuntibus angustatis divaricatis lanceolatis apice
sensim angustatis acutis lamellis obtectis marginibus e basi partis an-
gustatae dentatis erectis dorso apice parce subindistincte dentato, peri-
ehsetialibus caulinis conformibus paululo angustioribus, theca in
pedunculo elongato oblonga horizontali bi-angulata plano-convexa.
P. Magellanicum, Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. xx. fig. 2.

Hab. Hermite Island, Cape Horn, Dr. J. D. Hooker. Sandy Point,
Magellan, Lechler, 1163. Falkland Islands, Dr. J. D. Hooker and
Lechler, 97.

Young leaves glaucous green, the older and nearly the whole plants
feiTuginous, stiff, and scarcely at all altered by drying, gradually narrowed
at the apex into a bristly point, not obtusish as in P. Magellanicus, nor
so abruptly narrowed from the dilated base, but gradually narrowed from
a base of a subovate form. Hedwig's fig. 2, I. c. excellently represents
the leaves of this species; but the figure of the whole plant (fig. 1) is
very different, and equally well depicts the species here understood as
P. Magellanicus ; and as both inhabit the same region, it may not be

NEW ZEALAND, TASMANIA, ETC. 99

improbable that the original specimens were intermixed. As to the
remark in * Fl. New Zealand ' that P. giganteum and P. longisetum may
be forms of P. M.agellanicum, with equal justice might all the tetragonal
capsuled Polytricha be referred to P. commune,

5. POLTTRIOHUM, L.
P. juniperinum, Hedw.
Hah. Tasmania, Elliott Rivulet, Mr. Archer ; and elsewhere, Mossman.

P. commune, L.

Hah. Tasmania, Cheshunt, Mr. Archer.

XYIII. Sphagnace^.

1. Sphagnum, Bill.

S. cymbifolium, Dill.

Hab. Tasmania, Mr. Archer.

S. Novo-Zelandicum {Mitten). S. cymbifolio simile, caule strato
unico cellularum inanarium corticato foliis obovatis lingulatis apice
obtusis denticulatis marginatis basi brevi-calcaratis spatiis basi paucis
inanibus cseteris repletis, ramis cellulis corticalibus inanibus foliis
ovatis acuminatis apice truncatis denticulatis e serie triplici cellularum
marginatis spatiis latiusculis fibrillis repletis poris singulis binis tri-
nisve involucrantibus latissime ovalibus obtusis apice denticulatis
structura rameis conformibus, theca S. cymbifolii.

Hab. New Zealand, Kerr and Knight.
Nearly allied to S. cymbifolium, and with some resemblance to S. con-

tortum, but its branches not so curved, its leaves of a different form,

all margined, spaces wider, and pores few in number.

S. CONFERTUM {Mitten). Habitu S. compacti, ramuHs dense confertis
breviusculis, caule cortice e serie cellularum triplici formato serie ex-
terno fibris repleto, foliis oblongis apice rotundatis suberosulis spatiis
intercellularibus superioribus fibris repletis inferioribus inanibus mar-
gine nuUo, ramulis cortice cellulis inanibus foliis ovatis concavis
obtusis apice truncatis denticulatis margine serie unico cellularum
angustissimarum superne minutissime serrulato spatiis latiusculis fibris
spiris approximatis repletis, poris singulis.

Hab. Tasmania; Western Mountains, rivulet behind Cumming's Head,
Mr. Archer.
Appearance and habit similar to S. subsecundum, but the cortical cells

disposed in a triple series.

S. MOLLicuLUM {Mitten). S. plumoso simile, caule cortice ex strato
unico cellularum efformato, foliis sub-elliptico-ovalibus basi brevissime
calcaratis apice rotundatis subtruncatis minute denticulatis spatiis
intercellularibus utplurimum repletis margine e serie triplici cellula-
rum angustissimarum composito, ramulis flaccidis cortice cellulis
inanibus foliis ovatis acuminatis marginibus superne incurvis apice

100 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE MOSSES OE NEW ZEALAND, ETC.

cucuUato-concavis rotundatis argute denticulatis marginibus ut in
caulinis spatiis angustis elongatis spiris repletis, poris nuUis.
Hob. Tasmania; Little Bridge's-head Creek, Mr. Archer.

Habit intermediate between S. acutifolium and S. plumosum, but ap-
proaching more nearly to the latter.

S. ANTARCTicuM (Mitten). S. cymbifolio simile, caule cortice e stratis
tribus cellularum inanium tecto, foliis ohlongis apice rotundatis,
margine nullo, spatiis intercellularibus latiusculis utplurimum fibris
repletis, ramulis patentibus, cortice cellulis inanibus, foliis late sub-
orbiculari-ovatis acuminatis inferne erectis superne patentibus apice
truncatis denticulatis margine angusto ex unico serie cellularum com-
posito spatiis latiusculis longitudine in folii medio latitudinem sex-
tuplo superantibus fibris spiris approximatis repletis, poris parvis sin-
gulis-quinisve, ramulis pendulis, foliis appressis ovatis integerrimis
spatiis quatuor, sex-poriferis.
S, compactum, var. Hooh.fil. et Wils. Crypt. Antarct. p. 122.
Hab. Campbell's Island. Dr. J. D. Hooker.

Rather more rigid than S. cymbifolium, but closely resembling it in size
and appearance, differing, however, in the empty cortical cells of the stems
and the margined leaves of the rarauli. From S. compactum it differs in
the triple series of the cortical cells as well as in the form of the leaves.

S. AUSTRALE [Mitten). S. cymbifolio simile, caule seriebus circiter
quinis cellularum corticato, foliis brevi-oblongis obtusis margine apicis
incurvo erosulo basi calcaratis immarginatis spatiis intercellularibus
inanibus, ramulis copiosis patenti-recurvis, cortice cellulis inanibus,
foliis imbricatis ovatis apice latiusculis obtusis margine ex uno serie
cellularum angustissimarum apicem versus remote minuteque serru-
lato, spatiis latis longitudine in folii medio latitudinem quadruplo
superantibus fibris spiris approximatis repletis, poris parvis singulis
quinisve, ramulis pendulis, foliis appressis ovato-lanceolatis obtusis,
spatiis majoribus, poris circiter quinis.
S. compactum Tar. ovatum, HooTc.fil. et Wils. FL Antarct. p. 122.
Hab. The Snugg, Huon, Mr. Oldfield ; and in Campbell's Island, Dr. J.
D. Hooker.

Very similar to S. cymbifolium and to S. antarcticum, but in structure
allied only to the latter, from which it recedes in the form of its branch
leaves. S. compactum is immediately distinguished from these species
by its cortex being composed of a single series of ceils.

S. cymbifolioides, C. Mutter, Bot. Zeit. 1851, p. 546.
Hab. Cheshunt, Tasmania, Mr. Archer.

The description above quoted, according to Mossman's specimens, is
incorrect, for the cauline leaves have a margin of three rows of narrow
cells. In this species the cortical cells are in a single stratum, and the
leaves of the ramuli have the intercellular spaces with a pore between
every turn of the spiral fibre.

ON THE GROWTH, ETC., OE SOME MARTXE ALGiE. 101

Observations on the Growth and Time of Appearance of some of
the Marine Algae, &c. By J. Cocks, Esq., M.D., Honorary-
Member of the Dublin jS'atural History Society. Commu-
nicated by Egbert Hudson, Esq., E.E.S., E.L.S.

[Read March 3rd, 1859.]

In the course of conversation, when I was favoured last autumn
with a call from Dr. Hooker accompanied by Dr. Harvey, of
Trinity College, Dublin, I made some remarks on the growth and
time of appearance of several species of the marine Algae, to which
these gentlemen thought I ought to give publicity. I have therefore
much pleasure in availing myself of the present opportunity to
contribute some additional facts to the rather limited knowledge
we at present possess of a branch of natural history which, for
some years past, has excited an unusual degree of interest. And,
upon the threshold of this paper, I will observe that whoever adven-
tures upon this branch of natural history with a view to follow
it out to its remote conclusions, must necessarily become a practical
collector.

In the course of this occupation he will observe many interest-
ing facts, connected with the varied objects to which his atten-
tion will be especially directed, and the elucidation of which will
require close and philosophical consideration.

I trust I may, without presumption, lay claim to an opinion on
the subject, derivable from an experience of fifteen years, during
which period I have almost exclusively devoted my time and
attention to its pursuit. I have not only carefully examined the
vicinity of Plymouth, so rich in marine Algae, but I have with
equal attention extended my researches for several miles both to
the eastward and westward of the same place.

In the year 1855 I commenced the publication of the ' Algarum
Fasciculi ;' and since that period my explorations of the harbour
and the coasts have been continuously and carefully repeated, over
and over again, because it became imperatively necessary that I
should provide myself with at least 700 specimens, including ten
diiferent species of Algae, every consecutive two months. In order
to accomplish this, it became necessary that I should traverse and
examine a large extent of the shores in the neighbourhood.

Whilst engaged in this laborious occupation, which nothing but
zeal born of love for the pursuit could have enabled me to carry
out at this advanced period of my life, my attention was forcibly
drawn, not only to the growth, but also to the period of the

LINN. PROC. — BOTANY. I

102 DH. COCKS ON THE GROWTH, ETC.,

reappearance of many species of marine plants ; I at length dis-
covered that in this respect a very remarkable difference exists
between these and land-plants.

For instance : — dating from the period when I first became a
collector, I ascertained that many of the plants which I originally
found growing in certain localities did not invariably reappear
under the same circumstances ; that is to say, they either dis-
appeared altogether, or remained in abeyance during the lapse of
a series of seasons ; whilst, in contrast, I found the same plants
growing in quite a new and different locality. I observed also
that there were a few species which I never found growing but in
the very spots where they were originally discovered ; for instance,
the " GriffitJisia secundijlora,'^ which was first found by my friend
the Rev. Mr. Hore growing near Bovisand in 1846, where I have
since been in the habit of taking it myself for many succeeding
years, occurs, I believe, in no other place in Great Britain.
I would also remark that, although I have visited this locality
at all periods throughout the year, with the exception of three
of the winter months, I have never yet found a single speci-
men of this plant in fruit ; but I am nevertheless inclined to
believe that, if specimens could be taken in December, January,
and Eebruary, they would be found to be in a state of fructifica-
tion. The impediments are, however, very great. The place in
which it grows is difficult of approach, even at the most favourable
times, and then only in a boat. Whenever the wind blows from
the south-west, or when the sea is rough, it is entirely unapproach-
able; and besides, on reaching the spot, it is invariably found
growing submerged to the depth of three or four feet at the lowest
spring- tides.

In the years 1844 and 1845, I was fortunate in collecting some
very large and beautiful plants of CallitJiamnion roseum — not
an uncommon species. Since that period I have not succeeded
in taking any so fine, and for the last three years I have not
been able to secure a single good specimen. It is, however,
rather remarkable that in the spring of last year (1858) a
curious variety of this plant, which I had never before seen, made
its appearance. It was found growing in singular abundance,
and in several different localities ; and although I examined many
hundreds of specimens, I did not succeed in finding a single one
in a state of fructification. In the year 1849 I found another
species belonging to the same genus, viz. a remarkably slender
variety of CallWhamnion pedicellatifm, growing in luxuriant abun-

OF SOME OF THE MAlll^E A.LOM. 103

dance near the ballast-pond at Torpoint, since which time this
variety of the plant has entirely disappeared.

In the same year, the Eev. Mr. Hore and myself found
several specimens of that very rare and curious plant, Carpo-
mitra Cdbrerce^ washed up on the shores of Mount Edgecumbe.
Singular to relate, an interval of sixteen years had elapsed, and
not a single specimen, save these, had been taken since the solitary
one that was found by Miss Ball on tbe south coast of Ireland ;
and as previously to that occurrence no other specimen had been
taken. Dr. Harvey has remarked, in his ' Phycologia Britannica,'
that " this interesting plant is not truly the growth of our own
shores, but has been wafted hither, as other European productions
sometimes are, by the influence of currents." This surmise, how-
ever, proved to be incorrect, as both Mr. Hore and myself, since
our first meeting with this plant, have on various occasions found
it washed up on the shore at Mount Edgecumbe, and also at Tor-
point. In the autumn, of the years 1856 and 1857, I succeeded
in dredging some very fine specimens, growing in seven fathoms
of water in Plymouth Sound.

In the month of October 1847, I picked up my first specimen
of that very rare and interesting plant, Stenogramme interrupta^
amongst rejectamenta on the shore of Bovisand, near Plymouth,
— a plant which had never before been taken in Great Britain, or
perhaps in Europe. In the year 1849, and at various periods
since, many other specimens have been found washed up on the
shore. Latterly, however, I have taken with the dredge fine spe-
cimens of this plant, all growing on stones in six or seven fathoms
of water. Some years after my first discovery of the Stenogramme,
it has been dredged by Mr. Isaac Carrol in Cork Harbour. Miss
Giffbrd has also found specimens washed on shore near Minehead
in Somersetshire; but those I have seen from that locality are
much broader in the fronds than those taken at Plymouth.

Gigartina pistillata, also a rare species, had not been found
in Great Britain since the year 1829, when in 1851 it was re-
discovered by my friend Mr. Gilbert Sanders, of Dublin, growing at
Whitsand Bay, near Plymouth. I have since, on various occasions,
secured other specimens of this plant, and always in the same
locality, but I do not think any of them were so fine as those
which were taken by Mr. Sanders.

"When out collecting with Dr. J. "W. Budd, of Plymouth, in the
month of June 1854, we found growing in an obscure place
amongst the rocks in Firestone Bay, Plymouth, which was only

l2

104 DR. COCKS ON THE GROWTH, ETC.,

approachable by a boat, a good many specimens of Chrysymenia
rosea, — a plant which had never before been taken in Devon or
Cornwall, a few only having been gathered by Mrs. Hayden and
Mrs. Grattey in the year 1850 at Filey, on the Yorkshire coast.
In the year following the one in which Dr. Budd and myself took
our specimens, we found others growing in the same place ; but
afterwards they entirely disappeared from that habitat, though
many other specimens have subsequently been found in several
different localities, and, amongst others, growing on the mooring-
buoys in the Sound.

Again, in the years 1850 and 1851 a considerable number of
specimens of that rather scarce plant, Ificrocladia glandulosa, were
washed up with other rejectamenta upon the beach under the
Plymouth citadel. These were all growing parasitically upon the
fronds of NitopJiyllum laceratum and Rhodymenia laciniata. Since
that time no other specimens have been taken in this neighbour-
hood, although the above-named plants on which they grew are
still found as abundantly as ever.

A still more singular occurrence remains to be noticed, viz. that
of a single specimen being found of a species for which, from the
first moment I became a collector until then, I had been dili-
gently seeking, and which had also been carefully sought for,
many years previously, by Mr. Hore, without success. I allude to
Codium Bursa, a single plant of which I discovered growing on one
of the raooring-buoys in Plymouth Harbour ; and although at the
same time and subsequently I have examined all the buoys in the
Sound as well as in the harbour, I have never found another.

How then are the irregularities in reference to the time of
appearance, as well as the disappearance of the plants I have before
alluded to, to be explained ? We know that the fructification of
the marine Algae takes place with regularity ; that is, the tetra-
spores when arrived at maturity burst, and the spores are libe-
rated, which are carried by currents to places where they attach
themselves to some substance, and in due time vegetate and pro-
duce perfect plants, similar to those from which they originated.
Such being the case, although many of the plants enumerated
in this paper have disappeared from their accustomed localities,
yet it appears very strange, and difficult to explain why, they
have not been found growing in other places, or washed on shore
with other rejectamenta.

These observations will, in part, tend to show, as I have before
remarked, that the growth and periods of the appearance and re-

OF SOME OF THE MARINE ALGiE. 105

appearance of marine plants are not so uniformly ordered as in the
instance of those plants that grow upon the land. They will also
compel us to admit the uncertainties that at present surround our
limited knowledge of the economy and growth of the marine Algae.

I have now to record a circumstance referring to the growth of
some of the coarser species of Algae, such as the Laminarice and
Fuci, the result of my own observation, which, if I may be allowed
to hazard an opinion, may partially account for the disappearance
of many of the filamentous species from their original habitats.

Eor the last three or four years I have observed in various places
on the shore a gradual advance tow^ards low- water mark, of the
common Fucus serratus and F. vesiculosus. On the other hand,
I have also observed that the Laminarics, whose growth is in deep
water, have been encroaching on the shore, and are now to be
found in much shallower depths. The growth of these plants from
two opposite positions towards one common neutral ground has
had the effect of leaving very little or no intermediate space for
the growth of other Algae, as it was in this space (namely, between
the tidal limits) that a great many of the filamentous Algae, as well
as many other species, were usually found growing. To my own
personal knowledge these facts are comparatively new ; and I am
not aware that a similar eccentricity of growth has been remarked
by naturalists in other portions of the English coast.

I trust, however, the knowledge of these peculiarities will sti-
mulate the zealous algologist to watch with greater care the
economy and growth of marine plants ; for it is only by a studious
observation of them, and an industrious exploration of their habitats,
that we can hope to establish an intimate acquaintance with this
very interesting branch of natural history.

In conclusion, the votaries of algology must always, by reason
of the force of circumstances, be divided into two classes ; for all
cannot live upon the sea-coast, nor can all pay periodical visits to
it. To those who can do so may be offered the privilege of con-
tributing to the species already known, by the discovery of some-
thing that is new. They will, by this means, not only add to the
gratification of those who are less happily circumstanced, but will
confer upon themselves the pleasure of acquiring fresh knowledge
from a new page in the great volume of Creation.

106 DR. HOOKEE A^D D». THOMSON'S PBiECURSORES

Praecursores ad Floram Indicam. — Balsaminese. By J. D. Hooker,
M.D., F.E.S., L.S. &c. and T. Thomson, M.D., F.E.S., L.S. &c.

[Read June 16th, 1859.]

This Order, as is well known, attains its maximum development
in India, and it there presents a vast assemblage of forms, all but
one of which strictly belong to the genus Impatiens.

It is often the case that when a genus is in a striking degree
local, its species are to a considerable extent well marked and
easily defined : such, however, is not the case with Impatiens ; for
it would be difficult to indicate another genus in the vegetable
kingdom, presenting amongst its species so many and such different
modifications of structure, and of which the species are so univer-
sally and so excessively prone to vary.

We commenced the study of the genus several years ago, with
nearly 100 species, fully 2000 good specimens, from all parts of
India, and engravings or original coloured drawings, with analyses,
of upwards of fifty. On surveying these materials for the first
time, we were struck no less with the prominence of the natural
groups into which most of the species appeared to arrange them-
selves, than with the marked contrasts in the form and colour of
the floral organs of many of the species ; and the accessibility and
apparent feasibility of these characters were so obvious, that we
congratulated ourselves on the prospect of making natural and
well-defined groups of the majority of the species at any rate. A
little further examination of these seemingly objective groups
sufficed to dispel the illusion; and after three different earnest
attempts to master the genus, at intervals of several years, and
with the aid of many more specimens received since we commenced
the task, we have now just risen from what must be for the present
the final effort, with a feeling of great dissatisfaction with the
results obtained, whether as to grouping or limiting the species.

There are only two obvious and well-limited divisions of Impa-
tiens : — 1. The ScapigercB, with tuberous perennial rhizomes (appa-
rent roots), from which all the leaves immediately spring, and
long scapes with short terminal racemes of flowers ; and 2. The
Caulescentes. Were both these divisions comprehensive, the
facility of recognizing them would have materially aided the
systematic study of the species ; but it is not so : the acaulescent
consists of five (or perhaps but three good) species, and is so
singularly confined in geographical area (the western peninsular

AD TLORAM INDICAM (baLSAMINE^). 107

mountains and Ceylon), that practically it is of little aid in
assisting either the student or the systematist.

The caulescent group presents a number of inosculating sub-
divisions, of which we have adopted six, founded primarily on the
habit and foliation of the species. This has often obliged us to
separate plants that are very closely related indeed, and even more
often to refer species of more dubious affinity to one or other
group in an arbitrary manner. As it is, we have chosen what we
take to be the lesser evil, and only after vainly attempting to
group the species better by various combinations of the following
important structural peculiarities : —

1. The seeds, which are numerous or few, with the testa polished,
granulate, reticulate, pustulate, or almost villous. These afford
excellent characters, but often not available in herbarium speci-
mens ; and similar seeds sometimes occur in plants of very different
habit and floral structure.

2. The capsules, short, broadly elliptic, acute at both ends ; or
narrow, terete, or club-shaped, also afford excellent characters.

3. The form of the two combined lateral petals (called by
Edgeworth and by us alee), which an inspection of the garden
Balsam, and of the Indian species in a living state, shows to be
extremely variable. In some these are long and pendulous, in
others they project horizontally and laterally ; the length of the
posticous lobes of each ala varies extremely, and even in the same
species (/. leptoceras and others), it may itself vary from almost
undivided to manifestly three-lobed. In I. tingens, Edgw., one lobe
is developed in aestivation within the spur.

4. The anticous petal (vexillum, Edgw.) may be erect or pro-
jecting, flat or arched, entire or bilobed, keeled, cristate, or even
spurred down the mesial line of the back, the spur sometimes ter-
minating in a clavate gland (J. racemosa, Y&r. poli/cer as). Grreat
variation of this dorsal appendage in one species is exemplified by
many.

5. The posticous or spurred sepal, called by us labellum (by
Edgeworth galea), undergoes very many modifications in the
genus, from a broad slightly concave lamina (J. scdbrida, tuber-
culata, &c.) to a funnel-shaped organ with a very long spur (J.
leptoceras and many others), a cornucopia (/. longicornu), a blunt
straight sac (Z. Walker cb, Jerdonice, &c.), or a sac with a longer or
shorter spur. This sepal is the most deceptive of all as affording "
characters : in I. longicornu it varies from a mere cone to a broad
deep sac with an abrupt spur ; in some of the section Oppositi-

108

follcc we suspect that it is spurred or niuticous in the same spe-
cies, though, in the present condition of synonymy, we have often
been obliged to accept such modifications as of specific value. The
spur itself may be straight or curved or spiral, ascending or de-
scending (according to the position of the flower), attenuate or
inflated, or clavate or saccate, being sometimes variable in these
respects in the same species.

6. The lateral sepals may be two or four, the two posticous alone
(those next the labellum) being invariably present and tolerably
constant in form ; the two anticous, first observed by Edge worth,
may be present or absent in the same species, and are often reduced
to papillae or glands. The apices of the sepals (as of the dorsal
spur of the vexillum) are often glandular. The relative size of the
sepals and petals offers too often a very fallacious character, de-
pending primarily on conditions of flowering.

7. The form of the flower may be flat — that is, with the laminae
of the vexillum, alae, and even of the labellum, all in the same
plane; or the whole flower may be concave, from the concavity and
prominence of the vexillum and labellum especially, which (as in
I. macrophylla) may greatly exceed the alae, and, appearing to con-
fine these, give them a vertical direction.

8. The colour of the flower is very variable in many of the
species ; yellow and purple are the prevailing colours, the former
passing through ochreous, &c., into a dull red, and the latter
through pink, &c., into white. In many, the flowers are spotted,
the yellow with various shades of red or purple, and the purple
with darker spots or blotches. In I. racemosa and its allies, the
yellow and pale purple are mixed, and we find the same species
with wholly yellow and with dirty purple flowers. For extreme
variation of colour in one species, we would cite /. longicornu and
leptoceras ; for intensity of colour, I. janthina and racemulosa.

9. The inflorescence is always lateral, though apparently terminal
in the ScajpigercE and in some of the Bacemoscd. The peduncle is
solitary in many, fascicled and axillary in most of the Lateriflorce.
The peduncles are 1-flowered in some, 2- or many-flowered
in others ; solitary in some, and fascicled in others. The species
with normally fascicled 1-flowered peduncles have sometimes the
fascicles reduced to one peduncle ; and the species with 2- or more-
flowered fascicled peduncles present sometimes 1-flowered fas-
cicled peduncles, or even solitary 1-flowered peduncles. This leads
to great confusion and an inosculation of some species (or indivi-
duals) in all the groups with alternate leaves, which we have been

AD TLOEAM IKDICAM (bALSAMINE^) . 109

unable to avoid. The position of the bracts must in all cases be
referred to in order to determine the real condition of the inflo-
rescence, though not necessarily to find the place of the plant in
our system ; for we are obliged to place a species with two 1-
flowered axillary peduncles, bracteate at the base, in a different
section from another with a solitary 2-flowered peduncle, bracteate
at the ramification, however closely allied they may be in every
other respect. A more awkward fact still, is that both these
modifications may occur in the same species, sometimes in the
same specimen.

An equally perplexing combination of discordant characters is
afforded by the ramification of the peduncle itself, the inflores-
cence being racemose, interruptedly so, whorled and corymbose,
or even umbellate through the reduction of the racemose or verti-
cillate inflorescence. Numerous examples of several of these
modifications in one species, or even specimen, may be found in
the groups SubverticillatcB, TTmhellatcB, and Bacemosce.

10. The foliation may be wholly basal (radical), as in the Sea-
pigerce ; wholly opposite, as in most of the OppositifolicB ; wholly
alternate, as in most of the JRacemoscp. \ wholly (or almost) ver-
ticillate or ternate, as in I. Griffithii and I. Gardneriana ; opposite
below and alternate above, as in I. amplexicaulis, I. latifolia, and
I, Thomsoni ; opposite below and ternately verticiUate above, as in
I. flavida ; verticiUate in the middle and opposite or alternate
above and below, as in I. trilohata, I. salicifolia, and sometimes in
I. latifolia. I. multiflora and I. trilohata are very puzzling species,
being sometimes opposite-leaved throughout the whole individual,
at others as constantly alternate, and others having some of the
leaves ternate. The base (in form — acute, rounded, or cordate) and
petiolation of the leaf are extremely variable in individual species ;
of the former we may instance I. repens and I. scapiflora ; of the
latter, I. insignis, I. leptoceraSj and many others.

For the most part the foliage is glabrous; it is sparsely hairy in
a good many, pubescent in a few, tomentose or hirsute in still fewer,
villous or glandular on the surface in none. The margin is often
serrate or duplicate-serrate, with gland-tipped lobules, and is armed
at the base and on the petiole with stipitate glands, which are
always very variable in number, position, and form in each species.
No species has stipules properly so called ; but many have large
glands, solitary or fascicled, sessile or stipitate, at the bases of the
petioles on the stem.

11. The stems of Balsams are annual or perennial ; or more often

110 DR. HOOKER AND DR. THOMSON'S PR^CURSORES

they have perennial rhizomes and annual branches ; a few are suf-
fruticose, having woody stems and annual branches. The axis
presents numerous modifications of habit, consistence, surface, and
extension. Some of the largest suffruticose species (J. Jurpia,
fruticosa, &c.) attain 5 feet in height — and perhaps much more —
resembling acanthaceous bushes in their half-shrubby character and
tumid nodes ; the scapigerous section has been already mentioned ;
another equally remarkable set of species, as regards their stems,
includes the succulent-jointed epiphytic peninsular species, I. Jer-
donice, viridijlora, &c.

The morphology of the flower of Impatiens has occupied the
attention of many observers, who have taken different views of the
real nature of the pieces of the perianth ; we coincide with the
view taken by Eoeper*, Edgeworthf, and Henfrey]:, and which
we have ourselves confirmed from numerous observations on the
living species. There are three independent methods of obtaining
proof of this view ; and they all appear to us to give the same
result : they are the following : — ■

1. Seeking amongst the species for those with the fullest comple-
ment of organs, and ascertaining the position and value of the
supernumerary ones. — The existence of species with four lateral
sepals was first indicated by Edgeworth, who has pointed out that
they are figured in the plate of I. glanduligera (J. Boylei, Walp.)
in Eoyle's ' Illustrations,' who, moreover, detected them in other
species, I. amplexicaulis, &c., and first discerned their significance.
We may add I. longipes, urticifolia, leptoceras, var. r), sulcata,
sahrida, and arguta as also having four sepals, but not constantly.

2. Comparison with a closely allied genus which presents a dif-
ferent modification of perianth, — as Hydroceras, which at once
explains Impatiens.

3. Examination of the relative positions, &c., of the parts in
single and double flowers, with one another and with the axis — the
course pursued by Mr. Henfrey.

All these methods lead to the same result, and appear to us to
prove that the flower of Impatiens consists of a calyx of three (or
more rarely five) sepals, of which the two supernumerary are
always smallest and next the axis ; the two next always green, and
small as compared with the petals and the odd one, or that away
from the axis, which is usually coloured and spurred. The corolla
consists of one erect, often bifid or emarginate petal next the axis,

* Linnsea, ix. 921. t Iauu. Trans, xx. 37.

X Linn. Joum. Bot.

AD ELORAM INDICAM (bALSAMINE^). Ill

and four others combined in pairs and irregular in form. To save
verbiage and periphrasis, we have, in the descriptions, called the
two small lateral sepals only the " sepals ;" the spurred one we call
" labellum," the petal next the axis " vexiUum," and the combined
lateral petals "alse."

The geographical distribution of the Balsams is on the whole
singularly circumscribed: with the exception of the very few Sibe-
rian and European species, none extend to the north or north-west
much beyond Kashmir ; one only is found in Affghanistan (J. Le-
manni). The species gradually increase in number, proceeding
south-eastwards from Kashmir to Khasia and the peninsula of
India, in about the following proportion : —

Kashmir, Kishtwar, and countries west of Sutlej ... 10

Sutlej to Nepal frontier 13

Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhotan 25

Khasia Mountains 21

Malay peninsula 8

"Western peninsula 41

Ceylon 18

Only three of the Indian species are found in other parts of
the world.

The distribution of the extra-Indian species is : —

Europe and Siberia 3

North America 2

Malay Islands, Philippines, and China 8 ?

Tropical Africa and Madagascar 8 ?

Extra-tropical South Africa 1

Numerous species will yet be detected in Madagascar and tro-
pical Africa, and probably others in Western China and Birma.
"With regard to the distribution of the groups, the Scapigerce are
wholly peninsular and Ceylonese ; the Oppositifolice almost ex-
clusively peninsular, the JJmhellatce, &c., chiefly so ; the Lateri-
floTCd and Bacemosce chiefly Himalayan and Khasian.

Again, of these countries the western peninsula presents the
most peculiar species, only one-eighth of its species being found
in other countries. The Himalaya ranks next in this point of
view, two-fifths of its species being found in other countries. The
Khasia mountain species, on the other hand, are chiefly Himalayan,
with a few peninsular, two-thirds of its species being found in other
countries. One-half the Malayan species are found in the western
peninsula, and two-ninths of the Ceylon.

112 DR. HOOKER AKD DR. THOMSON'S PR^CURSORES

"We add a key to the species, arranged under their countries,
but have little confidence in its proving a certain guide to
determining them systematically, — our object in this, as with the
other Prsecursores, being to bring together all the available matter
regarding each genus, rather than to present it in a completely
elaborated systematic form*.

CONSPECTUS SECTIONUM.

A. ScAPiGER^. JRMzoma breve, perenne. Folia omnia radicalia.

Scapus gracilis, apice racemifer. — {JBractecB patentes pedi-
cellis multo breviores, carnosulse. Fedicelli graciles. Sepala
latiuscula. Labellum saccatum v. calcaratum. Alee 2-3-lob8&.
Vexillum fomicatum. Capsula late elliptico-oblonga v. lan-
ceolata. Semina pustulata, minima.) (Sp. 1-5.)
A perfectly natural group, and readily recognized, confined to
the western peninsula and Ceylon.

B. Oppositifoli^. Annuae. Folia omnia opposita v. in paucis

alia opposita, alia ternatim verticillata. Fedicelli solitarii v.
fasciculati, uniflores, rarissime (in I. salicifolia) 2-flores. —
{Sepala angusta, labello plerisque concavo calcarato v. mutico,
rarissime saccato. Vexillum ssepius breve. Alee non caudatse.
(7<^5?^Zabrevis, medio turgida, utrinque attenuata, in I. Kleinii
solum subcylindrica et I. salicifolia clavata. Semina magna,
testa laevissima.) (Sp. 6-20.)
For the most part a very natural group. I. salicifolia is the
chief exception, its 2-flowered states being referable to D. Many
of the species are very doubtful, and the synonymy is confused,
the original specimens being in many cases bad, or badly named
in Herbaria. The I. pendula and Mysorensis, though alternate-
leaved, should naturally come into this group; and single-flowered,
opposite-leaved specimens of lej^topoda ?, radicans, and others of C
may be referred to it.

C. Stjbyerticillat^. Folia omnia subopposita, v. inferiora al-

terna, superiora opposita v. verticillata. Fedunculi l-oo -flores.
(Sp. 21-33.)
A very artificial group, divisible into those with one-, and those
with two- or more-flowered peduncles. Occasional specimens of

* Whilst these pages were passing through the press, a Number of the
'Madras Journal of Science' (Sept. 1858) has been announced, contahiing an
important paper by Lieut. Beddome on the Peninsular species, to which I
shall refer at the end of this monograph. — J. D. H., Kew, Nov. 10th, 1859.

AD FLOBAM INDICAM (sALSAMIIfEiE). 113

several having all the leaves opposite may be referred to B, and
others with them all alternate to D, E, F, and Gr. There are great
difficulties attending the discrimination of the allies of I. latifolia,
Roylei, and sulcata. I. Gougliii may be referred to Umiellata or
Lateriflorcd, or even to BacemoscB.

D. Unieloe-S). Folia omnia altema. Peduneuli 1-flori. (Sp. 34-

47.)
Another rather artificial assemblage, of which I suspect only
a few (J. Balsamina, scahriuscula) have invariably 1-flowered pe-
duncles, and of which the others, when 2-flowered, may be referred
to E. I. leptojpoda is probably a state of L latifolia, I. capillipes
is a curious species, very unlike the others.

E. LATEEirLORJE. FoUa omnia alterna, subdistantia, non omnia

approximata v. subverticillata. Pedunculi solitarii v. fascicu-

lati bracteolati, secus caulem elongatam plerumque axillares

(non axillis supremis tantum siti), patentes, 2-6-flores. Mores

racemosi, non umbellati. (Sp. 48-64.)

A very natural group, if confined to those species which, like

I. macrophylla, glanduUfera, serrata, scairida, &c., have elongated

stems and peduncles from axils of many of the rather distant leaves ;

but with regard to the others, several of them present specimens

which fall naturally into Gr, and others when 1-flowered would be

sought for in D, The group is divisible into several sections.

F. Umbellate et Capitat-S]. i<b?^<? omnia alterna, versus apicem

caulis conferta. Flores apices versus pedunculi elongati bre-
vissime racemosi v. umbellati v. corymbosi. — (Bractese pleris-
que conspicuse.) (Sp. 65-78.)
This group embraces certain closely allied peninsular species
with simple stems and very short, many-flowered inflorescence, of
which I. linearis and wnbellata are types ; but others are branched
and few-flowered, as I. grandis, campanulata, &c., and may be re-
ferred to E.

Gr. Eacemos^. Folia omnia alterna. Fedunculi plures, elongati,
multiflori, demum folio longiores. Flores racemosi, interdum
verticillati, v. fasciculati. (Sp. 80-95.)
A very natural group on the whole, the principal exceptions

being I. longicornu and I. urticifolia, some forms of which may be

referred to E ; I. Walkeri is closely allied to I. Jerdonicd ; J. cor-

nigera to certain species in E.

114 DR. HOOKEB AND DE. THOMSON'S PR^CUESORES

CONSPECTUS SPECIERUM. (* denotat species non endemicas.)

I. Malay AN J]:.

4 B 1. *I. chinensis (no. 6). Fol. oppos. subsessil. Fl. majusculi longe
calcarati.

2. *I. oppositifolia (no. 7)- Fol. oppos. brevi-petiol. angusta. Fl.

parvi breve calcarati.

3. I. circaeoides (no. 32). Fol. oppos. longe petiolata. Fl. parvi

breve calcarati.

4. I. Griffithii (no. 8). Fol. terna. Fl. majusc.

§ D 6. *I. Balsamina (no. 34). Fol. angusta, grosse serrata. Fl. longe cal-
carati.

6. *I. flaccida (no. 45). Fol. lata. Fl. longe calcarati.

7. I. capillipes (no. 49). Fol. angusta, crenata. Fl. brevi-calcarati.
§ F 8. I. Tavoyana (no. 79). Fol. petiolata, ovata. Fl. parvi.

II. Ceylon.

§ A 1. *I. acaulis (no. 3).

§ B 2. *I. oppositifolia (no. 7).

§ C 3. *I. latifolia, L. (no. 20).

§ D 4. *I. Balsamina (no. 34). Erecta. Fol. angust. Fl. longe calcarati.

5. I. repens (no. 38). Repens. Fol. long. pet. Fl. flavi brevi-calcar.

6. I. leptopoda (no. 39). Erecta. Fol. ampla. Fl. majuscul. pall.

Cole, gracile.

7. I. truncata (no. 40). Erecta. FoZ. membranacea. F/. parvi. Calc.

breve.

8. I. Hensloviana (no. 47). Erecta. Fol. ampl. pubesc. Fl. maximi

albi. Calc. longiss.

9. I. macrophylla (no. 37). Erecta. Fol. maxima. Fl. medioc. fas-

ciculati, alis exsertis. Calc. breve.

10. I. glandulifera (no. 36). Erecta. Fol. maxima. Fl. medioc. fas-

ciculati, alis minimis inclusis. Calc. breve.
§ F 11. I. janthina (no. &e>). Fol. 1-2. Fl. violacei.

12. I. linearis (no. 68). Fol. angust. FL pallidi. Calc. breviss.

13. I. appendiculata (no. 69). Simplex. FoZ. ovato-lanc. FZ. pallid.

Calc. breve.

14. I. leucantha, Thw. (no. (^1). Simplex. Fol. lanceol. Fl. alb.

Calc. conicum rectum.

15. I. subcordata (no. 71). Simplex. Fol. ovat.-lanc. Fl. alb.

Calc. gracile.

16. I. Hookeriana (no. 75). Fruticosa, ramosa. Fo?. oval. F/. magni.

Calc. magnum.
§ G 17. I. Walkeri (no. 84). Fl. rubri. Lahellum longe saccatura.

18. I. elongata (no. 85). Fl. rubri. Labellum gracile, calcaratum.

19. I. cornigera (no. 86). Fl. flavi. Labellum calcari mediocri

apice incurvo.

AD FLOKAM INDICAM (bALSAMINE.b). 115

III. Penii^sul^ Occidentalis (Malabab, <fec.).

§ A 1. I. scapiflora (no. 1). FoL glabra. Calc. mediocr. incurvum.

2. I. modesta (no. 2). Fol. pilosa. Calc. mediocr. incurvum.

3. *I. acaulis (no. 3). FoL orbicul. Calc. gracillimum.

4. I. rivalis (no. 4). Fol. ovat. -oblong. Calc. gracillimum.

5. I. Stocksii (no. 5). Fol. late ovat. Calc. 0.
§ B 6* I. Gardneriana (no. 9). Fol. terna.

7. I. inconspicua (no. 14). Fol. opposita. Fl. minuti, ecalcarati.

8. I. Lawii (no. 13). Fl. ampli, ecalcarati.

9. *I. chinensis (no. 6). Fol. stipulata, subsessilia. Fl. magni.

Calc. filiforme.

10. I. diversifolia (no. 12). Fol. exstipulata. Fl. mediocres. Calc.

filiforme. Cdps. brevis.

11. I. Kleinii (no. 15). F/. minimi, CaZc. filiforme. Ca/?s. linearis.

12. I. setosa (no. 16). Fl. magni. Calc. filiforme. Fol. stipul.

longe petiolata.

13. I. rufescens (no. 10). Calc. breve. Fl, mediocres, rubri, pubes-

centes.

14. I. Dalzellii (no. 18). Calc. breve. FL flavi, majusculi.

15. I. tenella (no. 17). Calc. breve. FL minimi.

16. I. tomentosa (no. 11). Ca?c. breve. F/. mediocr. pubesc.

17. *I. oppositifolia (no. 7). CoZc. breve. F/. majusc. glabri. Folia

stipulata.

Pedunculi l-Jlores.

§ C 18. *I. latifolia (no. 20). Herbacea. FoL suboppos. et verticillat.
Fl. ampli.

19. I. lucida (no. 21). Herbacea. Fol. opposit. membran. FL mi-

nor es.

20. I. Leschenaultii (no. 22). Robusta. FoL opposita, rigida.

Pedunculi 2-^-fiores.

21. I. verticillata (no. 31). Herbacea. FoL verticillat. Fl. majusc.

22. I. Goughii (no. 33). Debilis. FoL opposit. Fl. parvi.

§ D 23. *I. Balsamina (no. 34). Glabrata. Fol. angusta. Calc. gracile.

24. I. scabriuscula (no. 35). Puberula. FoZ. angust. C«/c. breviss.

25. I. pendula (no. 41). Parvula, pilosula. FL minimi. Calc. 0.

26. I. Mysorensis (no.42). Parvula, glaberr. F/. minim. Ca/c. breve.

27. I. Munronii (no. 43). Pubescens. FL purpurei. Sepala magna.

Calc. conicum, hamatum.

28. I. dasysperma (no. 44). Glabra. Sepala parva. Calc. gracile.

29. *I. flaccida (no. 45). Glaberr. Fl. medioc. Sepala parva. Calc.

gracillimum.

30. I. pulcherriraa (no. 46). Glabra. Fl. maxim. Sepala minuta.

Calc. longiss. gracillimum.

31. 1. Hensloviana(no.47). SufFrutic. pubescens. Sepala sunplsi. FL

magni. Calc, gracile.

116 DB. HOOKEE AKD DR. THOMSON'S PRvECUESORES

§ E 32. I. fruticosa (no. 59). Elata, fruticosa. Fl. ampli. Calc. gracile.

33. I. Jerdoniae (no. 62). Humilis, crassa. Sepala parva. Labell.

longe saccatum.

34. I. auriculata (no. 63). Humilis, crassa. Sepala maxima. Labell.

longe saccatum.

35. I. viridiflora (no. 64). Humilis, crassa. Sepala parva. Labell.

conicum, calare incurvo.
§ F 36. I. umbellata (no. 70). Simplex. Fol. subverticill., brevi-petiol.
Calc. gracile.

37. I. uncinata (no. 72). Simplex. Fol. longe petiol. Calc. breve,

incurvum.

38. I. viscida (no. 73). Ramosa. Fol. longe petiol. Pedunc. viscid.

Calc. gracile.

39. T. grandis (no. 76). Robusta. JBr^e^.raagn. FZ. maxim. Calc.

elongat. gracile.

40. I. campanulata (no. 77)' Fruticosa. Bract, magn. Fl. margin.

Calc. perbreve, incurvum.
§ G 41. I. maculata (no. 83).

IV. Mont. Khasia, Silhet, &c.

§ B I. *I. chinensis (no. 6). Simplex. Fol. opposita, brevi-petiol. Calc

gracile.
2. I. salicifolia (no. 19). Ramosa. Fol. opposit. et tern, brevi-petiol.

Calc. breve.
§ C 3. *I. multiflora (no. 23). Elata, ramosa. Fol. opp. tern, et alt. longe

petiol. Pedunc. 1-flori.

4. I. radicans (no. 24). Humilis, simplex. Fol. opp. brevi-petiol.

Pedunc. 1-3-flori. Labell. saccat. Calc. breve.

5. *I.trilobata(no.25). Elata, ramosa. FoZ. opp. tern, et alt. Pedunc.

solitar. 2-5-flori.

6. I. flavida (no. 26). Elata, ramosa. Fol. opp. et tern., longe petiol.

Fl. flavi. Pedunc. solit., 2-4-flor. Labell. saccat. Calc.

tumidum.
§ D 7. *I. Balsamina (no. 34).
§ E 8. *I. arguta (no. 52). Fol. longe acuminat. Bract. subulat8e,tort8e.

Calc. breviusc.

9. *I. discolor (no. 53). Fol. ovato-acuminat. Bract, late ovatae. Calc.

breve, incurvum.

10. I. porrecta (no. 54). Fol. acuta. Bract. setacea3. Sep. parva.

Calc. attenuatum, incurvum.

11. I. bella (no. 55). FoZ. acuta. jBr«c^. setacese. -Sep. parva. Calc.

gracile, tortum, puberulum.

12. I. racemulosa (no. 56). Fol. acuminat. Fl. 6-8 intense violac.

Sep. majuscul. Calc. breve, incurvum.

13. *I. latiflora (no. 57). Fol. acuminat. Fl. ampl. Sep. auipla.

Calc. rectiusculum, elongatum.

AD FLOTIAM INDICAM (BALSAMINEiC) . 117

14. *I. pulchra (no. 58). Humilis. Fl. ampli. Sep. magna. Calc.

conicum^, incurvura.

15. *I. Jurpia (no. 60). Fruticosa. Fl. ampli. Sep. parva. Labell.

ventricosum. Calc. robusto incurvo.
§ F 16. I. bracteata (no. Qb). Bract, pectinate -crinitae-

17. *I. acuminata (no. 74). Humilis, simplex. Calc. elongatum.

18. *I. laevigata (no. 78). Fruticosa. Labell. ventricosum. Calc.

breve.
§ G 19. *I racemosa (no. 80). Fed. verticillati.

20. *I. tingens (no. 88). Fed. alterni. Calc. breviusculum.

21. *I. leptoceras (no. 91). Fed. alterni. Calc. elongatum.

V. Mont. Himalaya.

§ C 1. *I. multiflora (no. 23). Elata. Fol. opp. alt. et tern. Fedunc.
l-flores.

2. *I. trilobata (no. 25). Elata. Fol. opp. alt. et tern. Fedunc. 2-5-

flores.

3. I. Roylei (no. 27). Elata, caule tereti. Bract, ovato-lanceol.

Fedicell. urabell. Capsula brevis, clavata.

4. I. Thomsoni (no. 28). Elata, caule tereti, laevi. Bract, subulatae.

Calc. conicum.

5. I. amplexicaulis (no. 30). Elata, caule 4-gono. Fol. supern. altern.

amplexicaulia. Capsula linearis.

6. I. sulcata (no. 29). Elata, caule tereti sulcato. Capsula nutans,

linearis.
§ D 7. *I. Balsamina (no. 34). Fol. longe lanceolata. Calc. rectum v.

curvum.
8. I. spirifer (no. 48). Fol. ovato-lanceol. Calc. breviusculum spiraliter

involutum.
§ E 9. I. serrata (no. 50). Gracilis, glabra. Bract, subulat. rectae. Sep.

parva. Calc. gracile, abrupte incurvum.

10. I. scabrida (no. 51). Robusta, pubescens. Bract, subulat. rectae.

Sep. ampla. Labell. conicum. Calc. incurvum.

11. *I. arguta (no. 52). Gracilis, glabra. Brac^. subulat. tortae. Sep.

majuscula. Labell. infundib. Calc. incurvum.

12. *I. discolor (no. 53). Erecta, subramosa. Bract, late ovatae.

Sep. parva. Calc. apice involutum.

13. *I. latiflora (no. 57). Humilis, robusta. Brflc?. lanceolat. Sep.

ampla. Calc. gracile, elongatum.

14. *I. pulchra (no. 58). Humilis, gracilis. Flor. ampli. Bract, lan-

ceolat. Sep. ampla. Calc. conicum, incurvum.

15. *1. Jurpia (no. 60). Fruticosa. Fl. magni. Sep. parva. Labell.

ventricosum.

16. I. puberula (no. 61). Pubescens. Fl. mediocr. violac. Sep. ma-

jusc. Calc. gracile, incurvum.
LINN. PROC. — BOTANY. K

118 DR. nOOKER AND DR. THOMSON S PRiECURSORES

§ F 17. *I. laevigata (no. 78). Fmticosa. Fl. magni. Bract, et Sep.
amplae.

a. Pedicelli verticillati.

§ G 18. *I. racemosa (no. 80). FL parvi flavi.

19. I. bicornuta (no. 81). Fl majusc. lilacini. Labell. inflatum.

20. I. longicornu (no. 82). Fl. majusc. Labell. conicum v. sacca-

tum.

b. Pedicelli alterni.

21. I. insignis (no. 87). Fo?. angusta. Sep. ampla. Fl. rosei. Calc.

elongatum, gracile.

22. *1. tingens (no. 88). Fl. parvi, flavi. Calc. breviusculiim.

23. I. longipes (no. 89). Pedicelli gracillimi, patentes. Fl. medioc.

flavi. Sep. parva. Labell. conicum. Calc. hamatum.

24. I. urticifolia (no. 90) F^.'majusc. lilacini. J5rac^. caducae. Sep.

ovata. Labell. saccatum. Calc. breve, incurvum.

25. *I. leptoceras (no. 91). Fl. inter minores, flavi. Sep. ovata.

Labell. infundibulif. Calc. gracile.

26. I. laxiflora (no. 92). Fol. longe petiol. ovat. Fl. majusc. Sep.

parva. Labell. infundibulif. Calc. gracile.

27. I. glauca (no. 94). Fol. subtus glauca.

28. I. tuberculata (no. 95). Fl. mediocres v. parvi, lilacini. Labell.

gibbum, ecalcaratum. Capsula clavata, tuberculata.

29. I. brachycentra (no. 96). Fl. parvi, flavi. Labell. conicum, ecalca-

ratum.

30. I. Lemanni (no. 93). Fol. longe petiolata, obtuse sinuato-dentata.

Fl. rosei.

I. Impatiens, L.
A. ScAPiGER^ (see p. 112).

1. I. SCAPIFLORA {Heyne in Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ed. Wall. ii. 464 ; Wall.
Cat. 4758 !). Glaberrima, foliis reniformi v. orbiculari-cordatis, brac-
teis late ovatis obtusis, sepalis oblique late ovatis, calcare flore breviore
incurvo clavato obtuso, vexillo brevi cucuUato latiore quam longo,
alis 3-lobis. — Wight, p. 967, tion Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3587.

1. scapiflora, Wight 8f Am. Prodr. 137 in part. ; Paxt. Mag. Bot. v. p. 101
cum ic.

Hab. Montibus Malabar ! Heyne, Wight, 6fc. (fl. Jun.-Octob.).
Herba pedalis. Folia 2-3" lata, integerrima v. remote denticulata, nervis
radiantibus. Flores ^-f " lati. Capsula oblongo-lanceolata.

2. I. MODESTA {Wight in Madr. Journ. of Science, v. p. 13, et Icones,
t. 968). Foliis ovato-cordatis acutis crenato-serratis supra pilosis
subtus glaucis, bracteis ovatis apice subulatis, sepalis ovato-oblongis
parvis, calcare flore breviore obtuso, alis 3-lobis. An var. I. scapi-
fiorcel

AD FLOBAM INDICAM (bALSAMINE.^e). 119

Hab. Mont. Malabar ! Wight (fl. Jul.-Aug.).

Ab /. scapiflora differt foliis supra pilosis ovatis acutis, floribus minori-
bus, bracteis apice subulatis, sepalis minoribus et calcare breviore.

3. I. ACAULis (Am. in Hook. Comp. Bat. Mag. i. 325). Glabra, foliis
orbiculatis oblongisve basi rotundatis cordatisve, bracteis ovatis acutis,
pedicellis elongatis, sepalis parvis ovatis obtusis, calcare gracillimo
elongato, alis 2-lobis? — Thwaites, En. PI. Ceylon. 68.

I. scapiflora. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3687 ; Wight, Ic. Descript. t. 967 ; et

Wight 4" Am. Prodr. quoad varietat. calcare interdum elongato. —

I. bulbosa. Moon. Cat. ?
/3. Foliis profunde cordatis grosse crenatis.
Hab. Mont. Ceyloniae! Moon, Walker, &c., et Malabariee! Nimmo, Lobb,

&c., var. /3, Concan ?, Herb. Stocks.
Variat insigniter statura; 2-12" alta, et floribus ^" ad H" latis. — Vexillum

breve, galeatum, latius quam longum, retusum.

Thwaites {En. Plant. Ceylon, 68) suspects that this cannot be Heyne's
plant, because that is described by Wallich as having the spur several
inches in length; but in some of our specimens it is 2^-3 inches in length.

4. I. RivALis {Wight in Madr. Journ. Science, v. p. 13, t. viii. et leones,
t. 751). Foliis oblongis ellipticis ovato-oblongisve basi obliquis su-
perne pilosis glabratisve, bracteis ovatis subacutis, sepalis late ovatis
obtusis, calcare gracillimo elongato, alis 3-lobis. — An var. /. acaulis ?

Hab. Mont. Malabariae! et Concan! Wight, Dalzell,Sfc. (fl. July, August).
Statura variabilis 2-12" alt. Folia serrata v. integerrima, basi attenuata,

obtusa V. subcordata. Mores i-H" lati, vexillo fornicato brevi. Se-

mina hispida.

In the dried state it is impossible to distinguish this from /. acaulis,
of which I suspect it is a variety, as does Thwaites.

5. I. Stocksii {H. f. 4* T.). Parvula, glaberrima, foliis late ovatis,
membranaceis, bracteis ovatis acutis, sepalis late ovatis obtusis, labello
basi saccato (calcare nullo), alis 3-lobis.

Hab. Mont. Peninsulae (prov. Canara! et Maisor?), Herb. Stocks, et Law.
Herba parvula, 2-4'', tenerrima. Petioli graciles, foliis subaequilongi.

Folia poUicaria, obscure crenato-dentata. Fhres 6-8, sub f" lati.

Sepala vexillo orbiculato, subajquilonga. Labellum ovatum, concavum.

B. Oppositifoli^ (vide p. 112).

6. I. CHiNENSis {Linn. Sp. PL). Glabra, caule erecto, angulato, foliis
setaceo-stipulatis subsessilibus linearibus acutis remote serratis subtus
glaucis, pedicellis solitariis fasciculatisve, sepalis linearibus, calcare gra-
cili elongato incurvo, vexillo orbiculari acuminato, alis semi-obovatis
basi auriculatis.

I. fasciculata, Lamk. Enc. Meth. i. 359, var. a ; Wight, Ic. 748 et Madr.
Journ. Sc. v. p. 14 ; W. Sf Am. Prodr. 138 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. 4631.
—I. heterophylla. Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 458, Cat. 4748 !- Bal-

k2

120 DR. HOOKEB AND DR. THOMSON'S PRJGCURSORES

samina fasciculata, D.C. Prodr. i. 686. — I. setacea, Coleb. in Hook. Ex.
Flor. ii. 137 ; Miq. Plant. Hoh. 1139.

Var. ^. Foliis late oblongis obovatisve.

Hab. Mont, utriusque Peninsulse a Concan ! ad Travancore ! alt. 5-8000
ped., Wight, Sfc, Birma ! Wallich ! Malacca, Griffith ! montibus
Khasiae alt. 3000-5000 ped. ! de Silva, &c. (fl. May- August), (v. v.)

Dist. Hong-Kong! Hance.

Planta valde variabilis. Caules simplices v. ramosi, basi repentes ad
nodos setas stipulaeformes crassas 2 v. plures gerentes v. omnino nudi.
Folia plerumque basi cordata, 2-4", subcoriacea, superne glaberrima
V. hispidula. Pedicelli patentes ; flores Isete rosei v. albi, interdum
purpureo-variegati, 1-2" lati, locis humidioribus umbrosisve de-
pauperati. Capsula elliptico-oblonga, utrinque attenuata, vix ^".
Semina orbicularia, atra, Isevia, opaca v. subnitida.
In Bot. Mag. this plant is erroneously supposed to be a native of

Ceylon and the whole Himalayan range. Its broad-leaved form is

certainly the I. chinensis, L., as I have ascertained from the Linnsean

Herbarium.

7. I. opposiTiFOLiA {Linn. Sp. PL). Flaccida, ramis gracilibus,
foliis glanduloso-stipulatis linearibus oblongo-linearibusve integris
serratisve, pedicellis solitariis fasciculatisque, sepalis linearibus, vexillo
late ovato v. orbiculato acuminato, labello conico calcare brevi recto
v. mcmyo.— fVight Sf Am. Prodr. 139; Wight, no. 883.

I. ros-marinifolia, Retz. Obs. v. 29 ; D.C. Prodr. i. 686 ; Wight, Ic. 750,

in Madras Journ. Sc. v. p. 14, t. ix.— I. Mysorensis, Wall. Cat. 4743 A!

Hab. Mont, tropicis Malabar ! Ceylon ! et penins. Malay. ! frequens (fl.

Aug.-Nov.).
Caulis 4-10" simplex v. ramosus. Folia insigniter varia, membranacea,
sessilia v. breve petiolata. Flores ^-f" lati, albi v. palhde rosei.
Labellum valde varians, calcare brevi. Capsula acuminato-rostrata,
2-6 sperma. Semina oblonga, paulo compressa, atro-brunnea, sub-
nitida, funiculo substrophiolato.

Thwaites, En. PI. Ceylon (errata) remarks that Mr. Ferguson, having
examined Hermann's plant, considers the I. rosmarinifolia of Retz to be
the true Linnean I. oppositifolia, and the fact is, that the two plants are
one and the same. It is extremely common, and so variable, that no
descriptions, plates, and specimens altogether agree : hence the confusion.
/. oppositifolia of Wight and Arnott, as described from WalHch and
Heyne's specimens, has the narrow capsule of /. Kleinii, with a short
conical, ne^ly straight spur, but in Heyne's, Wallich's, and Wight's
specimens, the ripe capsule is broadly elliptical, and the spur often in-
curved.

8. I. Griffithii (H./. Sf T.). Erecta, foliis superioribus ternis petio-
latis anguste lanceolatis acuminatis marginibus remote serrulatis basi
setosis subtus glaucis, pedicellis solitariis, sepalis ovato-oblongis acu-

AD FLOBAM INDICAM (bALSAMINEJE) . 121

rainatis, calcare filiformi elongate, vexillo amplo obcordato dorso ros-

tellato, alis late bilobis.
Hab. Peninsula Malaj^ana; Monte Ophir! et Gerai! prope Malacca, alt.

3000 ped. ! Griffith, Lobb, Gumming.
Species pulcherrima foliis ternis facile distinguenda, sparse puberula

prsecipue ad nodos petiolosque. Folia 2-3" superne puberula. Pedi-

celli graciles. Flores \" diametr., rosei? Galcar pedicello longius.

9. I. Gardneriana (W^i^f^^, Icones, 1050). Glabra, caule basi repente
radicante dein erecto, foliis oppositis et ternatim verticillatis ovato-
lanceolatis acuminatis argute serratis basi ciliatis, pedicellis solitariis
gracilibus, sepalis oblongis longe acuminatis, labello cymbiformi cal-
care gracili elongate, vexillo dorso alato acuminato, alis bipartitis
segmentis retusis horizontaliter patentibus.

Hab. Mont, tropicis Malabariae locis udosis apertis infra Sispara! Wight

(fl. Jan., Feb.).
Herba spithamsea et altior. Folia 1-2", supra sparse pilosula. Pedicelli

suberecti, 2-3". Flores sub |" lati. Capsula oblonga. Semina

glabra.
/. Griffithii simillima; sed difFert foliis ovatis, vexillo late obcordato,

floribusque majoribus.

10. I. RUFESCENS (Beuth. in Wall. Cat. 4747 !). Foliis sessilibus ob-
longis ovato V. obovato-oblongis acutis serratis supra seaberulis subtus
pallidis nervis rufo-tomentosis, pedicellis subsolitariis floribusque
pubescentibus, sepalis lineari-lanceolatis setaceo-acuminatis, labello
saccato calcare nuUo, vexillo late oblongo acuminato, alis brevi-
usculis bilobis lobo superiore auriculseformi. — Wight 8f Am. Prodr.
138, Icones, t. 969. (An var. /. tomentosce"?)

Hab. Mont, tropicis Malabariae ! et Maisor ! Wight, Sfc.

Gaules 6-12", superne ssepius tomentosi. Folia subcoriacea, I. fasci-

culatce textura subsimilia. Flores ^-f " lati, rosei ? Gapsula ^", ros-

trato-acuminata. Semina ut in I. oppositifolia.

11. I. tomentosa [Heyne in Wall. Cat. 4751 ! an Wight 1). Foliis
breve petiolatis oblongo-lanceolatis acutis serratis supra hispidulis,
pedicellis solitariis binisve floribusque pubescentibus, sepalis lineari-
lanceolatis acuminatis, labello sublonge saccato calcare brevi abrupte
terminate, vexillo late oblongo acuminato, alis bilobis.

I. reticulata. Wall. Cat. 4750 ! Wight <^ Am. Prodr. 139, ? Wight, p. 749

(var. glabrata). — I. ramosissima, Dalzell in Hook. Kew Journ. Bat.

1851, iii. 230.
Hab. Mont. Malabariae ! et Maisor ! Heyne, Wight, Sfc. ; Pegu ! Wal-

lich (ex Exempl. manca) (fl. Aug., Sept.).
Proxime affinis ut videtur J. rufescenti (ejus varietas ?) a qua diff'ert prae-

cipue si non solum, labello breviter calcarato.

12. I. DivERSiFOLiA {Wall. Gat.A14d\). Diffusa, foliis lineari- v. ovato-
oblongis glaberrimis, basi subcordatis argute serratis, pedicellis soli-

122 DR. HOOKER AND DR. THOMSON'S PE^CUESORES

tariis fasciculatisve, sepalis linearibus acuminatis, calcare filiformi

elongato, vexillo parvo, alls late setiiiobovatis. — Descript. ex Wight Sf

Am. Prodr. 139.
I. heteropliylla. Wall. Cat. 4748 b. — I. Araottiana, Miguel, Plant. Hoh.

275.
Hab. Mont.temperatia Malabarise! et Canarae! Klein, Wight, ^c. (fl. Oct.).
Species parvula, 4-6", cauKbus longe radicantibus. Folia |~11". Flores

sub i" lati. Stigmata (fid. W. ^ A.) distincta.

13. I. Lawii (H. /. ^ T.). Caulibus erectis ramosis foliisque subtus
glaberrimis, foliis breviter oblongis basi obtusis sessilibus superioribus
sensim minoribus cordato ^-amplexicaulibus remote serratis supra sca-
berulis,pedicellis breviusculis, floribus magnis,sepalis linearibus falcatis,
vexillo orbiculari apice rostellato, labello parvo ecalcarato late concave,
alis maximis lobis lateralibus parvis.

Hab. Canara ! et Malabar ! Law.

Species pulcherrima, habitu ramose /. diver sifolicB, qua differt floribus
magnis, labello ecalcarato, foliis brevieribus superioribus sensim mino-
ribus pedicellisque brevieribus. — Caules pedales. Folia ^-1" lenga,
subacuta, subtus pallida. Pedicelli plerumque folio breviores linea
puberula instructi, fructiferi deflexi. Flores |" lati, pulchre violacei ?
CapsuleB immaturae lanceelatse vix i" long.
A very beautiful species or form allied to I. inconspicua and diversifolia,

but very different in stature and the size of the flower; it is much

branched, and the leaves are smaller upwards.

14. I. INCONSPICUA {Benth. in Wall. Cat. 4741 !). Parvula, ramesa,
diffusa, glaberrima, foliis proteis anguste oblongis linearibus lanceola-
tisve serratis obtusis acutis acuminatisve, pedicellis puberulis, floribus
minutis, sepalis lineari-subulatis, labello naviculari acuminate basi
subsaccato ecalcarato, vexillo ovate acuminate, alis bilobis lobe supe-
riere minore inferiore obovato. — Wight 8^ Am. Prodr. 139; Wight,
p. 970.

I. pusilla, Heynein Wall. Cat. 4745, fid. W. ^ Am. nen Herb. Hook. — An

I. filiformis, Wight Sf Am. Prodr. 140 ? an I. Myserensis, Roth. Wall.

Cat. 4743 in part. ?
Hab. Mont, temperatis Malabarise! Heyne, Wight, Foulkes, Sfc, et

Concan? Stocks, ^c. (fl. Nov.).
Planta valde inconspicua et variabilis. Folia in exemplare cl. Wallichii

(no. 4741 in Hook. Herb.) anguste linearia, basi cerdata, 2-pellicaria ;

in caeteris et in Icone Wightii breviera oblonga lanceolata. Flores

pallidi, ^-i" lati. — Exemplar I. pusillee, Heyne, Wall. Cat. 4745 in

Herb. Hook, diversa est species, calcare instructa.

15. I. Kleinii {Wight Sf Am. Prodr. 140). Erecta, glabra, diffuse
ramesa, foliis longe v. breve petielatis membranaceis basi biglandulosis
obovatis evatis lanceelatisve acutis subserratis superne glabris v. pilo-
sulis subtus glaucis, sepalis lineari-subulatis, labello ovate-acuminate

AD FLOIIAM INDICA.M (bALSAMINE^) . 123

convexiusculo calcare elongato gracili, vexillo brevi glabro v. pilosulo
orbiculato acuminatOj alis longe unguiculatis late obovatis vix lobatis,
caipsu\sigra.ci\i.— Wight. Ic. 884; Am. in Hook. Comp.Bot.Mag. ii.325.

Balsamina minor, D. C. Prodr. i. 686.

Hab. Mont. Malabar ! Canara ! and Concan ! Heyne, Sfc.

The very long slender spur best distinguishes this species from its

small-flowered, opposite-leaved allies, except /. diversifolia, which has

sessile leaves, and the following.

16. I. SETOSA {H.f. Sf T.). Herbacea, ramosa, ramis oppositis, foliis
petiolatis setoso-stipulatis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis obscure serratis
margine basin versus distanter longe setosis utrinque pilosulis, pedicellis
gracilibus, sepahs majusculis oblique ovatis, calcare elongato filiformi
gracillimo incurvo.

Hab. Mont. Malabar ! Herb. Wight.

Herba 2-pedahs. Folia U-2^'', submembranacea, subtus glauca, basin
versus limbi et petioli pilis longis patulis flaccidis ciliata et stipulata.
Pedunculi 1" et ultra. Flores violaceo-purpurei, f" lati; calcare gra-
cillimo, 1-1 1".

The long hairs towards the base of the leaves, at the margin, and at
the position of the stipules, together with the rather large purple flower,
and very long slender ascending spur, distinguish this from all others of
the opposite-leaved 1 -flowered section. I have seen but one specimen
in Wight's Herbarium.

17. I. TENELLA {Heyne in Wall. Cat. 4746 A!). Parvula, erecta, sub-
flaccida, foliis breve petiolatis lineari-oblongis lanceolatisve serratis
subtus pallidis, floribus parvis glabris, sepalis linearibus acuminatis,
labello naviculari v. conice saccato in calcar breve rectum v. incurvum
attenuato, galea brevi, alis longe imguiculatis vix lobatis semi-obovatis
falcatis. — An I. Kleinii var. parviflora ?

I. pusilla, Heyne, Wall. Cat. 4745 in Herb. HooTc. — I. tenuicula, Steud.

Hab. Mont. Malbarise tropicis ! Heyne, Lobb, Jacquemont, no. 1501.

Herba flaccida, ramosa, 3-6 poUicaris ; ramis gracilibus. Folia varia,
1-2^ pollicaria, petiolata v. subsessilia. Flores parvi, sub Y' lati, pur-
purei ? Capsula tumidior quam in I. Kleinii. Pedicelli fructiferi
horizontales (fid. W. Sf Am.), erecti et deflexi in exempl. Lobb. lecto.

18. I. Dalzellii {H.f. 8f T.). Glaberrima, ramosa, foliis (2-3'') om-
nibus breve petiolatis ovato- v. oblongo-lanceolatis basi cordatis acu-
minatis spinuloso-serrulatis supra puberulis subtus pallidis, floribus
mediocribus flavis, sepalis majusculis lineari-lanceolatis acuminatis,
labello saccato calcare brevi curvo terminato, vexillo late cucullato
dorso alato.

Hab. Mont, tropicis Concan ! Dalzell, Hb. Stocks (fl. Aug.).

Caules crassi, 8-14 poUicares. Folia ^-If utrinque glabra v. superne
puberula. Pedicelli solitarii v. pauci, glaberrirai. Flores glaberrimi,
flavi (fid. Dalzell), sub ^" lati. Capsula i unc. longa, medio turgida.

124 DK. HOOKEll AND DB. TIIOMSOIJ'S PIlJiCUllSOEES

utrinque breviter atteuuata. Semina 3-4, magna, oblonga, testa
tenuiter Crustacea, atra, nitida.— Habitus et folia fere I. oppositifolii ;
sed flores et capsulse majores. Capsulce I.fasciculatce sed seminibus
paucis, magnis, oblongis, subsplendentibus.

19. I. SALiciFOLiA {H.f. ^ T.). Erecta, robusta, pubescens v. to-
mentosa, foliis (3-4") oppositis verticillatisque stipulatis breve petio-
latis lanceolatis acuminatis setuloso-serratis, pedicellis fasciculatis bre-
vibus, floribus pubescentibus glabratisve, sepalis parvis lanceolato-
subulatis, labello magno longe saccato basi calcare brevi uncinate ter-
minato, vexillo obovato dorso carinato et cornuto, capsula clavata gla-
berrima.

Hab. Mont. Khasia tropicis, alt. 3000-4000 ped. ! Lobb, Sfc. (fl. Aug.-
Oct.). (v.v.)

Caules 2-3 pedales, oppositi, ramosi. Folia 31", submembranacea, ser-
raturis simplicibus v. 1-setulosis, plerumque basin versus foliorum
setulosis. Stipulce e fasciculis setarum carnosis ad basin petiolorum,
interdum 0. Pedicelli graciles, poUicares, interdum pedunculo coni-
muni brevissimo fasciculati. Flores speciosi, 1" lati, purpurei. Calcar
longitudine variabile.

C. SUBVEBTICILLATJE (vide p. 112).

a. Pedunculi uniflores (in I. multifiora interdum 2-3 flores).

20. I. LATIFOLIA {Linn, Sp. PL). Glaberrima, foliis suboppositis
subvertieillatisque 2-4" longe petiolatis lanceolatis v. ovato-lanceolatis
acuminatis margine crenato-serratis setulosisque, floribus amplis sepalis
parvis ovato-cuspidatis, labello acurainato concavo calcare elongato
gracili recto v. incurvo, vexillo obcuneato cornuto, alis bilobis, semi-
nibus reticulatis. — Wight, Ic. t. 741.

I. cuspidata, Wight et Arnott in Hook. Cornp. Bot. Mag. ii. 321.

Var. /3 bipartita, foliis omnibus alternis longioribus, Thw. En. 65. — I. bi-

partita, Am. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 322. — I. floribunda, Wight in Madr.

Journ. Sc. v. p. 7-
Hab. Mont, tropicis Malabaria! ; Nilgherries ! et Ceylon! Wight, Lobb,

^•c. ; Concan v. Canara ! Law, ^c. ; var. jS sylvis subtropicis Ceylonias

alt. 5000-6000 ped. ! Walker, Sfc. (fl. Oct.).
I. Leschenaultii et I. lucides valde aflSnis (an illarum forma luxurians?).

A prioredifi\irt foliis sffipius subverticillatis.longius petiolatis, majoribus,

flaccidioribus, vexillo majore. — Folia subtus secus nervos sparse pubes-

centia. Flores 1" lati, calcare gracili plus niinusve incurvo apice in-

flato, emarginato v. bifido. Capsula I. Leschenaultii et latifolice sed

seminibus (fid. Wt.) reticulatis.

According to Wight, this difi\3rs from I. Leschenaultii in the form of
the flower, long straight spur, and reticulated seed, but all my specimens
have incurved spurs (as in /. Leschenaultii), the seeds in all seem to have
a spongy testa which is rugose when dry, and the difl^erence in the form
of the detals is not so strong in my specimens as in Wight's figure. /.

AD FLORAM INDIOAM (bALSAMINEjE). 125

Leschenaullii is probably a more robust, smaller leaved and flowered state
of this plant. Thwaites {Enurn. p. 65), who unites bipartita, Am., with
cuspidata, remarks that the anterior lobe of the petal varies a good deal.
I have a specimen marked I. cuspidata, W.& A., by Gardner, and gathered
by himself on the Nilgherries, in which the capsule is f'- long, and the
leaves, almost all alternate, have long soft spines at the base and on the
petiole.

I have no doubt of this being Linnseus's I. latifolia, having examined
the plant so named in the Linnean Herbarium ; it consists of only the
top of the stem, with the upper alternate leaves and one very large
flower, with a curved spur that is forked at the tip for a long way
up. There is no authority for the specimen in Linnajus's Herbarium,
])ut I. bifida is written on the paper; so this is probably the original
I. bifida, Thunb., described by Thunberg as having a bifid spur, and
erroneously supposed to have been a native of the Cape of Good Hope,
where it has never since been found.

21. I. LUCID A {Heyne in Wall. Cat. 4738 !). Glabra, ramosa, foliis
(2-4") longe petiolatis membranaceis inferioribus alternis, vel aliis
oppositis aliis alternis lanceolatis ovato-lanceolatisve acuminatis cre-
natis basi setosis, pedicellis subsolitariis, sepalis parvis ovatis acumi-
natis, labello concavo calcare elongato gracili, vexillo obovato, alis bi-
lobis, lobis obovatis. — An. var. I. latifolia, L., floribus minoribus ?

I. latifolia, Wt. ^ Am. Prodr. 138 ; Wall. Cat. 4737 ! non Linn.
Hah. Mont, tropicis Malabarise ! Heyne, Wight, Gardner.
Herba 1-2', caule basi crassiusculo. Petioli ^-V, graciles. Folia sub-
nitida, utrinque angustata, flaccida. Flores pro planta parvi, i-f " lati,
albi V. pallide rosei {Wight). Capsula \ unc. longa, elliptica, turgida,
utrinque attenuata, glabra v. pilosa. Semina sub 4, magna, oblonga,
compressa, opaca, grosse reticulata.

Wight and Arnott remark that this diff'ers from /. Leschenaultii in the
densely pubescent capsules, but I find that to be a very inconstant cha-
racter.

22. I. Leschenaultii {B.C. Prodr. i. 686; Wall. Cat. 4/39). Suf-
fruticosa, glaberrima, ramosissiraa, foliis 1-1| poUicaribus plerisque
oppositis petiolatis lanceolatis v, ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis serratis,
pedicellis solitariis v. binis, sepalis parvis ovato-subulatis, labello
saccato acuminato calcare elongato gracili curvo, vexillo late obovato
rostellato, ahs bilobis lobis obovatis. — W^i^r^; Sf Am. Prodr. 136.

An var. I. latifolise, L.? ; Wight, p. 970 bis.

Hab. Mont. Ceylonia, Leschenault (fid. D.C.) et Malabarise ! frequens,
Wight, Sfc. (fl. tot. ann.).

Suff'rutcx 8-pedalis, ramosus, foliosus, cauUbus ramisque suboppositis
crassiusculis. Folia subcoriacea, petiolo i-^'' longo. Flores fere 1"
diametr., pallide rosei v. albi. Capsulce et semina /. latifolice simillima
sed minora. — Potius varietas /. latifolia, rigidior, densior, foliis mino-
ribus, brcvius petiolatis, magis serratis.

126 DR. IIOOKEE AND DE. THOMSON'S PRJaCTJESOEES

23. I. MULTiFLORA ( Wall. Cat. 4742 !). Elata, ramosa, foliis 3-5" op-
positis ternis v. alternis stipulatis longe petiolatis membranaceis ovato-
lanceolatis utrinque acuminatis crenato-serratis et basin versus setu-
losis utrinque sparse puberulis v. glaberrimis, pedicellis gracilibus bre-
viusculis rarius in pedunculum brevem fasciculatis, floribus purpureis,
sepalis parvis subulatis faleatis, labello saecato sacco basi obtuso calcare
brevi v. elongato uncinate terminato, vexillo obovato galeato dorso
cornuto, alis parvis.

Exemplar foliis omnibus oppositis pedicellis fasciculatis vix basi unitis. —
Wall. Cat. 4742 I

Exemplar foliis oppositis et temis=^n^e^a/a, Roxb., "Wall. Cat., I. terni-
folia, Hb. Ham. 4752 B !

Hab. Himalaya orientali tropica ; Sikkim, alt. 2000-5000 ped. ! Mont.
Khasia alt. 0-3000 ped. ! Lobb, Sfc. (fl. Aug.-Oct.). (v.v.)

Planta variabilis, affinis I. trilobatce, sed flores solitarii vel si bini pedun-
culo communi brevissimo inserti. Ab sectione discrepat foliis interdum
omnibus alternis, pedicellisque interdum in pedunculum brevem fas-
ciculatis.

Caulis 2-4 pedalis, laxe ramosus, glaberrimus v. uti folia superne pube-
rulus. Stipulce e fasciculis setarum. Folia cum petiolo interdum
spitliamsea. Pedicelli pro planta breves, vix unciales. Flores ^-I'l
lati, longiores quam lati, Isete purpurei v. violacei, calcare brevi v.
elongato, :5-f''. Capsula ^-f '^ poUicai-is, angusto-elliptica, utrinque
attenuata. Semina 6-8, oblonga, compressa, opaca, rugulosa.

b. Pedunculi 2-multiflores (vide I. multijlora in § C, I. bracteata
et I.janthina in § F).

24. I. RADiCANS {Benth. in Wall. Cat. 4763). Glaberrima v. pubes-
cens, caule simpliciusculo stricto robusto folioso, foliis stipulatis (2-4")
breve petiolatis anguste lineari- v. oblongo-lanceolatis basi rotundatis
acutis subserratis utrinque pubescentibus (raro glabris), pedunculis
1-3-floris, pedicellis gracilibus, floribus magnis, sepalis minimis, labello
longe saecato basi calcare brevi uncinato terminato, vexillo galeato
dorso gibboso subcornuto, alis pams.

Hab. Mont. Khasia paludibus temperatis alt. 4000-6000 ped. i Mack,
Griffith, Sfc. (fl. Jul.-Sept.). (v.v.)

Species formosa, habitu foliisque fere I. fasciculatce, tota pubescenti-
pilosa V. rarius glaberrima. — Caules 6-10", stricti, robusti, rarius
ramosi. Stipulce e fasciculis setarum. Folia subcoriacea, subtus
pallida. Pedunculi pollicares, apice bracteolis lanceolatis tot quot
pedicellis muniti. Flores speciosi, violaceo-purpurei. Labellum
saccatum, saepe f" longum et ^" latum. Capsula |", glaberrima,
medio turgida, utrinque attenuata. Semina oblonga, compressa, testa
pallida subrugosa membranacea.

25. 1. TRiLOBATA {Coleb. in Hook. Exot. Flor. ii. t. 141). Elata, ra-
mosa, glabra, foliis (2-4") oppositis alternis subverticillatisque stipu-

AD FLORAM INDICAM (eALSAMINEJE). 127

latis petiolatis supremis sessilibus ovatis v. ovato-lanceolatis acumi-
natis crenato-serratis sajpissime ciliolatisque membranaceis, pedunculis
solitariis gracilibus elongatis 2-5-floris, pedicellis gracilibus, floribus
amplis glaberrirais, sepalis minimis subsetaceis, labello longe saccato
sacco conico abrupte v. sensim in calcar incurvum breve v. elongatum
angustato, vexillo galeato late obcordato dorso cornuto, alis parvis
hWohis.— Wall. Cat. 4762 A, et 4763 e Puildua, Wall. Hb.

Hab. Himalaya orientali tropica J Sikkim, alt. 2000-4000 ped. ! /. D. H.;
Mont.Khasia subtropicisfrequentissime, alt. 3000-5000 ped.! (fl. Jul.-
Oct.). (v.v.)

Planta variabilis, 3-4'^ pulcherrima, ramosa, I. multijlorce affinis, sed
differt pedunculis 2-5-floris, gracilibus, elongatis. — Caules v. rami gra-
ciles, elongati, pluries divisi. Folia vel omnia opposita, vel inferiora
tantum opposita superiora alterna rarius terna v. verticillata, interdum
cum petiolo spithamaea, textura, forma, stipulatione &c. omnino ut in
I. multiflora. Pedunculi 1-3 poUicares, apice bracteolis setaceis tot
quot pedicellis minuti. Pedicelli ^-V, graciles. Flores speciosi, vio-
lacei. Labellum ^-| pollicare. Capsula et semina ut in I. multiflora.

26. I. FLAviDA {H.f. ^ T.). Caule gracili erecto, foliis (1^2") oppo-
sitis ternisque longe petiolatis ovato-lanceolatis utrinque angustatis
glaberrimis multinerviis subserratis, pedunculis axillaribus solitariis pe-
tiolo longioribus erectis 2-4-floris, floribus flavis subumbellatis, bracteis
recurvis, sepalis parvis ovatis oblongisve acumiuatis, labello saccato
subcampanulato v. ventricoso calcare hamato terminato, vexillo dorso
gibbo.— An Wall. Cat. 4763 A (sub trilobata)!

I. fruticosa, Lesch, Wall. Cat. 4762 {sphalm,). — Impatiens e Pundua fl.

flavo. Wall. Herb, in Linn. Soc. sine numero.
Hab. Sylvis tropicis Bengaliaj orientalis, Silhet ! Wallich ; Luckipore

in Silchar ! J. D. H. Sf T. T. (fl. Nov.). (v.v.)
Herba 2-3-pedalis, glaberrima. Folia inferiora opposita, superiora saepius

terna. Pec?MWcwZi saepe oppositi, stricti, 1-2''; pedicellis ^-1''. Flores

li" ; sepalis viridibus, labello flavo ; alis flavidis apices versus purpu-

rascentibus. Capsula f", sublanceolata, rostrata.

Some of Wallich's specimens of this in Herbs. Hooker, Lindley, and
Henslovv, have the ticket o( I. fruticosa (e Nilgherry) attached to them;
other specimens are, I think, catalogued under I. trilobata (4763 A).

27. I. RoYLEi ( Walpers, Repert. i. 475). Elata, robusta, ramosa, glaber-
rima, foliis (2-4") petiolatis stipulatis oppositis verticillatisque rarius
alternis ovato- v. oblongo-lanceolatis lineari-oblongisve grosse serratis
basi glanduloso-setigeris, pedunculis versus apices ramulorum elongatis
erectis robustis multiflons, pediceUis subumbellatis breviusculis, sepalis
majusculis late oblique ovatis acuminatis, labello longe saccato ventri-
coso lato basi obtuso rarius conico in calcar breve abrupte angustato,
vexillo bilobo, alis amplis, capsula clavata.

128 DR. HOOKER AND DR. THOMSON'S PR^CURSORES

I. glandulifera, Royle, 111. 167. t. 28. f. 2, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1840, t. 22 ;

Hook. Bot. Mag. 4020.
Var. a. Foliis crenato-serratis glanduliferis.
Var. /3, moschata. Foliis subverticillatis alternisque, grosse serratis minus

glandulosis. — I. moschata, Edgw. in Linn. Trans, xx. 38.
Var. y, Candida. Foliis supremis oppositis verticillatisque, floribus albis
roseo maculatis. — I. Candida, Lindl. in Bot. Reg.n. s. xiii. Misc. 85. n. 204 .
Var. d, macrochila. Foliis supremis alternis, petalorura lateralium lobis

posticis elongatis. — I. macrochila, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 18, t. 8.
Hab. In Himalaya temperata oceidentali frequentissima, a Nepal ?, Wal-
lich; ad Marri ! alt. 6000-8000 ped., Fleming (fl. Jul.-Sept.). (v.v.)
Species insiignis, gigantea, 4-10-pedalis, ramosa, caulibus basi crassitie
pollicis, fistulosis ?. Folia valde varia, longe v. brevius petiolata, basi
rotundata v. angustata, grosse serrata ; caule ad basin petioli glandulis
crassis pedicellatis aucto. Pedunculi robusti, stricti, erecti, 2-5",
bracteis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis. Sepala lateralia 2-4i", viridia,
subpersistentia. Flores Isete rubro-purpurei, f-l^ unc. lati; calcare
brevi incurvo. Capsula ^|", clavata. Semina edulia, magna, late
obovoidea, testa opaca subrugosa.

This fine species approaches very closely indeed to some states of /.
longicornu. Wall., I. sulcata, Wall, (gigantea, Edgw.), I. Thomsoni, and
other allied species or varieties of Section H, but may always be known
by the shortly clavate capsule. This short clavate capsule is indeed
the only character by which many dried specimens can be distinguished
from I. longicornu and others of that section.

The I. moschata of Edgeworth may be a different species, as Mr. Edge-
worth suggests, but I cannot distinguish it by herbarium specimens.
It is said to differ from I. Roylei in its musky odour, in its habit, and in
the leaves being more deeply serrate ; the latter appears to be a very
variable character, the upper leaves being more deeply cut than the
lower in both forms.

28. I. Thomsoni (H./.). Herbacea, glaberrima, foliis infimis oppositis
superioribus alternis verticillatisque ovato- acuminatis petiolatis glan-
duloso-stipulatis grosse duplicato-serratis, pedunculis aggregatis elon-
gatis erectis pedicellatis subumbellatis racemosisve, bracteolis subu-
lato-lanceolatis, floribus ^-|" long, sordide lilacinis maculatis, sepalis
parvis ovato-lanceolatis, labello conice saccato in calcar breve rectum
attenuato, capsulis inclinatis I" long, lineari clavatis.

Hab. Himalaya temperata subalpina, Sikkim, alt. 12,000 ped. ! J. D. H. ;
Kumaon et Garwhal, 12,000 ! St. Sf W. (6, 7, 8) ; Piti ! et Kunawur,
9000-10,000 ped. ! T. T. (fl. temp. pluv.). (v.v.)

Ilerba robusta, pedalis et ultra, /. sulcata var. /3 similUma, sed omnibus
partibus minor, calcare breviore recto conico, sepalis angustioribus
capsulisque brevioribus.
This puzzling plant occurs throughout the Himalaya, on the edge

of the Tibetan climate, and in subalpine districts. It differs from /.

AD FLOEAM INDICAM (bALSAMINE^e) . 129

tuberculata in the longer spur and even capsules, from small states of
/. Roylei in the small size, narrower capsules, subulate bracts and conical
spur ; from /. longicornu and its allies by the capsules being shorter, and
forming an angle with the pedicel.

29. I. SULCATA {Wall. Cat. 4764). Caulibus erectis crassis sulcatis,
foliis inflorescentia et floribus fere i. Roylei, sed capsula nutante elon-
gata subsequali et angustiore.

I. gigantea, Edgw. ! in Linn. Trans, xx. 38.

^, minor. Sepalo postico conico in calcar rectum sensim attenuato.

Hab. Himalaya temperata tota, alt. 7000-12,000 ped., Sikkim \ J. H. ;

Nepal ! Wallich ; Kumaon ! Strachey Sf Wint. ; Simla ! T. T., ^c. ;

Kunawur ! Grant ; Marri ! Fleming (fl. temp pluv.) (v.v.) ; ^, Kuna-

wur ! Grant, T. T.
Herba gigantea ; in Himalaya occidentali altit. 15 ped. et caule 5-poll.

diamet.j^o?. Edgeworth attingit ! — in Sikkim 5-7 pedalis, — Caulis fistu-

losus.

A very tall, coarse-growing species with furrowed stems, in the dried
state so like I, Roylei, that it is impossible to distinguish them, except
by the long capsule of this. My Sikkim specimens have often four lateral
sepals. This appears to pass by numerous insensible gradations into /.
longicornu and others. /. Thomsoni may be only a serrate state of it,
connected by the var. /3 minor of /. sulcata. The inclined shorter cap-
sules, which form an angle with the pedicel, best distinguish this from
longicornu, &c. The seeds are large and eatable, as in I. Roylei.

30. I. AMPLEXiCAULis (Edgew. Linn. Trans, xx. 37). Glaberrima, ra-
mosa, foliis (2-4'') inferioribus oppositis sessilibus oblongo-lanceolatis
acuminatis crenato-serratis superioribus alternis amplexicaulibus ovato-
lanceolatis, pedunculis axillaribus multifloris, sepalis ovatis acutis, la-
bello late saccato calcare brevi, vexillo orbiculari bilobo, alis bilobis,
capsula lineari.

Hab. Himalaya occidentali temperata, Kumaon, alt. 12,000 ped.! Str.
Sf Wint. ; Simla, 6000-8000 ped. ! Comta. Dalhousie, &c. ; Kulu !
Edgeworth (fl. Sept.-Oct.) (v.v.)

Affinis I. Roylei, sed facile distinguenda foliis breve petiolatis basi latis su-
perioribus basi profunde cordato-amplexicaulibus, pedunculis brevio-
ribus, floribus paucioribus et minoribus non confertis et capsula angusta
non clavata. — Caulis 3-4 pedalis, 4-angularis, Edgw.

31. I. VERTiciLLATA {Wight in Madr. Journ. Sc. v. p. 15). Glaber-
rima, foliis oppositis verticillatisque (rarissime alternis) breve petiolatis
lanceolatis utrinque acuminatis argute serratis serraturis infimis seti-
geris stipulis subulatis, pedunculis elongatis erectis subumbellatim
3-5-floris, pedicellis gracilibus, sepalis majusculis oblongo-lanceolatis,
vexillo concavo breviter cornuto, labello cymbiformi calcare elongate
gracillimo. '

130 DB. HOOKER AlfD DR. THOMSON'S PRiBCURSORES

Hab. Mont. Malabar ad Shevagerry et Bolimputa ! Wight ; Cochin !
Johnstone (fl. Aug.-Nov.).

Spithamaea ad 2-pedalem. Caules crassiusculi, siinplices v. ramosi, ad
nodos incrassati. Stipules porrectae, spiniformes. Folia 2-A" long.
^-^" lat., subcarnosula, subtus pallida. Pedunculi stricti, foliis bre-
viores v. longiores, interdum validi et 3" long. Bractea parvaj, sub-
ulata5 V. late ovatae. Pedicelli i-V\ subereeti. Flores majusculi,
:J-|'' diam. ; ealcare |-1" long, recto v. lente curvo. Capsula imma-
tura breviuscula, glabra.

32. I. ciRC^oiDES {Wall. Cat. 4772). Parvula, simplex, glabra, foliis
paucis oppositis gracile petiolatis ovatis acutis subserratis basin versus
ciliatis subtus glaucis, pedunculis solitariis gracilibus apices versus
racemnm brevem gerentibus, floribus parvis, sepalis orbiculatis acu-
minatis, vexillo parvo concavo, labello parvo concavo breviter conice
calcarato, alis (pro flore) maximis.

Hab. Tavoy ! Wallich ; Pegu ! McLelland.

Caulis simplex, spithamaeus, gracilis. Folia 2", petiolo gracili, membra-
nacea. Pedunculi axillares, 1-H". Bractece parvae, late ovatae, con-
cavae. Pedicelli ^". Flores albi? Sepala viridia. Alarum lobus
dependens ^" long., labello et vexillo multoties major. Capsula
brevis ?
Nearly allied to I. Tavoy ana, Benth., but the spur is very short, and

the leaves are mostly opposite.

33. I. GouGHii {Wight, III. i. 160; Icones, t. 1603). Pusilla, caule
debili gracili laxe ramoso, foliis plerumque oppositis pollicaribus petio-
latis elliptico V. oblongo-ovatis obtusis grosse crenatis, pedunculis
gracilibus foliis longioribus apice subumbellatim 4-6-floris, pedicellis
capillaceis, bracteis caducis, floribus minimis, ealcare flore aequilongo,
capsulis ellipticis utrinque acuminatis.

Hab. Mont. Malabariae prope Pycarrah ! Gough ; Maisor ! Lobb.

Caulis 6-18''. Folia interdum omnia alterna, pallide viridia, basi cuneata,
in petiolum non angustata. Flores rosei v. albi. Vexillum obcordatuin
acuminatum ; labello cymbiformi, ealcare brevi recto ; alis bilobis, lobis
retusis. Capsula j unc. longa, oligosperma. Semina minima.
Wight remarks that this is a slender, diff'use-growing species, seeking

support of adjacent plants, and then attaining 18 inches in length. The

flowers are shortly racemose or subumbellate.

D. Unielor^ (vide p. 113).

Vide J. Leschenaultii, latifolia (/S bipartita) in § C. — In I. spirifera flores
rarissime bini in eodem pedicello. Vide /. puberula, arguta, et aliae
inF.

34. I. Balsamina {Linn. Sp. PL). Glabrata v. pubescens, caule sim-
pliciusculo, V. ramoso, foliis petiobtis anguste lanceolatis utrinque

AD FLORAM INDICAM (BALSAMINEiE). 131

acuminatis grosse serratis, petiolo glandulifero, sepalis minutis late
ovatis, labello pubescent! cymbiformi calcare tenui elongate, vexillo
alisque amplis roseis, capsula brevi dense tomentosa.

I. coccinea, Sims, Bot. Mag. 1256. — I. cornuta, Linn. Sp. PL 1328. —
I. longifolia, Wight in Wall. Cat. 4734.— I. arcuata. Wall. Cat. 4735 !
Balsamina Hortensis, D.C., &c.

et, vulgaris. Elata, foliis late knceolatis, floribus magnis, calcare brevi-
usculo.

j8, longifolia, Wt. & Am. Prodr. i. 136. Foliis anguste lanceolatis, flo-
ribus mediocribus, calcare elongate gracili.

y, arcuata. Diffuse ramosa, foliis parvis anguste lanceolatis, floribus
parvis, calcare elongate.

d, macrantha. Humilis, 4-pollicaris, foliis ovato-lanceolatis, floribus
magnis, calcare brevi.

f, micrantha. Humilis, caule simplici, foliis parvis ovato-lanceolatis, flo-
ribus parvis, calcare gracili elongato.

^, rosea. Caule simpliciusculo elongato, foliis lineari-lanceolatis, floribus
inter minores, calcare brevi incurvo. — I. rosea, Lindl. Bot. Reg.
Misc. 1841, p, 6. no. 22, et vol. xxvii. t. 27.

Hah. Var et et ^ per totam Indiana tropicam locis humidis a Ceylon ! et
Malacca ! ad Punjab ! frequens ; var. y, d, e in Malabar ! Kurg ! &c. (fl.
Aug.). (v.v.)

Dist. Ins. Malayanse 1 et China !

Planta vulgatissima, valde protea. Omnes varietates variant foliis flori-
busque glabratis pubescenti-tomentosisve.

35. I. scABRiuscuLA {Heyne in Roxb. Flor. Ind. ed. Wall. ii. 464).
Humilis, erecta, ramosa, pubescenti-tomentosa, foliis \-\" paucis breve
petiolatis lanceolatis acuminatis serratis, pedicellis brevibus, sepalis
minimis, labello cymbiformi tomentoso, calcare 0. — Wall. Cat. 4729 ! ;
Am. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 322.

Hah. Mont, tropicis Malabariae ! Heyne, Hb. Stocks.
Dist. China (fid. Wt. & Am.).

/. BalsamincB proxima sed multo minor, foliis latioribus labelloque
ecalcarato.

36. I.GLANDULiFERA {Arn.inHook.Comp.Bot.Mag.u.'S22). Suffmticosa,
glabra, ramis crassis apices versus foliosis, foliis maximis (6-10") longe
petiolatis amplis ovatis utrinque acuminatis setuloso-serrulatis, petiolo
glanduligero, pedicellis numerosis axillaribus fasciculatis, sepalis mi-
nimis subulatis, labello piloso longe saccato sacco late conico calcare
brevi incurvo apice incrassato, vexillo piloso late orbiculato bilobo
dorso rostrato, alis exsertis bipartitis lobo lateral! brevi rotundato ter-
minal! late semiobovato pendulo.

I. cornigera. Hook. Bot. Mag. 4623, non Arn.
Hah. Sylvis tropicis Ceyloniae ! Walker, &c.

Species insignis, I. macrophyllce habitu foliisque simillima, sed ple-
rumque glabra. Flores pallide roseo-purpurei, sacco stramineo.

132 DR. nOOKEE AKD DR. THOMSON'S PR^CURSORES

37. I. MACROPHYLLA {Gardner in Herb. Hook, and Bot. Mag. 4662).
Suffruticosa, glabra, ramis crassis apices versus foliosis, foliis /. glan-
duliferce sed sTEpissime pubescenti-pilosis, pedicellis brevibus fascieu-
latis, floribus glaberrimis, sepalis minimis, labello acuminato breviter
saccato calcare brevi minimo, vexillo oblongo dorso alato apice acu-
minato rostrato, alis minimis bipartitis inclusis.

I. glandulifera, var. ?, Am. in Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 323.

Hab. Sylvis montosis subtropicis Ceylonise, alt. 5000-7000 ped.l Walker,
&c.

Frutex 10-12 pedalis (fid. Walker), foliis interdum 16". I. glanduliferce
affinis, sed difFert floribus multo minoribus, glaberrimis, labello auran-
tiaco, vexillo angusto apice rostrato coccineo, alis minimis inclusis.

38. I. RKPENS (Moon Cat.). Glaberrima, caulibus prostratis basi repen-
tibus vage diffuse ramosis, foliis longe petiolatis ovato cordatis v. reni-
formi-rotundatis acutis, pedicellis foliis multo longioribus ebracteo-
latis, sepalis parvis oblongo-lanceolatis, labello late saccato subconico
calcare brevi incurvo, vexillo latiore quam longo suborbiculato dorso
corniculato, alis alte bilobis lobis brevibus latis. — Wight, III. 160. t. 61 ;
Hook. Bot. Mag. 74. t. 4404.

Hab. Sylvis montosis tropicis Ceyloniae, alt. 4000 ped. ! Walker, &c.

Caules crassi, carnosi, hie illic radicantes. Foliai-] " lata, petiolo breviora,
interdum obscure subserrata. Pedicelli solitarii, poUicares. Flores
aurei, speciosi, I" longi ; labello et vexillo pubescente. Ovarium
hirsutum.

39. I. LEPTOPODA {Am. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 321). Erecta,
rarnosa, glaberrima, caulibus gracilibus, foliis longe petiolatis (1-3")
lanceolatis ovato-lanceolatisve acuminatis crebre crenato-serratis pe-
tioloque interdum glanduloso setosis, pedicellis ebracteolatis axillaribus
subsolitariis gracilibus strictis, floribus parvis, sepalis parvis oblongo-
lanceolatis, labello cymbiformi calcare gracili elongato (v. abbreviato),
vexillo obcordato dorso cornuto, alis horizoutaliter patentibus (? I. lati-
folia. Wall. Cat. 4737, in Herb. Henslow.). An var. I. latifolice, L. ?

Var. ^, brevicomu. Calcare abbreviato flore breviore. — I. brevicomu.

Am. I. c,
Var. y, gibbosa. Sepalo postico cymbiformi subsaccato calcare nullo. —

Am. I. c.
Hab. Sylvis montosis subtropicis Ceyloniae ! alt. 5000-8000 ped.. Walker

&c. (fl. Sept.-Nov.).
Herba 1-3-pedalis. Caules basi interdum suffruticulosi. Folia sub-

merabranacea, basi attenuata, in var. brevicomu interdum 4-pollicaria.

Flores ^\" lati, latiores quam longi, ob petala lateralia horizontaliter

patentia. Capsula ^", glabra v. puberula.

Thwaites describes this as being very common and variable, and points
out its close affinity with I. Lesehenaultii, in all my specimens of which
the leaves are more or less opposite.

AD FLORAM INDICAM (CALSAMIKEiE). 133

40. I. TRUNCATA (Thw. En. p. 06). Debilis, subramosa, caulibus su-
perne foliis floribusque sparse pubemlis glabratisve, foliis (1-1 J")
petiolatis ovatis ovato-lanceolatisve acurainatis setuloso-serratis mem-
branaceis, petiolo sparse gland uloso, pedieellis 1-3 bracteolatis gracili-
bus, floribus parvis, sepalis minutis subulatis^ labello saccato saeco
conico, caleare breve cylindrico truncato, alis inaequaliter bilobis.

Hab. In sylvis subtropicis Ceyloniae alt. 4000-6000 ped ! G. Thomson,

Thwaites (fl. Oct.).
Affinis I. leptopodce, sed humilior et ut videtur ha})itu diversa, foliis juni-

oribus petiolis pedunculisque hispidulis, floribusque pubescenti-pilosis.

Thwaites compares this with Wight's figure of I. inconspicua, Bth.,
which, however, differs much in the opposite leaves, form of the spurless
flowers, and longer, more slender pedicels.

41. I. PENDULA (Heyne in Wall. Cat. 4744!). Erecta, ramosa, ramis
linea pubescenti cum petiolis continua, foliis (i-2'O breve petiolatis
ellipticis subcordatis v. ovato-ellipticis acutis remote serratis puberulis,
pedieellis ebracteolatis solitariis pilosis fructiferis deflexis, floribus mi-
nutis glabris, sepalis labello concavo non calcarato, vexillo cornuto,
capsula parva ventricosa. — Wight <^' Am. Prodr. 137 (descr. secus
Wt. 4' Am. Prodr.).

Hab. Malabar vel Maisor, Heyne.

Affinis I. scabriusculce fid. cl. Wt. & Arn. sed differt floribus minutis gla-
bris.

42. I. Mysorensis {Roth. Nov. Sp. 164). Caule simplici gracili erecto,
foHis alternis lanceolatis, utrinque acuminatis glabris, pedieellis binis
axillaribus filiformibus folio ^ brevioribus, floribus parvis, caleare recto
brevi, capsula dense pubescente. — Roth. Nov. Sp. 164 ; Wall. Cat.
4743 ; Wight, Cat. 979 (descript. ex Wight Sf Arn. p. 137).

Hab. Maisor, Heyne, Wight.

Of this species I know nothing, except from the specimens in the
Linnean Society, and the description of Wight and Arnott rendered
above. It would appear to be very near I. pendula, but differs in the
spurred flowers and pubescent capsules.

43. I. MuNRONii {Wight, I. c. 104.9). Erecta ramosa tota pubescenti-
pilosa, caule lignoso, foliis (1-2") versus apices ramorum longe petio-
latis ovatis ovato-lanceolatisve utrinque acuminatis subserratis, pedi-
eellis ebracteolatis solitariis, sepalis hirsutis magnis late ovatis lanceo-
latisve acuminatis, labello in calcar conicum hamatum sensim attenuato,
vexillo orbiculari dorso alato, aUs brevibus obovatis bifidis.

Hab. Mont, tropicis Malabariae, sylvis ad Sisparah ! Wight, Gardner,

&c. (fl. Jan,).
Suffruticulus pedalis, ramis pateutibus, siccis cicatricibus ad basin

foliorum delapsorum nodulosis. Folia utrinque pubescenti -pilosa.

Pedicelli unciales. Flores poUicares, purpurei. Ovarium pilosum.
LINN. PROC. — BOTANY. L

134 DR. HOOKER AND DR. THOMSON'S PRiECURSORES

44. I. DASYSPERMA {Wight in Madr. Journ. Sc. v. p. 7- f. 2, Ic. 742).
Herbacea caule simpliciusculo, foliis (2-4") longe petiolatis ovato-
lanceolatis utrinque acuminatis crenato-serratis supra pilosis subtus
glaberrimis, pedicellis ebracteolatis subsolitariis, floribus inter minores,
sepalis minutis ovatis acuminatis, labello cymbiformi calcare gracili
incurvo, vexillo obcordato, alis profunde bifidis horizontaliter patenti-
bus, capsula glaberriraa, seminibus pilosis.

Hab. Mont, tropicis Malabarise sylvis prope Courtallam, Wight (fl. Aug.,
Sept.).

Glaberrima 1-2 pedalis, flaccida; ramis suboppositis. Folia petiolata,
petiolo et basi folii interdum glandulis paucis stipitatis ornato, 2-3'"
longa. Pedicelli pollicares, graciles. Flores sub i" lati. Calcar
gracile interdum pilosum. Capsula oblique turgida, rostrata.

45. I. FLACCIDA (Am. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 322). Herbacea,
glaberrima, laxe ramosa, foliis (2-4") petiolatis ovatis ovato v. elliptico-
lanceolatis crenulatis basin versus setoso-glandulosis utrinque acumi-
natis, pedicellis ebracteolatis solitariis binisve elongatis erectis, flore
majusculo, sepalis minutis linearibus, labelli limbo parvo calcare gra-
cillimo elongato, vexillo obcordato, alis bipartitis horizontaliter paten -
tibus.

I. latifoliae, L., var.? an I. latifolia. Wall. Cat. 4737 A 1 et I. lucida,4738
in Herb. Henslow.

iS. Foliis capsulaque pilosulis.

Hab. Mont, tropicis Ceyloniae alt. 4000-6000 ped. ! Walker, &c. ; Mala-
bariae ! Gardner, &c. (fl. Oct.-Dec). (v.v.)

Var.jS. Peninsula Malayana ad Moulmein ! Lobb.

Herbacea 1-2 pedalis, tota glaberrima, nisi var. jS. Folia plerumque
ampla, membranacea, petiolo setoso v. glanduloso v. nudo, Pedicelli
graciles, 1-2''. Flores magnitudine varii, |-li" lati, purpurei, violacei
V. rosei, speciosi ; alis profunde bilobis, lobis obovato-cordatis in
var. /3 apice bilobis. Capsula 2^ pollicaris, turgida, utrinque atte-
nuate rostratg,, polysperma. Semina pilosula.

46. I. PULCHERRIMA {Dalzcll in Hook. Journ. Bot. 1850, vol. ii. 37).
Glabra, caule herbaceo simpliciusculo, foliis (3-5") longiuscule petio-
latis membranaceis ovato- lanceolatis utrinque acuminatis supra pilosulis
basin versus et petiolo setoso-glandulosis, pedicellis ebracteolatis
2-3-nis erectis, floribus maximis, sepalis minutis subulatis, labelli
limbo parvo subcymbiforme in calcar elongatum gracile attenuato,
vexillo orbiculari bifido dorso rostrato, alis amplis bipartitis lobis ob-
ovatis apice bilobis. — Hook. Bot. Mag. 4615.

Hab. Mont. Concan tropicis ! Dalzell (fl. Aug.).

Species nobilis, I.Jlaccidce affinis, sed omnibus partibus duplo major.

Flores 2-2^" longi, pallide purpurei. Pedicelli fructiferi erecti.

Capsula glaberrima, cernua ; semina pauca, opaca, subrugosa v. tuber-

culata, glabra.

AD TLOEAM INDICAM (BALSAMINE^). 135

47. I. Hensloviana {Am. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 322). Caule
sufFruticoso crasso noduloso, foliis hirsutis pubescentibus glabratisve
lanceolatis ovato-lanceolatisque utrinque acuminatis serratis basi v.
petiolo glanduloso, pedicellis ebracteolatis subsolitariis elongatis
erectis, floribus magnis, sepalis amplis late ovatis acuminate mucro-
natis, labelli limbo parvo calcare elongate gracili incurvo, vexillo ob-
cuneato v. orbicular! bilobo, alis horizontaliter patentibus bipartitis
segmentis obovatis bilobis.

I. albida, Wight, Ic. 743, et in Madr. Journ. Science, v. p. 7 .i.\.
Hub. Mont, tropicis Ceylonise ! alt. 4000-6000 ped.. Walker, Sfc, et

Malabariffi, alt. 2000-3000 ped. ! Wight (fl. Sept.-Oct.).
Species pulcherrima, ssepissime tota pubescenti-pilosa, sed interdum

glabrata v. imo glaberrima, ob caules crassos, pedicellos elongatos,

flores magnos et sepala lateralia arapla facile dignoscenda. Capsula

glaberrima v. pilosa.

48. I. SPIRIFER {H.f. Sf T.). Glaberrima v. pilosula, foliis longe peti-
olatis ovato-lanceolatis caudato-acuminatis grosse crenatis in peti-
olum angustatis supremis subverticillatis sessilibus basi glandulis
stipulatis, pedicellis subterminalibus erectis solitariis v. rarius binis
basi carinatis, floribus li poll, purpureis fauce flavis sepalis amplis
oblique ovato-cordatis cuspidatis, labello saccato subcampanulato in
calcar breviusculum spiraliter tortum sensim angustato, capsula lineari-
lanceolata.

Hab. Sylvis temperatis subtropicisque Himalayae orientalis Sikkim,

alt. 4000-7000 ped. ! J. D. H. (fl. Oct.-Dec). (v.v.)
Species insignis, 2^-pedalis, inter banc sectionem et § E media, ob
pedicellos cum binis basi connatos. Folia 1-3'', interdum puberula.
Pedicelli pollicares. Labellum pallide roseum, rubro-lineatum. Vex-
illum orbiculatum, apiculatum, dorso cornutum; alarum segmentis
late purpureis, posticis lineari-oblongis pendulis. Capsula pollicaris.
Semina parva, orbicularia, puberula.

A very beautiful species, readily distinguished by the large flowers,
short, spirally-incurved spur, long, deeply-conical, posticous sepal, and
long capsules. It is very closely allied to I. arguta, H. f. & T., but
difi^ers in the almost invariably solitary flowers, and in the absence of the
curious twisted bracteoles,

49. I. CAPiLLiPEs {H.f. ^ T.). Parvula, diffuse ramosa, glaberrima,
caule gracillimo, foliis 1-2" petiolatis lineari-lanceolatis lanceolatisve
grosse crenatis nitidis flaccidis eglandulosis, pedicellis solitariis v. binis
capillaribus 1-floris, floribus minutis, sepalis falcatis, labello saccato
sacco ventricoso cylindraceo calcare minimo incurvo, vexillo lineari
oblongo elongato, alarum lobis acuminatis.

Hab. Peninsula Malayana ad Moulmein ! Lobb.

Species valde singularis ob folia hyalina angusta, flaccida grosse crenata,
pedicellos capillares, flores minutos vexillumque elongatum. Caules

l2

136 DE. HOOKER AND DR. THOMSON'S PEJ'CTJR SORES

4-6". Petioli gY&cilWmi ^-] pollicares. Pec?iceZZ« petiolossubsequaiites.
Flores albi? I" lati. Copsula late elliptica, basi angustata, a])ice
acuminata^, similis I. racemuliferce.

E. Lateeielor^ (vide p. 113).
§ a. Capsula anguste linearis elongata (vide J. spirifer in § D).

50. I. SERRATA (Benth. in Wall. Cat. 4/71 0- Glabra, caule erecto
simpliciusculo v. basi ramoso, foliis (1-3 poll.) subsessilibus v. petiolo
alato ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis argute serratis eglandulosis petiolo
basi glaiidula globosa stipulata v. nuda, pedicellis gracillimis versus
medium bifidis 2-floris, bracteis setaceis dissitis, floribus f-H'' albidis
flavisve rubro-maculatis, sepalis parvis falcatis, calcare abrupte incurvo
flore longiore, capsula anguste lineari.

Hab. Umbrosis Himalayse temperatse centralis et orientalis, Nepal !
tVallich ; Sikkim 8000-10,000 ped. ! J. D. H. (fl. Jul.-Sept.). (v.v.)

Caules graciles, 1-3 pedales. Folia membranacea, glabra. Flores plani,
labello oblique conice saccato, in calcar attenuato; vexillo oblongo
subunguiculato, alis unguiculatis lobo postico falcato. Capsula 1-H"
angustissima. Semina numerosa, 1-seriata, lineari-obovata, grosse
tuberculata.
A smaller, more delicate and graceful species than is J. scabrida, D.C.,

with very differently shaped spur and petals.

51. I. scabrida {D.C. Prodr. i. 687, fVall. Cat. 4769 b; Edgew. in
Wight, I.e. t. 323). Caule simpliciusculo robusto foliisque pubescenti-
pilosis glabratisve, foliis ovatis lanceolatis ovato-lanceolatisve acumi-
natis in petiolum angustatis grosse serratis eglandulosis petiolo basi
glandulis 2 grossis stipulato, peduncuhs foliis multo brevioribus 2-6-
floris, bracteis setaceis dissitis, floribus aureis, sepalis amplis ovato-
cordatis acuminatis, labello late conico calcare incurvo, vexillo dorso
cornuto, capsulis lineari-elongatis. — Wall. Cat. 4769 !

I. tricornis, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvi. 1840, t. 9 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. 4051.—
I. punctata, Wall. MSS.—l. cristata. Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 456.,
— I. calycina. Wall. I. c. p. 463. — I. Hamiltoniana, Don, Prodr. 204.

Hab. Umbrosis Himalayae temperatae, Bhotan ! Griffith ; Nepal ! Wol-
lich ; Kumaon ! Str. ^ Wint. ; Simla ! Comta Dalhousie, &c. ; Ku-
raawur ! Grant ; Sikkim, fid. Icon. Cathcart (fl. temp. pluv.). (v.v.)

Species 3-5 pedalis, plerumque robusta, plus minusve pubescens, sed
interdum glabra v. glaberrima. Folia petiolata, v. subsessiha. Pe-
dunculi interdum paniculati. Flores 1" longi, speciosi, aurei, punctis
rubris consperse. Capsula 1-1|" longa, glabra v. puberula. Semina
1-seriata, oblonga, vix tuberculata.
The I. calycina, Wall., seems from specimens in Lindley's Herbarium

to be the same as his cristata, and which is undoubtedly the J. scabrida

of De CandoUe. I have no Sikkim specimens, but a drawing from

AD FLOllAM INBICAM (b ALSAMINE JE) . 137

Catlicart's collection of what a})pears to be a very pale-flowered variety
of it, and which has four lateral sepals.

52. I. ARGUTA (H./. <^ T.). Glaberrima, caule gracili ramose, foliis
2-2\" breve petiolatis v. petiolo alato elliptico-lanceolatis utrinque
longe acuminatis argute serratis dentatisve basi setosis superioribus
ssepe petiolo glanduligero sed basi glandulis non stipulate, pedunculo
brevissimo 1-2-floro, bracteis setaceis elongatis tortis, pedicellis elon-
gatis, floribus magnis caeruleis lilacinisve, sepalis oblique ovatis cuspi-
dato-acuminatis majusculis, labello longe saccato late infmidibuliforrai
V. campanulato calcare breviusculo hamato, vexillo dorso subrostrato.
Hah. Umbrosis Himalayae orientalis temperatae et tropicae ; Sikkim, alt.
6000-7000 ped. ! J. D. H. ; Mont. Khasiae, alt. 3000-6000 ped. !
Lobb, &c. (fl. Jun.-Oct.). (v.v.)
Species insignis 1-4 pedalis, J. spirifer affinis et similis, sed caules ro-
bustiores, folia majora, argute dentata v. serrata, basi ciliata (rarius
nuda), petiolus ssepissirae glandulosus, pedunculis brevissimis, bifloris,
bractese elongatse tortse, et calcar hamatum non circinatum. — Cap-
sula linearis, poUicaris. Semina pauca, orbicularia, opaea, granulata.
Folia inferiora saepius non glandulosa.

The long, subulate, twisted bracteoles of this species are quite peGuliar
to it ; in other respects it resembles I. spirifer, &c. It is veiy common
in the Khasia mountains, and is probably distributed amongst Wallich's
plants, though I have failed to recognize it amongst the Linnean Society's
collections, Henslow's, Benthara's, or those of Kew. In some of my
Sikkim specimens there are foiu* lateral sepals, as there are also in that
figured by Cathcart's artists ; in others only two.

b. Capsula brevis v. ignota.

63. I. DISCOLOR {De Prodr. i. 687 ; Wall. Cat. 4767). Caule erecto
subramoso, foliis petiolatis 1-2'' ovatis acuminatis eglandulosis grosse
crenato- serratis supra pilosulis, pedicellis breviusculis 2-floris, bracteis
parvis late ovatis dissitis, floribus magnis, sepalis parvis ovatis acumi-
natis labello longe saccato ventricoso calcare brevi incurvo v. circinato,
vexillo dorso coruuto.

I. insignis. Wall. Cat. 4766, in part.

j8. Glaberrima, foliis glaberrimis.

Hab. Himalaya centrali temperata, Nepal ! Wallich ; montibus Sikkim !
et Khasia! umbrosis humidis (fl. Jul.-Sept.). (v.v.)

Caulis 3-5 pedalis. Folia membranacea, majora et latiora quam in I.
elegans et arguta. Peduncidi gracillimi, foliis breviores, arcuati, iis
I. longipes et urticifolia similes, sed breviores, pedicellis capillaceis.
Flores \\" longi. Capsules lineari-clavatae, immaturae ?

I. urticcefolice simillima et forsan ejus varietas, sed bracteae breviores
et foha apice non caudato-acurninata ; calcai^e involute non abrupte
inflexo .

138 DR. HOOKEH AND DE. THOMSON'S PE^CUBSORES

A very common and variable species, probably not distinct from I. ur-
ticcefolia, but the inflorescence is more lateral on the plant, and the
leaves more uniform, and less crowded upwards.

54. I. PORRECTA {Wall. Cat. 7275!). Humilis, pedalis, glaberrima,
caule simplici basi repente radicante dein erecta, foliis pollicaribus
longe petiolatis ovato-ellipticis acutis serrulatis basin versus bi-
glandulosis, pedunculis paucis folio brevioribus 2-3-floris, bracteis
setaceis, floribus cum calcare H pollicaribus flavis, sepalis parvis ovatis
acuminatis, labello subconice saccato calcare sensim attenuato apice
hamato terminato.

Hab. Paludibus temperatis montibus Khasiae ! Wallich, prope Kala-
pane, alt. 5000-6000 ped., J. H. Sf T. T. (fl. Aug.). (v.v.)

Species pulchra, 7. discolor proxime affinis. Caules vix pedales, cras-
siusculi, ad basin petiolorum non glandulosi. Folia pauca, 6-8", petiole
%~\". Pedunculi et pedicelli graciles. Flores pro planta magni,
pallide aurei v. straminei, lineis rubris pulchre striati, vexillo dorso
rostrato. Capsula ?
In habit and structure of the flower this is very closely allied to I. bella,

but has always several flowers on one peduncle, &c. (see notes under

I. bella).

56. I. BELLA {H. f. Sf T.). Sparse puberula, uniflora rarius biflora,
caulibus simpliciusculis 3-5" basi repentibus dein erectis, foliis l-l^^''
paucis membranaceis longe petiolatis late ovatis subacutis crenulatis,
pedicello erecto gracili pubescente medio bracteolato 1-2 flore, sepalis
majusculis oblongo-lanceolatis acuminatis, labello conice saccato in
calcare gracili torto puberulo product©, vexillo late obovato dorso
cornuto alis bilobis lobo basali auriculaeformi terminali obovato
elongato.

Hab. Paludibus temperatis mont. Khasise ! Griffith, Lobb ; prope Kala-
pane alt. 5000 ped., J. H. Sf T. T. (fl. Aug.). (v.v.)

Planta pulcherrima, membranacea, sicca flaccida. Caules basi simplices
V. ramosi. Petioli i-V, pubescentes, nudi v. parce setosi. Folia
subtus nitida, basi interdum glanduligera v. setosa. Flores tenerrimi,
f " longi, aurantiaci v. aurei, petalis labelloque intus purpureo-striolatis.
Ovarium glaberrimum, i'\ Capsula elliptico-lanceolata, pubescens.
Semina subrotunda, papilloso-pubescentia.
Closely alhed to J. porrecta. Wall., which has always several flowers

on each peduncle, but the bracts are narrower, the whole plant more

membranous and pubescent, the lateral sepals are larger, and the long

lobe of the alae much longer.

56. I. RACEMULOSA {Wall. Cat. 7274 !). Glaberrima, caule crassius-
culo simplici v. basi ramoso foliis 1-2" petiolatis ovatis lanceolatisve
acuminatis obtuse serratis eglandulosis, racemis folio brevioribus 6-S-
floris, pedunculo flexuoso, bracteis oblongis, pedicellis gracilibus,

AD FLOEAM IKDICAM (BALSAMINE^aj) . 139

floribus I" intense violaeeis, sepalis majusculis oblique ovatis acutis,
labello cymbifonni calcare breviusculo incurvo flore a3quilongo, vexillo
parvo orbiculari, alarum lobo postico maxirao late semiorbieulari
obtuso.
Hab. Locis udosis apertis temperatis et subtropicis montibus Khasiae j
alt. 4000-5000 ped. ! Gomez, Lobb, J. H. ^ T. T. (fl. Jun.-Oet.).

Species pulcherriraa, nullae arete affinis. Caulis 6-8"'. Folia membra-
nacea, petiolo basi glandulis non stipulate. Racemi pollicares, omnes
laterales, horizontaliter patentes. Calcar |-f ", arcuatum ascendens,
apice obtuso. Capsula ^", brevis, obovato-lanceolata, basi breviter
attenuata, apice acuta, oligosperma ; dehiscens ab apice. Semina
parva.
This has the fruit of many species in § B, and the racemose flower of

the Racemosce.

57. I. LATiFLORA {U.f. Sf T.). Caulc humili robusto puberulo, foliis
petiolatis lanceolatis elliptico-lanceolatisve acuminatis crenato-serratis
basi saepissirae glanduloso-setigeris subtus glaucis, pedunculis erectis
crassis bis terve divisis simplicibusve, bracteis dissitis lanceolatis, flo-
ribus magnis roseis, sepalis arapHs late ovatis acuminatis, labello
cymbiformi in calcar rectum v. paulo curvum gracile elongatum ab-
rupte contracto, vexillo dorso alato.
Hab. Umbrosis subtropicis montibus Khasia ad Nunklow, alt. 3000-
4000 ped. Lobb, J. H. ^ T. T. et ? Himalaya orientali tropica Sikkim,
alt. 2000-4000 ped., J. H. (fl. Oct.).

Statura habitu plerisque notis /. pulchra; proxima, sed diff'ert floribus
conspicuis, calcare gracili elongato, non cum sepalo conico sensim
continuo. Flos 1^-2'.' latus, pallid e roseus v. violaceus ; calcare 1 ;
petalis patentibus amplis ; vexillo orbiculari bilobo, alis bipartitis lobis
patentibus antico obovato retuso postico semiovato acuto. Capsula
et semina immatura sed I. pulchrce ut videtur similia.
The Sikkim specimens look difi^erent ; they have broader leaves and

single smaller flovv'ers on ebracteolate peduncles, but from drawings of

both, taken on the spot, I am unable to point out any further differences

between them.

68. I. PULCHRA {H.f. 4* T.). Humilis, glaberrima, caule simphci,
foliis 2-3'^ crassiusculis petiolatis elliptico- v. anguste lanceolatis acu-
minatis serratis subtus pallidis, pedunculis erectis crassis bis terve divisis
simplicibusve, bracteis dissitis lanceolatis, floribus magnis, sepalis
amplis late ovatis acuminatis, labello magno late infundibuliformi in
calcar conicum apice circinatum attenuate, alis amplis, vexillo dorso
alato.

Var. 13. Foliis latioribus ellipticis v. ovato-lanceolatis nervis numerosis.

Hab. Umbrosis montibus Khasia regione temperata et subtropica alt.
5000 ped. ! J. H. Sf T. 7'.— Var. /S. Nepalia maxime orientali, alt.
4000-5000 ped. ! J. H. (fl. Sept.-Nov.) (v.v.)

140 DK. IIOOKEII AND DR. THOMSON'S Pll^CUBSOKES

Species puleherrima, caule crassiusculo simplici v. diviso 4-8". Folia
basi interdum setigera, nervis primariis in var. a paucis sub 8, mar-
gine parallelis, in var. /3, 8-12, divergentibus. Flos 11" longus, pal-
lide roseus v. stramineus, rubro striatus. Capsula elliptieo-oblonga,'*
erecta, polysperma. Semina parva, lanata ? — Flores interdum solitarii.
CapsulcB et semina /. linearis.

This is similar in some respects to /. acuminata, Benth., but differs
in the flowers being considerably larger, not umbellate, and the leaves
broader; the sepals and petals also are of a very diflPerent form.

69. I. FRUTicosA (D.C. Prodr. i. 68/ ; Wall. Cat. 4762 !). Caule erecto
robusto raraoso, foliis 3-5" longe petiolatis pubescentibus subsericeis
glabratisve ovato lanceolatis acurainatis serratis crenatisve, petiolis 1-2
glandulosis tomentosis, pedunculis glabris folio brevioribus 3-5-floris,
braeteis linearibus, pedicellis valde elongatis gracilibus, floribus amplis,
sepalis magnis ovatis cuspidatis, labelli limbo brevi cymbiformi, calcare
elongato curvo ascendente, vexillo late orbiculari bilobo, alis bipartitis
segmentis divaricatis. — Wight ^ Am. Prodr. 137; Wight, Ic. 966.

Hab. Sylvis montosis tropicis Malabariae ad Kottergherry et Coonoor !
(non alibi), Wight (fl. Aug. et Mart.).

Planta insignis, 8-pedalis, floribuuda. Caulis ad cicatrices nodosus.
Folia interdum glabra, ssepissime appresse pubescentia, glandulis
petioli sessilibus. Flores 1^" lati, calcare 2-unciali. Pedunculi ple-
ruraque in pedicellos 3, 2-4 unciales divisos, vel umbellam 2-4-florem
gerens. Capsula magna, |" longa, anguste elliptica, rostrata, poly-
sperma. Semina glabra.

60. I. JuRPiA {Ham. Wall. Cat. 4761 !). . Fruticosa, caule elato ra-
moso, foliis 3-5" petiolatis oblique ovatis ovato-lanceolatisve longe
acuminatis serratis nervis subtus puberulis basi petioloque glandulosis,
pedunculis axillaribus subterminalibusque gracilibus 2-4-floris, sepalis
parvis, vexillo dorso cornuto, labello subconice saccato ventricoso in
calcar subelongatura validum curvura contracto, alis labello minoribus.

Var. iS. Mutiea, calcare et cornu vexilli brevioribus.

Hah. Sylvis umbrosis tropicis Himalayas centralis et orientalis, Nepal !
Hamilton, Sfc. ; Sikkim, alt. 3000-5000 ped. ! Griffith, Sfc. (fl. Sept.-
Nov.). (v.v.)

Caulis 5-8 pedalis, ramosus, crassiusculus, basi sublignosus ; ramulis
pubescentibus glabrisve, plerumque flexuosis. Folia submembra-
nacea, supra nitida, glaberrima v. pilosula, setis glanduligeris basin
versus gracilibus. Pedunculi 3-5", glabri v. puberuli. Bractece
caducae. Pedicelli pollicares et ultra. Flos sordide albidus v. flavus
v. aurantiacus, cum calcare rubro 2-pollicaris. Sepala acuta ob-
cuneata dorso longe rostrata v. erostria. Capsula anguste lineari-
oblonga, poUicaris, glaberrima. Semina pauca, 4-6 apicem versus
capsulse, parva, opaca, suborbicularia, tuberculata.

AD FLOllAM INDICAM (BALSAMIKE^) . 141

61. I. puberula (De Prodr. i. 687 ; Wall. PL As. Rar. ii. 193 ; Cat.
4767 A), Plus minusve pubescens v. glabrata, caule elongate simplici
V. ramosOj foliis 1-5" in petiolum attenuatis elliptico- v. ovato-lanceo-
latis utrinque acuminatis crenatis eglandulosis, pedicellis bracteolatis
1-4-floris solitariis v. binis gracilibus erectis axillaribus subterminali-
busque floribusque violaceis pubescentibus, sepalis majusculis ovatis
acuminatis, labelli limbo cymbiformi, calcare longo gracili curvo, alis
patentibus, capsula lineari.

I. mollis. Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 461.— I. hispidula, Bth. Wall. Cat.

4740 !— I. insignis (in part.), Wall. Cat. 4766.
jS. Pedunculis 2-4-floris.
Hab. Sylvis subtropicis temperatisque Hiraalayae orientalis et centralis ;

Nepal! Wallich; Sikkim, 3000-6000 ped.! J. D.if.--^. Mont. Khasia,

alt. 5000-6000 ped. \ J. H. 8f T. T. (fl. June-Dec), (v.v.)
Species variabilis, erecta, 1-3-pedalis; caule simplici v. parce ramoso.

Folia basi non ciliata v. setigera. Pedunculi 1-3 pollicares, basi brac-

teati. Flores I. flaccidee ? subsimiles. Calcar gracile, i'\ Capsula

glaberrima, poUicaris. Semina (immatura) parva?.

In all Wallich's Nepal and our Sikkim specimens the peduncles are
1 -flowered, in our Khasia ones 2-4-flowered.

c. Perennes. Epiphyticae. Caules breves, crassi. Folia versus apices
ramorum conferta. Pedunculi 2-3-flores. Capsules breves, rostratae.

62. I. Jerdoni^ {Wight in Madr. Journ. Sc. v., Ic. t. 1602). Epi-
phytica, glaberrima, caule brevi procumbente radicante, ramis flori-
feris ascendentibus, foliis gracile petiolatis ovatis acutis sinuato-sub-
serratis sinubus et apice setulosis, pedicellis gracilibus pedunculo
longioribus, sepalis lanceolatis, labello longe saccato ventricoso, calcare
brevi incurvo.— HooA:. Bot. Mag. 79, t. 4739.

Hab. Ramis truncisque arborum Mont. Anamallay et Nilghiri ad Sispara
Ghat.! Wight.

Rami cicatricati. Folia 1^-2^" longa, petiolo ^-f", utrinque glaber-
rima. Pedunculi cum pedicellis folia sequilonga. Flores rubri,
labellum magnum inflatum, fere pollicare, vexillum alaeque parvse.
Sepala petalis sequilonga, alse oblique bilobae, lobis imbricatis rotun-
datis. Vexillum galeatum.
This, as Wight observes, is most nearly allied to I. Walkerice. The

latter I have been obliged to put in the racemose group of the order,

though, with the present and two following, it forms the most natural

section of the genus,

63. I. auriculata {Wight in Madr. Journ. Sc. v. p. 8. t. iii.). Epi-
phytica, glaberrima, caule brevi crassissiino nodoso articulato, foliis
petiolatis ovatis ellipticisve acutis subserratis, pedunculis brevibus
2-floris, pediceUis gracilibus, sepaUs maximis dependentibus, vexillo
brevi concavo profunde bifido, labello loaige saccato apice breviter
calcarato.

14Q DR. HOOKER AND DR. THOMSON'S PR^OURSORES

Hab. Peninsulse montibus prope Courtallam ! Wight.

Species valde singularis, I. Jerdonice arete affinis sed caulibus crassioribus

saepe nodosis, pedunculis brevioribus, sepalis labello aequilongis, et

calcare breviore.

64. I. viRiDiFLORA (Wiffht in Madr. Journ. Sc. v. p. 9). Glaberrima,
caule brevi crassissimo ramisque nodiilosis, foliis crasse petiolatis ovato-
lanceolatis acutis serratis, pedunculis brevibus bifloris, pedicellis gra-
cilibus, sepalis linearibus, vexillo alte bilobo dorso alte carinato, labello
conice subsaccato in calcar incur vum angustato.

Hab. Malabar ad Mont. Shivagherry ! Wight.

I. auriculatcB et /. Jerdonice arete affinis ; sed caule crassiore, foliis ma-
joribus, 3" long, nervis validioribus, sepalis lanceolatis, labelloque vix
saccato sed in conura incurvum apice uncinatim calcaratum sensim
attenuatum.

E. Umbellate et Capitate (vide p. 113).

Vide J. Goughii, trilobata, sulcata, &c., in § C ; I. longicornu, racemosa,
et bicornuta in § G.

65. I. bracteata {Coleb. MSS. in Roxb. Fl, Ind. Ed. Carey, ii. 458;
Wall. Cat. 4760 !). Glaberrima, caule erecto parce ramoso, foliis longe
petiolatis ovato-lanceolatis utrinque acuminatis subserratis basi ciliatis,
pedunculo terminali apice densifloro, bracteis magnis recurvis crinitis,
floribus purpureis.

I. fimbriata. Hook. Exot. Flor. ii. 1. 146.

Hab. Mont. Khasia paludibus subtropicis temperatisque, alt. 4000-6000

ped. ! De Silva, Griffith, &c. (fl. Jun.-Aug.). (v.v.)
Planta pulcherrima, pedalis et ultra ob. bracteas crinitas distinctissima.

Flores purpurei. Exemplaria depauperata ludunt floribus fere ebrac-

teatis V. bracteis subulatis.

66. I. JANTHINA {Thwaites, En. p. 68). Herbacea, pusilla, simplex,
glaberrima, foliis 1-4 membranaceis ovatis late oblongisve acuminatis
denticulatis, petiolo eglanduloso, sepalis oblongis subacutis, vexillo
rotundato, labello, infundibuliforme in calcar incurvum sensim pro-
ducto.

Hab. Ceylon ! Walker, regione tropica, Thwaites.

Species parvula, 3-5-pollicaris. Folia ssepissime 2 opposita 1-4'' long.
h-2 lat. Pedunculus 2-3". Pedicelli breviter racemosi, bracteis ova-
libus persistentibus. Flores pulchre violacei, |^-f" lat. Capsula
polysperma.

6^. I LEUCANTHA {Thw. En. p. 61). Herbacea, pusilla, simplex, foliis
approximatis lanceolatis acuminatis denticulatis parce pilosis basin
versus petioloque subalato glanduloso-setigeris, labello in calcar aequi-
longum rectum conicum apice (siccum) subabrupte attenuatum pro-
ducto, alarum lobo posteriore parvo lanceolato, anteriore multo majore
injequaliter 3-partito apicibus rotundatis. — Descr. Ex. CI. Thwaites.

AD TLOEAM INDICAM (bALSAMINE^). 143

Hab. Hinidoon and Kittoot Gala in Ceylon, Thwaites.

" Ab I. appendiculata, quae valde similis aflfinisque calcaris petalorumque

forma praecipue differt. Flores albi, sepalo anteriore rufo-galeato." —

Thw.

I have not seen Thwaites' specimens, but fear I may have confounded
this species with J. appendiculata.

68. I. LINEARIS {Am. in Hook. Comp. Bat. Mag. ii. 323). Humilis,
glaberrima, caule simplici robusto, foliis approximatis anguste lineari-
lanceolatis acuminatis serratis subcoriaceis, bracteis ovatis acuminatis,
pedicellis filiformibus, sepalis breviusculis ovatis acuminatis, labello
concavo brevissime calcarato, vexillo brevi dorso cornuto, alis magnis
bipartitis segmento laterah minore terminali magno obovato un-
guiculato.

Var. 13. Foliis petiolatis elliptico-lanceolatis.

Hab. Sylvis montosis subtropicis Ceyloniae, alt. 4000-6000 ped. !

Walker, &c.
Caules subcaespitosi, 4-6". Folia 2-3'' in petiolum brevem angustata.

Flores f" longi. Capsules ellipticse, glaberrimae.

69. I. APPENDICULATA {Am. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 323.).
Herbacea, pusilla, glabra v. pilosula, foliis approximatis v. verticillatis
petiolatis ovatis lanceolatisve utrinque acuminatis setuloso-serratis
membranaceis, pedunculis elongatis, bracteis lanceolatis, pedicellis
filiformibus, sepalis ovatis oblongisve, labello parvo saccato apice
breviter calcarato, vexillo parvo gibbo, alis bipartitis. — Thwaites,
En. 47.

u. Foliis oblongo-lanceolatis acuminatis, pedunculis folia superantibus.

jS. Foliis ovatis, pedunculis foliis brevioribus.

y. Foliis 3-5 ovatis verticillatis pubescentibus.

d. Foliis verticillatis anguste elliptico-lanceolatis.

Hab. Sylvis montosis subtropicis Ceylonise ! Walker, &c.

Species parvula, variabilis, 4-8". Folia flaccida, 1-6". Flores valde
membranacei, " albidi v. pallide rosei ; vexillum transverse rubro-
striatum, alis bilobis ; lobo, antico parvo lanceolato longe caudato,
posticis majore, semicordato acuminato." — Thw.

70. I. UMBELLATA {Heyne in Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ed. Wall. ii. 464 ; Wall.
Cat. 4759 !). Humilis, caule simplici longe nudo, foliis breve petio-
latis subverticillatis ovatis obtusis acutisve crenato-serratis, pedunculis
erectis foliis subsequilongis, bracteis oblongis obtusis, floribus amplis,
sepalis late ovatis acutis, labelli lamina parva cymbiformi, calcare
elongato gracili incurvo, vexillo orbiculari emarginato, alis subhori-
zontaliter patentibus bilobis lobis obtusis. — Wight 8f Am. Prodr. 137;
Wight, Cat. N. 745 ; et in Madr. Journ. So. v. p. 9. t. iv.

Hab. Sylvis tropicis montosis Malabarise, prope Coui-tallum ! Wight (fl.
Aug.-Sept.).

144 DR. HOOKEK AND DE. THOMSON'S PR^CUESOEES

Herbacea, 4-12", glabra. Radix tuberosa (ex Wight), Folia 1-4", ob-
tusa, crenata. Flores 5-6, sub | lati. Capsula breviter elliptica,
glabra. Semina echinata {Wight).

71. I. SUBCORDATA {Am. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 323). Caule
simplici longe nudo v. basi repente ramoso, foliis longe petiolatis
ovatis V. ovato-lanceolatis subacutis v. acuminatis basi cordatis rotun-
datisve grosse crenatis, pedunculis folio brevioribus, bracteis ovato-
lanceolatis acuminatis, pedicellis gracilibus, sepalis oblongo-ovatis
acuminatis majusculis, labelli lamina cymbiformi acuminata calcare
elongato acuminato gracili incurvo, alis latis. — Thw. En. 67.

Hab. Sylvis montosis subtropicis Ceylonise, alt. 6000-6000 ped. ! Walker,

&c. (fl. Sept., Oct.).
Species variabilis. Caules 4-10". Folia 1-3", obtusa v. acuta, petiolo

elongato. Flores albidi, sepalis rufescentibus. Capsula parva, ^ unc.

longa. — I. umhellatcB valde affinis, diflPert bracteis acutioribus foliisque

basi cordatis v. rotundatis.

72. I. UNCiNATA ( Wight in Madr. Journ. Science, v. p. 11. t. vi., Icones,
t. 747). Caule erecto, foliis 2-3" longe petiolatis ovatis ovato-corda-
tisve acuminatis serratis supra nervis pubescentibus subtus glaberrimis,
petiolo apice glanduloso, pedunculis axillaiibus elongatis erectis,
bracteis parvis, floribus 4-8 mediocribus approximatis, pedicellis bre-
vibus, sepalis amplis oblique ovatis acuminatis, labello subhemispherico
calcare brevi ventricoso basi constricto apice uncinato, vexillo oblongo,
alis bipartitis.

Hab. Sylvis tropicis Malabarise, ad Courtallam ! Wight (fl. Aug., Sept.).

Caules graciles. Petioli 1-2". Pedunculi foliis breviores, 3-4". Pedi-
celli ^' . Flores sub V longi. Alee lobo antico minore horizontaliter
patente, postico semiovato obtuso. Capsula brevis, rostrata, oligo-
sperma.

73. I. visciDA {Wight in Madr. Journ. of Science, v. p. 12, Icones,
t. 746). Caule gracili erecto basi repente radicante angustato, foliis
2-3" longe petiolatis ovatis acuminatis serratis nervis iitrinque hispi-
dulis, pedunculis axillaribus erectis filiformibus viscidis 2-4-floris,
bracteis majusculis ovatis acuminatis, pedicellis breviusculis approxi-
matis, floribus majusculis, sepalis amplis late ovatis longe acuminatis,
labello brevi cymbiformi calcare longo gracili incurvo, vexillo oblongo
acuminato, alis bipartitis lobis, semiovatis.

? An I. cordata, Wight in Madr. Journ. Sc. v. p. 10.

Hab. Montibus subtropicis Pulney Malabarise, alt. 5500 ped. ! Wight.

Caulis ut videtur flexuosus. Petioli 1-3". Pedunculi 4-5", graciles.
Bractece \" longse. Flores rosei v. purpurascentes. Capsula ellip-
tica, acuta, polysperma. Semina orbiculata, pilosa.
The /. cordata, Wight, from Dr. Wight's specimens, collected in the

Shevagherry Hills, appears to differ from I. viscida only in the subcordate

base of the leaves.

AD FLOBAM INDICAM (SALSAMINEiE). 145

74. I. ACUMINATA {Benth.in Wall. Cat. 4754 !). Humilis, glaberrima,
caule crasso simplici, foliis approximatis longe lanceolatis in petiolum
angustatis acuminatis sinuato-crenatis subcoriaceis subtus glaucis
nervis raargine subparallelis, pedunculis axillaribus crassiusculis, brac-
teis magnis late ovatis obtusis, floribus magnis, sepalis majusculis
oblique ovato-cordatis obtusis acuminatisve, labello limbo cymbiforrai
acuminato, calcare elongato sensim angustato incurve, vexillo orbicu-
lato, alis bipartitis.

Var. a. Foliis lanceolatis longius petiolatis apice elongatis.

Var. /3. Foliis angustioribus interdura 6-pollicaribus.

Hob. Rupibus madidis Mont. Khasia regione subtropica, alt. 4000-6000

ped. ! Be Silva, &c. (fl. Aug., Sept.). (v.v.)
Habitu J. lineari proxime affinis, sed major floribusque diversissimis.

Caules caespitosi, 5-14'', stricti, erecti. Folia i-1" lata, subtus pallida.

Floras speciosi, pallide rubri, pollicares. Capsulce breves, erectce,

^'', oblongse, subacutse. Semina minima, lana fusca immersa !

75. I. HooKERiANA {Am. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 324). Fru-
ticosa, perennis, ramis crassis, foliis petiolatis carnosulis 3-6" ovalibus
acutis acuminatisve crenato-serratis, petiolis apice biglandulosis, pe-
dunculis robustis erectis elongatis, floribus maximis 4-6 longe pedi-
cellatis umbellatis, sepalis majusculis oblongo-lanceolatis, labelli limbo
parvo cymbiformi abrupte in calcar crassum elongatum attenuatnm
contracto, petalis amplis, vexillo orbiculari. — Bot. Mag. 79, t. 4704.

? I. biglandulosa. Moon, Cat. 18.

Hab. Montibus tropicis Ceyloniae, alt. 3000-5000 ped.. Walker, &c.

Species magnifica, elata, glaberrima. Rami crassitie digiti. Pefioli
2-5'', apicem versus glandulis 2-stipitatis. Folia multinervia. Pe-
dunculi crassi, 4-6". Bractece deciduae. Pedicelli 1-2". Flores
speciosi, 2'' lati, calcare interdum 2" curvo; petalis lateralibus et vexillo
subaequalibus, margine crispatis, albis ? rubro-striatis. Capsula pro-
planta parva, f" elliptico-lanceolata gibba, glabra.

76. I. grandis {Heyne in Wall. Cat. 4759 !). — Am. in Hook. Comp. Bot.
Mag. 324, Madr. Journ. of Science, v. t. iv.

Hab. Mont, tropicis Malabariae! Heyne, et ? Ceyloniae, Walker.

Omnia /. Hookeriance, sed labello conico-infundibuliformi in calcar 2-

poUicare sensim attenuatum, et petalo postico minore.

Thwaites suspects that this does not differ specifically from /. Hooker^
iana, and I have no doubt that he is right.

77' I. CAM PAN u LATA ( Wight in Madr. Journ. ofSc. v. 11. t. vii., Icones,
t. 744). Erecta, caule robusto, foliis 4-6" petiolatis late ovato- v. ellip-
tico-lanceolatis acuminatis setuloso-serratis subtus glaucis, pedunculis
axillaribus crassiusculis suberectis 3-4-floris foliis brevioribus, floribus
umbellatis, bracteis magnis ovato-lanceolatis, floribus magnis, sepalis

140 DR. HOOKER AND DR. THOMSON'S PR^CURSORES

amplis oblique ovatis rostrato-acuminatis, labello parvo cymbiformi
calcare perbrevi incurvo, vexillo orbiculari mucronato, alls bipartitis.

Hab. Montibus subtropicis Pulney Malabariae, alt. 5500 ped., Wight.

Caulis subramosus, herbaceus. Folia eglandulosa. Pedunculi ?>" .
BractecB -|-f ". Flores H'' longi, subcarapanulati, pallide purpureo-
maculati. Capsula elliptica, utrinque attenuata, glaberrima. Semina
plurima, creberrime echinata.
Very similar in many points to I. Icevigata, but the common peduncles

of the flowers are much longer, and the habit is very different.

78. I. LiEViGATA {Wall. Cat. 4753 !). Caule elato robusto fruticoso,
foliis 4-6''' breve v. longe petiolatis oblongo- v. obovato-lanceolatis
longe acuminatis late crenato-serratis basi petiolove glandulosis, pe-
dunculis axillaribus terminalibusque brevibus 2-3-floris, floribus flavis,
bracteis oppositis sepalisque amplis late ovatis rotundatisve acuminatis,
labello conice saccato ventricoso calcare breviusculo uncinato termi-
nato.

Hah. Sylvis umbrosis subtropicis tropicisve Himalayae orientahs ad

Sikkim, alt. 2000-4000 ped. ! Montibus Khasia, alt. 3000-5000 ped. !

De Silva, &c. (fl. Jul.-Oct.). (v.v.)
Caulis 4-6-pedalis, lignosus, ramosus; ramis nodosis, glabris puberuhsve.

Folia basi saepius obliqua, luride viridia. Pedunculi ^1", robusti.

Flores subcampanulati, flavi v. sordide straminei, rubro-striati, 1-H''

longi. Capsula ignota.
Species ob staturam, ramos lignosos, pedunculos breves 2-3-flores, brac-

teas magnas, flores flavidos, sepala ampla facile recognita.

A tall branched sufiruticose species, with much of the habit of /. Jur-
pia, but readily distinguished by the large orbicular outer sepals.

79. I. Tavoyana (Benth. Wall. Cat. 4773 !). Humihs, caule crassius-
culo basi nudo, foliis 3-3'' petiolatis ovatis acutis v. longe acuminatis
integerrimis v. remotiuscule setoso-serrulatis basi longe setosis, pedun-
culis gracillimis foliis longioribus 8-14-floris, bracteis setaceis, pedi-
celUs gracilibus ; floribus parvis, sepalis subulatis, labello cymbiformi
purpureo striato calcare recto subulato aequilongo, alis longe unguicu-
latis, capsula parva angusta lanceolata utrinque attenuato-acuminata
oligosperma.

I. Tavagua, Benth. sphalm. in Steud. Nomen.

Hab. Peninsula Malayana ad Tavoy Gomez, Moulmein ! Lobb.

Species elegans, parviflora, Circece habitu, glaberrima. Caules simplices
v. ramosi, 3-6". Folia pallide viridia, nitida, ut videtur flaccide mem-
branacea ; nervis paucis tenuibus. Pedunculi 3-4". Pedicelli capil-
lares, poUicares. Flores pallide straminei vix i" longi, vexillo ut
videtur dorso breviter rostrato; alarum lobo terminali semiobovato,
apice uncinato. Capsula sub 3" longa, torulosa, 2-3-sperma, Semina
oblonga, compressa, opaca.

AD FLOEAM INDICAM (bALSAMINE^). 147

G. Eacemos^ (vide p. 113).
§ a. Racemi multiflores, pedicellis interrupte verticillatis, v. fasciculatis.

80. I. RACEMOSA {Wall. Cat. 4730! in part., non Don, Prodr.). Gla-
berrima, caule gracili sirapliciusculo erecto, foliis 3-6'' petiolatis lan-
ceolatis v. elliptico-lanceolatis utrinque acuminatis apice caudatis grosse
crenatis, pedunculis elongatis strictis gracilibus multifloris pedicellis
verticillatis gracilibus bracteis parvis ovato-subulatis, sepalis minimis
labello longe conice saccato in calcar curvum attenuate, vexillo orbi-
culato, alarum lobo terrainali brevi v. elongate ligulato v. caudato ;
capsula lineari. — lEdgeworth in Linn. Trans, xx. 41.

I. micrantha, Don, Prodr. 205 ?

^?. Floribus majoribus, lobo terrainali petalorum ligulato porrecto.

y, polyceras. Bracteis majoribus sepalis apice labelli et dorso vexilli in

cornu glanduloso-incrassatum productis.
Rab. Sylvis Himalayse temperatae, alt. 7000-10,000 ped., Nepal ! Wal-
lich ; Sikkim ! J. D. H. ; jS, Sikkim ! alt. 7000-1 0,000 ped., et in Mon-
tibus Khasia, alt. 5000-7000 ped. IJ.H.Sf T. T. (fl. Jul.-Sept.). (v.v.)
Herba 2-4-pedalis. Folia 4-6", grosse crenata, sinubus setigeris, pe-
tiolis basi saepe glanduligeris. Racemi 3-6", stricti, pedicellis 1", ver-
ticillatis. Bractece basi ovatae, apice saepius elongato glanduloso-in-
crassato. Flores sub ^-f " longi, pallide flavi v. pallide sordide lilacini.
Calcar rectum v. paulo curvum, interdum apice bifidum. Capsula
|-1", apiculata, aequalis, teretiuscula. Semina opaca. — Variat ut
videtur lobo inferiore alarum brevi v. elongato et porrecto.
Under I. racemosa in Wallich's Herbarium there are at least three
plants, viz., the I. leptoceras and two others, which appear to differ
chiefly in the racemes of one being interruptedly whorled, and of the
other continuous : as Mr. Edgeworth has described the latter under the
name of I. tingens, I have retained Wallich's name for the former.

The I. tingens, Edgeworth, appears to differ in no respect from this
and from specimens marked I. racemosa in Wall. Herb., except in the
flowers not being verticillate, and in the remarkable character of the
posticous lobes of the lateral petals (alae) being included in the spur,
which I cannot but regard as an anomalous character. The whorled
pedicels, numerous long erect racemes, small flowers and straight spur
best distinguish racemosa. The var. y approaches very closely I.
leptoceras, var. ^ ; y is distinguished only by the whorled inflorescence.

81. I. BicoRNUTA {Wall, in Roxb. Flor. Ind. 11. 461, Cat. 4729 &
4765 in Herb. Henslow). Erecta, ramosa, foliis amplis approximatis
ovato-acuminatis grosse crenato-serratis, racemis confertis erectis
elongatis interruptis, pedicellis fasciculatis verticillatisque, floribus V,
lilacinis, sepalis late ovatis, labello inflato incurvo ascendente ore apicem
versus in cornu producto, calcare brevi recui'vo, capsula cylindrica.

I. longicornu, Str. 8f Wint. Herb. no. 4.

148 DR. HOOKER AND DR. THOMSON S PRiECURSORES

Hab. Himalaya centrali et occidental! Garwhal! Strachey Sf Winter-
bottom; Nepal! Wallich (fl. temp. pluv.).

A large-leaved, membranous, flaccid, very much branched species, but
distinguished by the inflated saccate incurved labellum, rather sud-
denly terminating in a short recurved spur, as also by the long, erect,
slender racemes, with whorled peduncles, slender capsules, and large
pale lilac flowers. The petals terminate in long slender tails.

82. I. LONGicoRNU {Wall. Cat. 4729, non Flor. Ind.). Erecta, ramosa,
glabra, foliis alternis ovatis ovato-lanceolatisve glanduloso-stipulatis
grosse crenato-serratis dentibus setigeris, pedunculis lateralibus et
versus apices ramulorum fasciculatis erectis strictis elongatis multi-
floris, floribus versus apices pedunculi corymbosis racemosisve \" long,
bracteis ovato-subulatis, sepalis parvulis oblique ovatis, labello longe
saccato obtuso v. conico v. abrupte cornuto, capsula lineari-elongata
recta stricta cum pedunculo directione continua.
a. Labello conice saccato, in calcar gracile incurvo attenuato. — I. longi-

comu. Wall. Cat. 4729, Herb. Henslow et Lindley.
^, vmbrosa. Labello subcylindrice saccato in calcar breve tenue in-
curvura abrupte desinente. — I. umbrosa et L amphorata, Edgew. in
Linn. Trans, xx. 39; I. picta. Floral Cabinet, t. 128, fid. Herb. Lindley :
ad I. sulcatam tendit.
y, cristigera. Labello ut in a, floribus luteis aureisve rubro-venosis. —

I. cristigera, Edgw. MSS, an sp. distincta?
S, bicolor. Labello inter a et jS media, petalisque aureis, petalo antico

roseo. — I. bicolor, Royle, III. p. 151. t. 28.
€, pallens. Floribus minoribus pallidis, labello ut in a. — L pallens,

Edgw in Linn. Trans, xx. .39.
Hab. In Himalaya temperata media et occidentali, alt. 5000-10,000 ped.,
ad Nepal ! Wallich, ad Marri ! Fleming. — Var. a, Nepal ! ad Marri !
^, in Himalaya boreali occidentali tota ; var. y, in Kulu ! Edgeworth,
et Kashmir ! T. T. ; var. S, Simla et Mussooree, Royle ; var. e,
Garwhal, 4000-8000 ped. ! Edgeworth (fl. temp. pluv.). (v.v.)
The J. longicornu of Wallich in Roxburgh's * Flora Indica,' is not the
plant of his Herbarium, no. 4729 in Herb. Lindley et Henslow, which
latter differs from his description in the leaves being broader, not crowded
towards the ends of the branches, nor linear-lanceolate ; nor does it
agree with Wallich's description in being a fleshy species with approxi-
mate ventricose joints, a leafy subfastigiate panicle, and an exceedingly
long filiform spur thrice the length of the pedicel, all which characters
agree much better wi*h J. insignis, Wall. The yellow fragrant flowers of
the /. longicornu, described in ' Flora Indica,' are, however, unlike /.
insignis, and suggest its being the J. odorata, Ham. (in Don, Prodr.
20.3), in the /. leptoceras. Wall., of which one Nepal specimen in
Herb. Henslow (4760) well agrees with Wallich's character of /. longi-
cornu. It is evident, I think, that three species have become mixed up

AD TLOEAM INDICAM (BALSAMINEiE). 149

in Wallich's published description, * Catalogue,' and original Nepalese
MSS., and that these three include that to which we now confine the
name of longicornu together with I. leptoceras and I. insignis.

The best characters for this species are the erect branching habit,
alternate leaves, long erect peduncles, with subumbellate or shortly
racemose large flowers, small lateral sepals, and the labellum well deve-
loped into a long sac, which is either conical or broadly cylindric and
blunt, ending in a slender spur, and especially by the narrow capsule,
which forms a straight line with the peduncle, and is neither inclined
nor nodding. The flowers vary greatly in number, dimensions, and
colour. Small states are difficult to distinguish from various congeners,
according as their habit and the colour of the flowers inclines to one or
another, as to /. laxiflora, bicornuta, sulcata, and Roylei. When the
flowers are simply racemose, it is not easy to distinguish this from
I. laxifiora.

b. Racemi continui (non interrupti v. verticillati) pedicellis plerumque
alternis. Calcar elongatum.
* Malabar et Ceylon.

83. I. MACULATA {Wight in Madr. Journ. Sc. vii. 12). Caule ramoso
sicco profunde sulcato piloso, foliis alternis longe petiolatis estipulatis
ovato-lanceolatis serratis utrinque pilosis junioribus subtomentosis,
pedunculis robustis rigidis elongatis multifloris, pedicellis horizontali-
bus, sepalis magnis late ovato-oblongis, vexillo parvo, labello conico
in calcar gracile elongatum desinente, capsula brevi.

Hab. Malabar ad Mont. Shevagherry ! Wight (fl. Aug.).

Species pulchra, I. elongates et cornigerce affinis, caulibus foliisque longe
albo-pilosis racemisque validis elongatis multifloris facile distinguenda.
Caules 2-3-pedales ? sicco rigiduli, flavi, profunde sulcati. Folia cum
petiolo 1-2-pollicari, 4-6'' long., 14-2" lat., membranacea, subob-
tuse serrata, basi nuda v. secus petiolum glandulis magnis sessilibus
stipitatisve ornatis. Racemi interdum spithamaei, pedunculo stricto
simplici v. diviso, bracteis brevibus late ovatis, pedicellis graciUbus,
\-\". Flores cum calcare subpoUicares. Capsula y long., medio
turgida, acuminata, glabra. Semina pilis brevibus pustulata.

84. I. Walkeri {Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 324. t. xviii.). Erecta,
subramosa, foliis 2-3" ovato-lanceolatis utrinque acuminatis setoso-
serrulatis, pedunculis folio sublongioribus 6-8-floris, bracteis late
ovatis acutis, pedicellis gracilibus elongatis erectis, floribus poUicari-
bus coccineis, sepalis parvis ovato-cordatis, labello longe late ventricoso
incurvo brevissime calcarato, alis parvis bipartitis.

Hab. Sylvis subtropicis montosis Ceyloniaj, alt. 5000-6000 ped. ! Walker,

&c.
Species distinctissima ob sepalum posticum longe ventricosum saccatum

incurviira petalaque parva coccinea. I. Jerdonits proxime affmis. —

Caules 1-2-pedales.
L1XI^^ PKOC. — BOTANY. M

150 DR. UOOKER AND DR. THOMSON'S PRiECURSORES

85. I. ELONGATA {Am. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 324). Caule ro-
biisto, foliis 2-3" approximatis petiolatis lineari- v. ovato- v. obovato-
lanceolatis ellipticisve acuminatis argute serratis coriaceis, pedunculo
longissimo robusto, racemo elongate, bracteis ovatis oblongisve sub-
acutis, sepalis ovato-oblongis acuminatis, labello cymbiformi calcare
gracili elongate ineurvo, vexillo parvo, alis bilobis, capsula brevi ellip-
tiea. — Thwaites, En. p. 67.

Hab. Sylvis montosis subtropicis Ceyloniae! alt. 3000-4000 ped., Walker,
&c.

Species distinctissima, pedalis et ultra. Folia subcarnosa, subtus pal-
lida, minute punctulata, nervis validis. Pedunculus 6". Racemus 3'\
Flores V, rubri. Alarum lobus anticus parvus, sepalis aequilongus,
postico "multo majore oblique rotundato." — Thw.

86. I. coRNiGERA {Am. in Comp. Bot. May. i. 323). Glaberrima, caule
simpliciusculo longe nudo, foliis 3-6" ellipticis lanceolatisve obtusis
longe acuminatisve in petiolum brevem angustatis crenatis sinubus
setuligeris subtus pallidis, pedunculis elongatis multifloris, bracteis
late ovatis acutis, pedicellis gracilibus, floribus flavis (cum calcare ^"
long.), sepalis parvis ovato-cordatis acuminatis, labello infundibuliformi
in calcar mediocri apice circinato attenuate, vexillo obovato acuto. —
Thw. En. p. 67.

Hah, Sylvis montosis subtropicis Ceyloniae; alt. 2000-4000 ped. ! Walker,
Gardner, &c.

Species primo intuitu calcare apice circinato, et capsula brevi oligo-
sperma valde distincta, sed foliis variabilis. Caulis pedalis. Folia
interdum late elliptica grosse crenata subtus subglabra, petiolo i-l".
Pedunculi foliis longiores. Racemus regularis, floribus nempe sub-
aiquidistantibus, bracteisque omnibus consimilibus. Pedicelli vix V,
patuli. Flores membranacei. Capsula brevis, ^" longa, compressa,
elliptica, utrinque acuminata, oligosperma. Semina 2, orbicularia,
eompressa, nitida.
The habit of this is that of I. uncinata, subcordata, and others of the

umbellate section, but the inflorescence is decidedly racemose.

**** Mont. Himalaya et Khasia.

87. I. iNSiGNis {DC. Prodr. 1688; Wall. Plant. As. Rar. ii. p. 83.
t. 194, Cat. 4760! bis !). Caule simpliciusculo robusto erecto, foliis
(6-poll.) subcoriaceis lineari v. oblongo-lanceolatis basi attenuatis apice
acuminatis grosse serratis dentibus apice setigeris, pedunculis 6-8
terminalibus robustis erectis elongatis 10-15-floris, bracteis caducis,
sepalis amplis oblique ovatis aristato-acuminatis, labello conice saccato
in calcar elongatura gracile attenuate.

I. raeemosa, Don ! Prodr. 203 — I. insignis ! Wall. Cat. 4766 e Nei)al.

in Hb. Linn. Soc.
Hab. Montes Sylliet, Wall, in Herb. Linn. Soc. ! Himalaya centrali

Nepal, Wallich.fid. Plant. As. Rar.

AD ILORAM INDICAM (bALSAMINEJE). 151

Species robusta, 2-3-pedalis, insignis. Folia angusta. Flores rosei.
Cf. notulse sub I. longicornu.

88. I. TiNGENS {Edgw. in Linn. Trans, xx. 41 !). Caule erecto graeili
ramoso, foliis 2-A" membranaceis ovatis lanceolatisve utrinque acumi-
natis apice caudatis crenatis dentibus basi setigeris, pedunculis
numerosis lateralibus et subterminalibus graeillimis erectis multifloris,
bracteis subulatis, pedicellis capillaribus, floribus parvis {\-^") flavis,
sepalis parvis ovatis obtusis, labelli sacco conico in calcar mediocre
rectum v. curvum sensim attenuate, vexillo orbiculari dorso mutico,
alarum lobo terminali caudato.
I. micrantha, Don, Prodr. fid. Am. in Hb. Hook. — I. racemosa. Wall.

Cat. 4730 in part.
Hab. In Himalaya temperata tota, alt. 5000-12,000 ped. a Simla !
Comta. Dalhousie ; ad Sikkim ! /. D. H. ; Montibus Khasia, alt.
5000-7000 ped. ! Lobb, &c. (fl. temp. pluv.). (v.v.)
Species distinctissima, etsi characteribus a sequenti segre distinguenda.
Caules 2-4-pedales. Folia basi glandulis crassis ssepissime stipulata.
Pedunculi 2-4'', valde graciles (ut in I. br achy centra). Pedicelli \",
gracillimi. Flores inter minimos. Calcar forma et longitudine varium.
Capsula lineari-clavata, laevis, f , acuminata. Semina pauca, minuta,
atra, pyriformia, rugosa.

In some of the specimens I find the posticous lobes of the lateral
petals (which are extremely variable in form and shape) included in the
spur, as described by Edgeworth ; in others they are iree, and I am dis-
posed to regard the former arrangement as owing to an anomalous
form of the petals, which are normally simply and shortly 2-lobed, as
in J. racemosa and others.

89. I. LONGIPES (H.f. Sf T.). Glaberrima, caule graeili elato ramoso,
foliis (3^") altemis breve petiolatis ovato-lanceolatis longe acuminatis
grosse crenatis sinubus setigeris, pedunculis subterminalibus axillaribus-
que longissimis graeillimis arcuato-patentibus apice racemosis 5-8-
floris, bracteis lanceolatis caducis, pedicellis brevibus gracilibus,
floribus flavis cum calcare pollicaribus, sepalis 2-4 parvis ovato-oblongis
acutis, labello infundibuUformi in calcar subelongatum hamatum at-
tenuate, alis in caudam tortam elongatis, capsula liueari. — An /.
urticifolicB, Wall. var. ?
Hab. Sylvis temperatis Himalayae, alt. 8000-10,000 ped.; Kumaon!
Str. S^ Wint. (5) ; Sikkim ! J. D. H. (fl. Jul.), (v.v.).
A tall branched delicate species, with alternate leaves and axillary,
very long patent filiform arched peduncles, bearing at the very extre-
mity three to six pale-yellow, narrow flowers, about H inch long, a good
deal Uke some states of I. leptoceras. The labellum is of the form of a
cornucopia, being a long slender cone or funnel, with an incurved slender
spur. The lateral petals are linear, twisted, and as long as the spurred
sepal. • It diff'ers from I. uriicifolia, Wall, (of which 1 expect it is a
variety), in the longer peduncles, smaller, more slender flowers, and form

m2

152 DB. HOOKEE AND DE. THOMSON'S PEiECURSOBES

of the spurred sepal and spur. Strachey and Winterbottom's specimen
has much shorter peduncles than the Sikkim ones.

90. I. uRTiciFOLiA (Wall in Roxb. FL hid. ii. 457, Cat. 4768). Gla-
bemma, eaule elato gracili ramoso, ramis flexuosis, foliis sessilibus pe-
tiolatisque petiolo alato anguste ovato- v. oblongo-lanceolatis apice
acuminatis vel caudatis crenato-serratis membranaceis, pedunculis
lateralibus et terminalibus graciUbus patentibus foho brevioribus lon-
gioribusve 2-5-floris, pedicellis breviusculis bracteis, majusculis caducis,
sepalis late ovatis acuminatis, labello saccato oblique conico ecalcarato
vel calcare brevi incurvo subaequilongo terminato, alis caudatis, capsula
lineari acuminata torulosa.

Var. a. Foliis ovatis, pedunculis lateralibus, floribus fiavis. Wall. Cat.

4768 (Herb. Henslow.).
Var. i3. Foliis ovato -lanceolatis longe caudato-acuminatis, pedunculis
numerosis lateralibus terminalibusque 2-4-floris foliis brevioribus,
floribus pallide cseruleis. (An una cum var. y species distincta ?)
Var. y. Foliis ovato-lanceolatis grossius crenatis, pedunculis validioribus,

bracteis elongatis, floribus albis v. pallide rubro-purpureis.
Hab. Sylvis umbrosis temperatis Himalayae ; a, Nepal ! Wallich ; /S,
Sikkim, alt. 8000-10,000 ped. ! y, Sikkim, 10,000-12,000 ped.! J. D. H.
(fl.Aug.). (v.v.)
Species pulchra, 3-4-pedalis, vage ramosa. Folia longe caudato-acumi-
nata et basi longe angustata; ob pedunculos saepe 1-floros vel
laterales et terminales inter banc sectionem et § E osculat. Petioli
non glanduligeri, nee basi stipulati. Pedunculi gracillimi, 1-3'',
patentes. Flores mediocres, pallide caerulei. Capsula pollicaris,
seminibus 1-seriatis. Semina magna, oblonga, fusca, testa laevi.
This is a very puzzling plant : Wallich's characters do not well agree
with those of his no. 4768 in Herb. Henslow as to the leaves, which are
shorter and broader than the description indicates. The flowers of the
Nepal plant are yellow, but in the Sikkim varieties lilac, white, or purple.
The leaves vary in size from 2-6 inches, and the peduncles, which are
axillary and terminal, vary quite as much ; generally they are very
slender, patent, and filiform, but in var. y often stout and erect, with
large persistent subulate bracts. I find four lateral sepals in var. y, of
which the two accessory are often reduced to hairs. The spur is some-
times wholly absent in Sikkim specimens. The much greater size of the
flowers, and their broad spurred labellum, sepal, and broad petals di-
stinguish this from I. longipes, which is its nearest ally.

91. I. LEPTOCERAS (DC. Prorfr. 1, 688, Wall. Cat. 4170). Glaberrima,
cauie erecto simplici v. ramoso folioso, foliis 2-5" ovatis lanceolatisve
utrinque attenuatis breve petiolatis setuloso-serratis, pedunculis axil-
laribus subterminalibusque erectis gracilibus, bracteis ovato-lanceolatis
acuminatis, floribus (cum calcare) %~\" longis, sepalis mediocribus late
ovatis subulato-acuminatis, labello infundibuliformi in calcar gracil-
limum incurvum v. rectum attenuato, capsula gracili lineari-clavata.

AD FLOEAM INDICAM (bALSAMIXE^), 153

I. longicornu. Wall. MSS. non Cat., et Flor. Ind. Ed. Carey, ii. 462. —

I. racemosa. Wall. Cat. in parte.
Var. a. Caule crasso nodoso, foliis anguste lanceolatis 2-5", alarum lobo
inferiore pendulo ter longiore quara lato latere gibbo. — I. leptoceras.
Wall. Cat. 4770.— T. longicornu. Wall, in Roxb. Flor. Ind. ii. 462.
— 1. odorata, Don, Prodr. 213.
Var. ^. Foliis ovatis 1-2", alarum lobo inferiore lineari elongate obtuso.
Var. y. Floribus flavis purpureo-maculatis.
Var. 8. Foliis lineari-lanceolatis floribus stramineis, alarum lobis rotun-

datis V. inferiore acuminato apices versus violaceis.
Var. €. Foliis amplis flaccidis, floribus albis v. purpureo notatis, alarum

lobo postico obtuse bilobo breviusculo.
Var. ^. Foliis ovato-lanceolatis coriaceis, floribus aurantiacis, alis 3-lobis

lobis brevibus.
Var. t]. Foliis amplis pedunculum excedentibus, bracteis caducis, floribus
sordide luteis rubro maculatis, alis bilobis lobo laterali breviter ovato
acuto, inferiore longe subulato, sepalis 4.
Var. $. Foliis amplis ovatis acuminatis, pedunculis numerosis folio lon-

gioribus, floribus pallide stramineis aurantiacis ve, alis ut in ?;.
Hub. In Himalaya temperata tota a Sikkim, alt. 5000-10,000 ped. !
J.D.H.; ad Simla! T. T. et in Mont. Khasia! alt. 5000-6000 ped.,
Griffith, &c. — Var. a, Nepal et Khasia; var. /3, paludibus Mont.
Khasia J var. y, Sikkim; var. d, Khasia; var. e, Sikkim, Khasia, et
Kumaon ; var. (", Khasia ; var. t}, Sikkim ; var. 6, Sikkim et Khasia (fl.
temp. pluv.). (v.v.)

A very variable and common plant, of whose varieties we have had
great difiiculty in disposing, being at first inclined to divide our exten-
sive series of specimens into six very local species; but when these
became the subjects of comparative study along with our own and
Cathcart's drawings, and with the suites of specimens from Wallich,
Lobb, Strachey and Winterbottom, and especially of Edgeworth, it
became at once apparent that to our six we must add as many other
local species, not so much because they were distinct, as because they
were intermediate in habit and characters (though not in geographical
distribution) from our own. Under these circumstances we have thought
it best to unite them all.

With regard to the name, we have adopted that applied by Wallich
to good specimens in his own Herbarium, though under the same number
we find also I. racemosa, I. tingens, and others. The I. micranthemum,
Edgew., according to Edgeworth's specimens in Herb. Benth., is hardly
different from I. laxiflorum, and differs from his description in Linn,
Trans, in the flowers being fully f inch long, including the spur, and not
" minimi.'* Some of the varieties appear in the dry state to approach
very closely some forms of /. longicornu, from which it is very difficult
to distinguish them. The flowers greatly vary in size, from i-1 inch
long, including the spur, and in colour from a deep golden yellow to

154 DE. HOOKEE AND DE. THOMSON'S PE^CUESOEES

white, or even pale purple, and they are often speckled with rose-colouv
or purple spots. Edgeworth describes a variety of his /. micranthemum
as having the spur reduced to a small sac, from which, as well as from
the size of the flowers of some of his specimens, I am inclined to suspect
that his plant, or some of it, may be referable to I. br achy centra, K. &
K. The /. Candida, Lindl., doubtfully referred here by Edgeworth, is
certainly a very different plant, having very large flowers, and being
undoubtedly a variety of /. Roylei, Edgeworth's I. elata appears from
his specimens to be a form of /. leptoceras, but the specimens are not
sufficient for satisfactory determination.

This species is on the whole most nearly allied to /. tingens, but di-
stinguished by its much larger flowers and longer spur ; some specimens
are, however, with difficulty distinguishable. There are sometimes pedi-
cellate glands on the basal margins of the leaves.

92. I. LAXiFLORA {Edgcw. in Linn. Trans, xx. 39). Caule elato erecto,
foliis3-6''longepetiolatispetioloalatoovato-lanceolatisutrinqueacumi-
natis grosse crenatis sinubus setigeris, pedunculis numerosis gracilibus
subterminalibus, racemis breviusculis, bracteis parvis ovato-subulatis,
floribus aureis v. pallide purpureis cum calcare f ', sepalis parvis
ovato-subulatis, labello infundibuliforrai in calcar rectum conicum
flore longiore sensim attenuato, vexillo orbiculari concavo non cornuto,
alis majusculis purpureis rotundatis v. inferiore longe caudato, capsula
angusta lineari.

I. micranthemum? Edgew. in Linn. Trans, xx. 39.

Hab. Himalaya temperata, Sikkim, alt. 9000-11,000 ped. ! J.D.H.;
Garwhal et Kumaon ! St. Sf W., Madden; Simla, 6000-8000 ped. !
T. T. (fl. temp. pluv.). (v.v.)

Herba 3-pedalis. Folia membranacea, alterna, basi interdum glandu-
loso-setigera, petiolo basi glandulis magnis non stipulata, sed interdum
caulis infra petiolum linea glandularum nigrarum instructa est. Ve-
dunculi 3-5'', 6-14-flori. Pedicelli graciles, ^". Flores pallide pur-
purei V. violacei, interdum sordidi? Capsula linearis, gracilis, f,
oligosperma.
Very similar indeed to I. leptoceras, and probably only a form of that

plant ; but distinguished by its shorter spur and usually lilac lateral

petals. Most of my specimens have rounded lobes to the petals, but in

one of Strachey and Winterbottom's the lower lobe terminates in a long

subulate tail.

93. I. Lemanni {H. f. Sf T.). Erecta, glabrd, caule ramoso, ramis
suboppositis, foliis longe petiolatis late ovatis obtusis obtuse dentatis,
pedunculis elongatis apice flores 3-5 gerentibus, bracteis parvis late
ovatis, floribus majusculis, sepalis late ovato-cordatis, vexillo hemi-
spherieo, labello late infundibuliformi in calcar elongatum gracile in-
curvum abrupte attenuato, alis amplis.

AD FLORAM INDICAM (bALSAMINE^). 155

Hub. Affghanistan solo arenoso prope Otipore ! Griffith, 1251, It. Not.

p. 346 (Herb. Lemann, et Bentham).
Species valde distincta, ob folia longe petiolata late ovata obtusa et obtuse
sinuato-dentata (ut in /. noli-tangere) facile distinguenda. Exemplar
solitarium annuum, spithamseura, ramosum. Petioli i-F', lamina 1''.
Pedunculi graciles, foliis a^quilongi. Flores rosei, conferti v. racemosi,
pedicellis V> cum calcare 1-H" longi. — " Calcar fusco-rubrum, alis
basin versus albis, limbo aurantiaco-maculatis." — Griffith.
This species belongs in habit and foliage to the group with /. noli-
tangere and fulva, and has no very near ally in India.

94. I. GLAUCA {H.f. Sf T.). Elata, tota glauca, foliis longe petiolatis
oblongo-cordatis grosse crenatis, pedunculis terminalibus lateraUbus-
que fructiferis robustis elongatis 8-12-floris, pedicellis fructiferis ro-
bustis patulis, capsula lineari-clavata acuminata oligosperma.

Hab. Himalaya occidentali temperata; Kumaon ad Dwali, alt. 9500

ped. ! Strachey et Winterbottom.
Species singularis (sed exemplar mancum) ubique palhde pruinoso-glauea.

Caulis 3-pedahs, ramosus, crassitie digiti minoris. Folia 1-4-pollicaria

membranacea, supra pallide viridia. Pec?MWCMZi fructiferi 6-10". Flores

ignoti. Capsula H'^ Semina magna.

95. I. TUBERCULATA (H.f.Sf T.). Caulc erecto ramoso, foliis 1-2'' bre-
viuscule petiolatis elliptico-ovatis lanceolatisve utrinque acuminatis in
petiolum angustatis grosse crenatis dentibus basi glandulosis, pedun-
culis brevibus terminalibus lateralibusque 4-8-floris, pedicellis brevibus,
floribus sordide purpureis, sepalis falcatis, labello conico gibbo non
calcarato, capsula brevi clavata verruculosa.

Hab. Himalaya orientali temperata et subalpina, Sikkim, alt. 10,000-
13,000 ped. ! J. D. H. (fl. Aug.-Sept.). (v.v.)

Herba robusta, 2-3-pedalis. Folia glandulis dentium versus apices in-
terdum setigeris, nervis tenuibus valde divergentibus ; glandulis
nuUis, V. interdum ad basin foliorum v. petiolo v. caule ad basin petiolo
sessilibus v. stipitatis. Flores i-i" longi. Capsula papillis magnis
subseriatis verruculosa, crassiuscula, i'' longa.

96. I. BRACHYCENTRA {Kar. ^ Kir.). Caule elato ramoso gracili,
foliis 3-5" petiolatis membranaceis elliptico-lanceolatis utrinque acu-
minatis crenatis serratisve dentibus apice setuligeris, pedunculis
numerosis terminalibus gracillimis multifloris, bracteis subulatis, pedi-
cellis gracillimis, floribus pallidis minimis, sepalis parvis oblongo-lan-
ceolatis, labelli sacco conico acuto, capsula lineari glaberrima acuminata
oligosperma.

? I. elata, Edgew. in Linn. Trans, xx. 41.

Hab. Himalaya occidentali temperata, alt. 5000-9000 ped. a Kunawur !

Jacquemont T. T. ; ad Marri! Fleming (fl. Jun.). (v.v.).
Dist. ^oongaria.

156 PEJECUKSORES AD FLOEAM INDICAM.

Herba 2-4-pedalis. Folia pallide viridia, nervis divergentibus tenuis-

simis, basi setoso-glandulosa v. nuda, petiolo interdum basi utrinque

glandula cylindrica v. depressa instructa. Pedunculi 3-6", strict! .

Pedicelli V\ Flores y loiigi. Capsulee |". Semina 3-6, oblonga,

opaca, striata, sub lente lineis crebre rugulosis notata.

Very nearly allied to /. parvijlora, DC, of Siberia, and perhaps only

a short-spurred form of that plant. Edgeworth's specimens of I. elata in

Herb. Benth. are imperfect, wanting the flower, but in habit, foUage,

fruit, &c., they entirely accord with the 1. brachycentra.

H. Hydeoceeas, Blwne.

1. Hydroceras triflora, W. ^ A. Prodr. i. 140.

Impatiens angustifolia, Blume. — I. triflora. L. — I. natans, Willd.

Hah. Ubique in uliginosis, Bengaliae ! utriusque Peninsulse! Ceylonise ! et

Birmae ! (fl. temp. pluv.). (v.v.)
Dist. Java !

PosTSCEiPT.^Lieut. K. H. Beddome, in his paper alluded to in
the foot-note at p. 112, has described twelve additional Peninsular
species from the Anamallay Hills, and given a synoptical table of
all the Peninsular species, in which two more species, I. phcenicea
and I. JPulnei/ensis, are briefly diagnosed. Lieut. Beddome's paper
seems to be a very good one, and I have little difficulty in referring
all his new species to the sections I have established ; they are the
following : —

§ A I. verrucosa. Ala bilobae, verrucosae. Calcar elongatum.
Hab. Mont. Anamallay, alt. 5000-7000 ped.
I. crenata. Alee bilobae, cum fasciculo pilorum. Vexillum crenatum.
Calcar breve.
Hab. Mont. Anamallay, alt. 5000 ped.
1. Akka. Flores magni. Ala bilobae, cum fasciculo pilorum. Vex-
illum integerrimum. Calcar breve.
Hab. Mont. Anamallay, alt. 7000-8000 ped.
1. tenuis. Flores parvi. Alee bilobae, pilosae. Vexillum integerrimum.
Calcar breve.
Hab. Mont. Anamallay, alt. 5000-7000 ped.
I, gracilis. Alee integrae. Calcar elongatum.
§ B I. ligulata. Alarum lobus interior ligulatus. Calcar absconditum !

Hab. Sylvis, alt. 2000-3000 ped.
§ C I. viscosa. Erecta, ramosa. Pedunculi viscidi, 6-12-flores. Calcar
curvum gibbura. Semina echinata.
Hab. Mont. Anamallay, alt. 3000-5000 ped.
I. Anamallayensis. Folia opposita, ramorum alterna. Pedunculi
6-8-flores. Calcar breve, rectum. Semina villosa.
Hab. Mont. Anamallay, alt. 5000-7000 ped.

MB. C. C. BAEINGTON OS FUMARIA CAPREOLATA. 157

I. Pulneyensis. Bractcc^ glandula terminatse. Calcar non gibbosum.
Hab. Mont. Pulney, alt. 8000 ped.
§ D I. parvifolia. Folia minuta, cuneata. Pedunculi axillares, solitarii,
elongati.
Hab. Mont. Akka, alt. 8000 ped. (afF. I. pendula).
§ E I. parasitica. Omnia ut videtur I. viridijiorce, sed alarum lobus supe-
rior sub vexillo reconditus.
Hab. Mont. Anamallay, alt. 5000-6000 ped.
I. elegans. Erecta. Calcar 0. Semina pilosa.
4 F I. Tangachee. Pedunculi folia longe superantes, apice 4-8-flores.

Flores minimi. Calcar gracile.
§ G I. Wightiana. Suffruticosa. Folia anguste lanceolata. Pedunculi
solitarii, petiolum paullo excedentes, per totam longitudinero
floriferi. Calcar breve, incurvum.
Hab. Mont. Anamallay, alt. 4500 ped.
I. phoenicea. Calcar apice inflatum.
Hab. Mont. Pulney, alt. 7000 ped.

Lieut. Beddome's paper supplies the following additional habi-
tats and elevations to Peninsular species : — I. scapiflora attains
7000-8000 feet ; I. rivalis, 3000 feet ; I. viscida and I. cavn^anu-
lata ascend to 7000 feet ; I. maculata grows on the Anamallays
at 4500 feet.

I.filiformis is, according to Beddome, distinguished from 1. in-
conspicua by the glabrous pedicels, and I. cordata from I. viscida
b y the peduncles not being viscid.

On the Fumaria ca^reolata of Britain.
By Charles C. Babtkgton, Esq., M.A., E.E.S., F.L.S.

[Eead November 17, 1859.]
It is several years since there was considerable discussion amongst
those botanists who take an especial interest in the accurate de-
termination of British plants, concerning a Fumaria which grows
plentifully in the Channel Islands, Western Cornwall, and near to
the coast of Wales. It was then determined by Mr. Mitten
(Lond. Journ. of Botany, vii. 556) to be the F. agraria (Lag.),
and I, confidently believing that that identification was correct,
gave a tolerably full description of it (Bot. Gaz. i. 62) under that
name. At the same time I referred some Azorean specimens, re-
ceived from Mr. H. C. Watson, severally to the F. agraria (Lag.),
F. muralis (Sond.), and F. capreolata var. media of Webb. Con-
cerning this, Mr. Watson remarked that, " to his eyes, after ex-
amining* scores of the Azorean Fumarias, living and dried, they

LINN. PROC. — BOTANY. N

158 MK. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE

seem all to belong to one species, and to be so little diiFerent, and so
gradually dissimilar, as to be scarce worthy of separate names, even
in the light of varieties only" (Phytol. iii. 805). As will shortly
be seen, I now think that he was nearly, if not quite correct in those
remarks. Opinions formed after the examination of only a few very
imperfect specimens, and therefore little more than guesses, are
never either conclusive or satisfactory. Mr. Watson's own view,
which was fonnded upon scores of specimens examined when alive,
is, of course, nearly conclusive against that formerly held by me.
Of the three Azorean plants then noticed (Bot. Gaz. /. c. 63 & 64),
two certainly do seem to belong to one species : the third (sent by
Mr. T. C. Hunt from St. Michael's) looks far more like a form of
the true JF. capreolata ; it is too incomplete for satisfactory deter-
mination. The two first-mentioned specimens I now refer to the
F. muralis (Sond.) with some confidence; and if Mr. Hunt's broader-
leaved plant is correctly joined to them, as was believed by Mr.
Watson, we shall have arrived at the same result for the Azores
that Mr. Lowe (Fl. Mad. 13) has done for Madeira, namely, that
all the so-called F. capreolata of those islands is really the F. mu-
ralis of Sonder.

After reading Mr. Lowe's most valuable remarks (Z. c.),l was
led to re-examine my British specimens, in the hope of finding
amongst them the F. muralis ^ — suspecting that my former F.
agraria, which, in deference to the views of Dr. Walker- Arnott
and Mr. Watson, I had ceased to regard as a species, might be
rightly so named. Although the result is a little difierent from
that expectation, all my supposed F, agraria proving to belong to
the F. confma (Jord.), nevertheless I find amongst plants received
from Mr. Leighton examples of the F. muralis. This is the more
interesting from Mr. Jordan's remark, made in the year 1848,
concerning F. muralis. He said, " specimina hujus in Gallia lecta
nondum vidi ; " and as it is not noticed in the third edition of
Boreau's valuable ' Mora of Central France,' nor in Lloyd's Flora
of the West of that country, we may perhaps safely conclude that
it has not even now been detected there. I possess an authentic
specimen of F. muralis from Mr. Sonder himself, and another
from the Island of Madeira, by which to determine the plant of
Lowe. They accord very satisfactorily with each other and with
the descriptions of the species as given by Sonder, Koch, A. Jordan,
and Lowe.

These plants, together with F. capreolata (F. speciosa, Jord.),
F.pallidijlora (Jord.), and F. Borcei (Jord.), combined with a few

rUMAEIA CAPEEOLATA OF BRITAIN. 159

others which inhabit the regions bordering on the Mediterranean
Sea, constitute the Section CapreolatcB of Hammar, in his ' Mono-
graphia Generis Fumariarum,' for a copy of which I am indebted
to my celebrated friend Fries.

This group of Fumarias has long been the subject of discussion
amongst botanists, and it stiU remains difficult to ascertain the
characters considered as distinctive by the describers of the species ;
for the descriptions are scattered through various books, some of
which are rarely to be met with, and being drawn up by writers
holding different views concerning the value of characters, are often
not of easy comparison. As early as the year 1839 Dr. Walker-
Arnott (Edinb. Bot. Soc. Eep. iii, 106) described as varieties of
F. capreolata, under the names of a. amtralis, /3. Beichenbachii,
and y. Anglica, three plants (preferring to consider them " as well-
marked varieties to separating them as ill-defined species "), which
I believe to be the F. speciosa, F. pallidiflora (including F. JBorai),
and F. muralis (perhaps including F. confusd) respectively. As
Dr. Walker- Arnott had not noticed what I consider as the real
distinctive characters of these plants, he exercised a sound judgment
in calling them only varieties ; but I rather wonder that in his
editions of the ' British Flora ' he does not mention them — even as
such. The possession of authentic specimens, received from Mr.
Leighton, enables me to identify Dr. "Walker- Arnott 's plants, and
to award to him the credit of being apparently the first botanist
to notice them. In 1841 Mr. Leighton (Fl. Shrop. 344) carefully
described two forms of the supposed F. capreolata, and adds, that
that which he distinguishes from the type of the species " merits
attention and further remark," which, however, he does not seem
ever to have given to it. His supposed type of F. capreolata I
believe to be the F. muralis, Sond., and his second form is the
F. Borcei ( Jord.) and the-F. capreolata /3. LeigJitonii of my 'Manual.'
Mr. Sonder (Koch, Syn. ed. 2. 1017) described his F. muralis in
1844; Mr. Jordan his F. confusa in 1848 (Cat. Dij. 18), his J^.
Borcei in 1849 (Cat.Gren. 15), his F. speciosa in the same year
(Cat. Gren. 15), and his F. pallidijlora (Schultz, Arch. 305) in
1854.

Before proceeding to define the characters of these plants, care
must be taken that the species allied to F. agraria (Lag.) are sepa-
rated from the true Capreolatce. They all have very markedly
tubercular-rugose fruit, — a rugosity very different from the slightly
rough (dry) fruit of some of our plants. None of them have
been found in Britain, the climate of which is too cold for them.

^2

160 ME. 0. C. BABINarON ON THE

Those of the Capreolatce which it is necessary to consider on
this occasion are the following : F. pallidiflora, F. Borcei, and F.
confusa of Jordan, and F. muralis of Sender. All of these appear
to inhabit Britain, and they are also found in the neighbouring
parts of Europe. Their fruit is nearly, although not always, en-
tirely smooth. It is chiefly when the fruit is quite dry that a
slight roughness may be occasionally detected; but, as was re-
marked above, in no case do they acquire the tubercular-rugose
coat of the plants grouped as the Agrarice.

Mr. A. Jordan appears to have been the first to point out a most
valuable character which distinguishes one of these species, the
F, confusa^ in a remarkable manner, and which is applicable also
to the others, although less conspicuously. The base of the fruit
is furnished with a fleshy mass by which it is attached to the pe-
dicel. The size and relative proportion of this mass (which may
be called the hase) to the fruit itself, and to the enlarged tip of the
pedicel, can only be seen when the fruit is fresh (although it may
be restored tolerably completely by softening the specimens in
boiling water), and has therefore been overlooked by botanists.
In F. confusa this hase is so large as to be very nearly as broad as
the broadest part of the fruit, and exceeds in width the slightly
enlarged tip of the pedicel. In F. Bored it is very narrow and
nearly as long as broad, forming a kind of stalk to the fruit. It
is much narrower than the rather remarkably enlarged tip of the
pedicel. In F. palUdiflora the tip of the pedicel is not much en-
larged, and very slightly exceeds in width the base of the fruit,
which seems to be rather broader, but at the same time rather
shorter and less conspicuous than that of F. JBorcei. In F. muralis
the tip of the pedicel is enlarged and is rather thicker than the
base of the fruit, which is not nearly so broad nor so conspicuous
as that of F. confusa. It widens gradually upwards, so as to give
to the whole fruit a pyriform shape when fresh, — ^the line of sepa-
ration between the true carpel and the "base " being only faintly
marked. In F. confusa the limits of these parts are clearly defined.

There is a character furnished by the little pits at the top of the
fruit (one pit being placed upon each side of the base of the style)
which is probably of value. They are not very conspicuous on
the fresh fruit, but show themselves obviously after its outer coat
has shrunk in drying. In F. palUdiflora and F. Borcei these pits
are small, deep, and nearly round ; in F. confusa they are broad
and shallow ; in F. muralis they are usually so very shallow as
often to be scarcely visible.

rUMAKIA CAPEEOLATA OF BRITAIN. 161

The size of the fruit separates F. muralis from its allies : it is
much smaller and also much rounder. The other species now
under consideration have fruits all very nearly equal in size, although
diftering in form.

There is a curious spur attached to, and apparently forming a
continuation backwards of, the agglutinated filaments of the upper
cluster of stamens. It is directed backwards into the spur of the
upper petal, and may possibly furnish characters by which to
assist in distinguishing species. I believe that the credit of first
calling attention to it belongs to Parlatore, who describes and
figures it in his ' Monografia.' My acquaintance with it is very
slight, my attention having only recently been directed to it. If
we may judge from books, few botanists appear to know of its
existence.

I have failed in detecting any constant characters in the leaves,
the forms and sizes of which are very variable. Neither does the
erect or rampant or prostrate state of the stem seem to be of much
consequence. When writing about F. confusa (my F. agrarid) in
the ' Eotanical Gazette,' I remarked that the stem was erect in
the earlier, and procumbent in the later part of the summer.
Such I suspect to be also the case in the other plants now under
consideration.

The differences which are found in the forms and proportions of
the sepals and of the bracts will be noticed under the several spe-
cies, as will be also the colour of the corolla and the direction of
the fruit-bearing pedicels.

The only British plant which can be confounded with these
Go/preolatce is the diffuse state of F, officinalis. It is perhaps often
called F. capreolata by careless observers ; and its being distributed
by them with that name has tended to confuse the ideas of better
botanists who have only had the dried specimens before them.
Amongst nearly allied and similar-looking plants, it is often better
to append no name to a specimen than to risk the application of a
wrong one. This rampant form of F. officinalis agrees in nearly all
respects with the erect and typical form of that species. Its spikes
of fruit are very long and lax ; its fruits are obovate-retuse, with
a very faintly marked base and decidedly rugose surface ; its lower
petal is spathulate, being linear with the exception of a round
dilatation at the end. As far as I am able to ascertain, the spikes
of all these Capreolatce are always much shorter ; their fruits are
never retuse, have always a marked base, and a surface which is
not rugose, although sometimes slightly rough when dry ; their

162 MR. C. C. EAEINGHON ON THE

lower petal is not spathulate, but widens gradually throughout its
upper half.

Dr. Walker-Arnott has shown (Edinb. Bot. Soe. Eep. iii. 99)
that the typical F. capreolata (Linn.) is the plant found at Mont-
pellier (the F. speciosa of Jordan). It is exceedingly beautiful,
and has larger flowers than those of F. pallidiflora. Its corolla is
white, but tinged reddish on the back and with a brownish-black
tip. The pedicels are turned dow^nwards, " parallel to the peduncle,
almost from their point of insertion, and this before the flowers
have fallen off", so that the spur of the flower is superior, the apex
pointing downwards," to adopt his accurate words. The fruit is
much smaller than that of F. 'palUdiflora, and closely resembles in
size and form that of F. muralis, except that it is not " equally
rounded at the top as elsewhere," but is slightly truncate; the
apical pits also are small but deep. It seems to be quite a distinct
species from either of those described in this paper, and is chiefly
found in the South of Europe. Linnaeus adopted it primarily from
Bauhin, and DeCandolle ascertained that the plant found at
Montpellier is that of Bauhin. I have a specimen of the F. ca-
preolata (F. speciosa, Jord.) gathered at DeCandolle' s station by
Sender. Linnaeus also quotes Ray's ' Historia' (405) to his
plant, and therefore gives England as a locality for it ; but Eay's
plant is certainly not that of DeCandolle, which is apparently as
certainly that of Linnaeus, who does not seem to have known it
practically, but adopted it from his predecessors.

Some excellent botanists will doubtless say that these plants are
all forms of one variable species, and I suppose that no person is
in a position to contradict them ; for who knows what really con-
stitutes a species amongst plants ? It seems to me to be just as
impossible to prove that the "aggregate species," as Mr. Watson
terms them, are quite distinct from each other, as it is to show
that the "segregate species" are so. The difference between my
views and those of my eminent friends referred to above amounts
only to this, that they think that by a study of the aggregate
species they best advance our knowledge of the vegetable creation,
whilst I consider a discrimination of the segregate species to tend
at least as greatly to that end. The search after truth is our com-
mon object, and, although we may be far from having yet attained
to it, we all confidently hope that our accurate and honest endea-
vours will assist our successors in its discovery.

1. F. PALLIDIFLORA (Jord.) : sepalis ovatis dentatis corollam dimi-
diam longitudine fere sequantibus ejusque tubum latitudine superan-

FUMABIA CAPEEOLATA OE BllITAIN. 163

tihus, fructibus subgloboso-compressis obtusis longioribus quam latis
laevibus, basi fructus brevi pedicelli apice angustiore, bracteis pedi-
cellos floriferos excedentibus /rwc^i/em reflexis paulo brevioribus, race-
mis evolutis laxis brevibus paucifloris.

F. pallidiflora, Jord. in Schultz, Arch. 305 ; Bor. FL du Centre de la Fr.
ed. 3. ii. 34.

F. capreolata, Hamm. Mon, Fum. 24. t. 3 (excl. var. a et ^).

Sepals soon falKng, usually entire towards the point, as broad as
or broader than the cor.-tube. Cor. large, cream-coloured, tipped
with red or pink ; tube thick ; lower petal linear, green, boat-
shaped, gradually dilated towards the end, its sides inflexed ;
lateral petals linear, truncate-apiculate, with a narrow keel.
Fruit with a short and rather narrow base which is very nearly as
broad as the thickened tip of the pedicel ; edge not regularly
rounded, but the whole vertical outline rather quadrangular ; apical
pits small and deep. Eruit-stalks usually curved back, but some-
times only patent or divaricate.

The F. capreolata fi. Beichenbachii of Arnott (Eep. Edinb. Bot.
Soc. iii. 106) includes this plant and F. Borcei, as I learn from
specimens named by Dr. Arnott for Mr. Leighton.

The fruit of my plant is always longer than broad, and its base
has little of the stalk-like character of that of its nearest ally,
F. Borcdi, from which also its paler flowers and recurved fruit-
stalks seem to distinguish it.

As the typical F. capreolata (Linn.) is the F. speciosa (Jord.),
that name must disappear from our flora.

I have seen specimens of this plant from Salcombe and Ilfra-
combe, Devon ; Watchet, Somerset (Eev. W. W. Newbould) ;
Oystermouth near Swansea, Glamorgan ; Caernarvon ; Oswestry,
Sliropshire.

2. F. BoRiEi (Jord.) : sepalis late ovatis dentatis tubi corollae latitudine
latioribus eodemque ^ brevioribus, fructibus subgloboso-compressis
truncatis latioribus quam longis demum paulisper rugulosis, basi
fructus angusta pedicellique apicem haud superante, bracteis ssepe pedi-
cellos floriferos paulo excedentibus fructiferis patentibus brevioribus,
racemis evolutis laxis brevibus paucifloris.

F. Borffii, Jord. ! " Cat. Grenob. 1849, 15; " Pugil. 4. Lloyd, FL Quest
France,24. Bor. FL Cent. France, ed.3.u.34. Billot, Exsic.No.2209.

V. capreolata, Curt. FL Lond. ii. 145 (fasc. vi. 47) ; Koch in Sturm,
DeutschL FL 62. 13.

F. cai)reolata ^. Leightonii, Bab. ! Man. ed. 4. 17-

F. capreolata (second form), height. ! FL Shrop. 345.

164 MB. C. C. iJAlilNGTON ON THE

F. media a. typica, Hamrn. 28. t. 3.

F. rauralis, Bor. Fl. Cent. Fr. ed. 2, not Sond.

Sep. soon falling, attached above their base, deeply toothed at
the base, often toothed throughout. Cor. rather large, pale, often
purplish, with a dark purple tip ; pet. gradually narrowed to an
acute point at the tip ; lower petal often free and either patent or
declining. Fruit with a narrow base, which is usually, perhaps
always, much narrower than the enlarged tip of the pedicel. The
vertical outline is rather quadrangular with the sides rounded and
top truncate ; apical pits small and deep. Fruit-stalks patent?
straight, or rarely slightly deflexed.

This is probably the F. capreolata of Smith, under which name
Mr. A. Jordan received it from Sir "W. J. Hooker (Archiv, 305).
It is certainly the F. capreolata of Curtis' s beautiful plate in the
' Flora Londinensis.' Sowerby's plate in ' English Botany' is pro-
bably taken from a specimen of F. Borcei, but may contain some
traces of F. muralis. A minute examination shows that the draw-
ing is not trustworthy.

The specimen from Winandermere, with long bracts, referred to
F. capreolata in my paper published in the first volume of the Edin-
burgh Botanic Society's Transactions, is a state of F. Borcei.

Lloyd (Fl. Ouest) describes the fruit of his F. Borcei as " un
peu plus long que large." It seems therefore probable that he may
include the F. pallidiflora under that name. The fruit of my plant
seems to be always rather broader than long, and is remarkable
for the squareness of its vertical outline and the stalk-like appear-
ance of its base : approaching in form to that of F. officinalis ; but
it is not so short relatively to its breadth, nor retuse. Its racemes
are few-flowered and short, thus difiering greatly from the long
and many-flowered ones of F. officinalis.

F. Borcei is perhaps too nearly allied to F. pallidiflora ; at least
such seems to be the case when dried specimens are examined.
Its leaflets appear to be narrower relatively to their breadth. The
corolla is always much tinged with pink, which is rarely the case
with those of its ally. Its sepals are usually more toothed, and
are generally larger. Its fruit is diiferent in shape ; the base is
broader, but still not so broad as the tip of the pedicel, although
that part is less enlarged than in F. 'pallidiflora.

I have seen F. Borcei from Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Shrewsbury;
Windermere, Lancashire ; Grlenmore near Lisburn, co. Antrim
(Dr. J. II. Davics).

rUMAUIA CAPREOLATA 0¥ BRITAIN. 165

3. V. coNFUSA {Jord.) : sepalis ovatis apiculatis dentatis tubi corolla
latitudinem sequantibus eodemque f brevioribus, fructibus sub-
globoso-compressis apice rotundatis demum paulisper rugulosis, hasi
fructus latissima pedicelli apice conspicue latiore, bracteis pedicellos
floriferos sdc^2iXit\h\x^ fructiferis patentibus duplo brevioribus, racemis
evolutis laxis brevibus paucifloris.

F. confusa, Jord. Cat. Dij. 1848, 18; Lloyd, Fl. Quest Fr. 24.

F. Rastardi, Bor. " in Rev. Bot. ii. 359 " ; Fl. Cent. Fr. ed. 3. ii. 34.

F. agraria. Mitt. ! in Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. 656 ; Bah. ! in Bot. Gaz. i. &2
(not Lag.).

F. capreolata, Bab. ! Frim. Fl. Sam. 4.

F. capreolata y. media, Bab. ! Man. ed. 4. 17.

F. media /3. confusa, Hamm. 28. t. 3.

Sep. often persistent with the young fruit. Cor. rather large,
but less than that of F. pallidiflora, dingy white or pinkish ; tip
and sometimes the back dark purple ; tube rather thick ; lower
petal linear, flattened, blunt, keeled and brownish, and with in-
flexed sides towards the tip ; lateral petals linear, truncate-apicu-
late, broadly but shortly boat-shaped, winged on the back. Young
fruit rather obovate-acuminate. The fleshy base is nearly as broad
as the fruit, and wider than the much-enlarged tip of the pedicel :
it is scarcely narrower at its base than where it joins the fruit.
The vertical edge of the fruit is regularly rounded, and the whole
outliue, above the enlarged base, is nearly round; apical pits
broad but shallow.

If attention be paid to the shape of the fruit, and especially to
its remarkable base, there cannot be any difficulty in distinguish-
ing this plant from F. pallidiflora and F. Borcei ; neither does it
seem probable that any botanist who examines them when fresh
will have doubts about the specific distinctness of this plant from
its allies.

Had I possessed the acuteness of observation which belongs to
Mr. Jordan, I should not have been misled into reducing this
plant to a form of F. capreolata, after having recorded it as a
species, although with an erroneous name. The effect of my so
acting has been what is usual in such cases, viz. that the plant
has suffered total neglect in this country. There seems to be no
surer mode of diverting attention from a plant than that of placing
it as a Variety of some species supposed to be well known.

I have seen specimens of this plant from Jersey and Gruernsey ;
Zennor and Trevenna, Cornwall ; Ilfracombe, Devon ; Tenby,
Pembrokeshire ; Aberystwith, Cardiganshire ; Bangor, Caernar-
vonshire ; Hawkhead, Lancashire ; and Dublin.

166 MR. C. C. BABINGTON ON TUMARIA. CAPEEOLATA.

4. F. MURALis (Sond.) : sepalis ovatis acutis basi dentatis tubi corollsc
latitudinem subaequantibus eodemque f brevioribus, fructibus ob-
ovato-compresfsis apice rotundatis parvis sublaevibus, basi fructus
lata obconica pedicelli apice paulo angustiore, bracteis pedicellos
floriferos sequantibus /rwc^i/en* erecto-patentibus brevioribus, racemis
evolutis laxis brevibus paucifloris.

F. muralis, Sond.l in Koch, Syn. ed. 2. 1017; FL H amb. 3S5. Jord.
Cat. Dij. 1848, 19. Lowe I FL Madeira, 13. Fries, Summa, 146;
FL Dan. t. 2473.

F. Petteri, Koch, Syn. ed. 2. 435 (not Reichenb.).

F. capreolata var. media. Fries, Mant. iii. 88.

F. capreolata (type), height. ! FL Shrop. 344.

F. media y. muralis, Hamm. 29. t. 4.

Plant usually more lax than its allies. Corolla smaller than
that of F. eonfusa, tipped " dark atro-purpureous or black."
Petals abruptly apiculate. The fleshy base is not nearly so broad
as the fruit, and narrows very conspicuously from above down-
wards to the pedicel, the tip of which slightly exceeds it in
width. The fruit, together with its base, has thus, when fresh,
an obovate or nearly pyriform outline ; it is equally rounded at
the top as elsewhere, and neither pointed nor retuse, as is well
remarked by Mr. Lowe ; the apical pits are usually so very slightly
impressed as almost to escape notice. The bracts are often not
more than half as long as the fruit-stalks.

Pries seems to include under his F. muralis the plant of Sender
and also the F. eonfusa of Jordan ; for he states (Mant. iii. 88)
that it is the F. capreolata of Eng. Bot. (t. 943), and says of it,
" G-allise occidentali, Britanniae prsecipue boreali et Norwegise
extimis oris propria videtur." The plant of Western Prance is
certainly the F. eonfusa. What the Norwegian plant may be is
unknown to me, for I have not seen a specimen ; but as it is
found " NorwegisD maxime occidentalis," it may well be the true
plant.

This is probably the type of the F. capreolata y, Anglica (Arn.),
which is considered as the true F. capreolata by Leighton. A
considerable series of Leighton's specimens is before me, some of
which were named (y. Anglica^ by Arnott. But, apparently,
Arnott included the F. eonfusa, and perhaps F. Borcei, in that
variety. Leighfcon seems to have inclined towards the ^opinion
that his two forms of F. capreolata were distinct species, as is the
fact. To him therefore is due the credit of first discriminating
between F. Borcei and F. muralis in this country, although he
refrained from naming the new species, and was unacquainted

SIGNOR T. CAllUEL ON COMBEETUM BUTYROSUM. 167

with the most valuable characters by which they are distinguished
from each other and from their allies.

I have seen F. muralis from Barnes, Surrey (Mr. Pamplin) ;
Shrewsbury, Salop ; Wrexham, Denbighshire (J. E. Bowman) ;
Sheffield (Eev.W. W. Newbould).

Having now characterized all our species belonging to the
group called Capreolatce, it may be well to add a similar notice of
the true F. capreolata (Linn.), derived from specimens received
from several parts of the South of Europe, and especially from
some gathered by Mr. Sender at Montpellier, in the place pointed
out by DeCandolle.

F. CAPREOLATA {Linn.) : sepalis ovatis basi dentatis tubi coroUae lati-
tudine latioribus eodemque duplo brevioribus, fructibus obovato-com-
pressis obtusis parvis longioribus quam latis laevibus, basi fructus lata
obconica pedicelli apicem sequante, bracteis pedicellis floriferis et
fructiferis reflexis brevioribus, racemis evolutis laxis brevibus pauci-
floris.

F. capreolata, Linn. Sp. PI. 985. DeCand. Syst. ii. 133; Fl. Fr. iv.
639; Prod. I 130.

F. speciosa, Jord. "Cat. Gren. 1849, 15;" in Schultz, Arch. 199; in
Walp. Ann. Bot. ii. 28. Lloyd, Fl. Quest, 24. Bor. Fl. Cent. ii. 34.

Sepals persistent, often even found with the fruit, usually entire
ill their upper half. Cor. very large, white, tipped with brown-
black. Fruit half as large as that of F. pallidiflora. Base of the
fruit not nearly so broad as the fruit and narrowing downwards
to its point of attachment. The whole fresh fruit is rather pyri-
form, quite smooth ; its apical pits conspicuous.

On Combretum butyrosum^ a new kind of Butter-tree from South-
eastern Africa. By T. Caetjel of Florence. Communicated
by J. D. HooKEB, M.D., F.E.S. & L.S.
[Read Nov. 17th, 1859.]
Several years ago Professor Joseph Bertoloni published an ac-
count of a kind of vegetable butter, which he had received from
South-eastern Africa together with dried specimens of the tree
that produced it. This tree Professor Bertoloni considered as
belonging to a new genus, which he consequently described under
the name of Sheadendron, and called the plant S. butyrosum, from
an idea that it was the same as the celebrated Shea-tree men-
tioned by Mungo Park. According to him, the Sheadendron could

168 SIGNOR T. CARUEL ON COMBBETUM BUTYROSUM.

not beloug to any of the known orders of plants, but ought pro-
bably to constitute a new order of Shece, in the neighbourhood of
Myi'taceas.

Owing to the liberality of the learned Professor, who sent
specimens of the plant, both in flower and fruit, to the Central
Herbarium in Florence, I have been able to examine it more
closely, and the result of my inspection has been to confirm a
suspicion that had arisen in my mind, at first sight of the plant,
that it was a Comhretacea. In fact, I consider it as a true Com-
hretum, from which it differs in no respect but in having an
apterous fruit — a character by no means sufficient, I should think,
to constitute it as a distinct genus, much more so as we see in
the same order another genus {Terminalid) with winged or wing-
less fruits. The blossoms and the general habit are entirely those
of a Gombretum. The following description of the plant (which I
shall call Comhretum butyrosum) will, I hope, satisfy my readers
as to the accuracy of the view I have taken of the subject.

CoMBRETUM BUTYROSUM, Car. MSS. {Sheadeudron butyrosum, Bert. !
Illustr. di Pianti Mozambicesi, dissert. 1*, p. 12, f. 4, where the analyses
of the flower are partly incorrect, the ovules of the inferior ovary
being taken for a free ovary, &c. ; Walp. Ann. Bot. Syst. iii. 861). —
Arbor. Rami tenues, ineurvi, teretes, juniores pube rufa adpressa
villosi, dein glabrati cortiee tenui griseo facile scindibili. Folia oppo-
sita, exstipulata, brevissime petiolata, petiolo villoso, elliptica, inte-
gerrima, margine tantulum recurvato, basi subcordata, apice cuspide
brevi apiculata, reticulato-nervosa, nervis subtus prominentibus, ^-\
decim. longa, dura, supra Isevia glabra, subtus pallidiora glandulisque
exiguis crebre punctata. Spicae (ut videtur indeterminatae) multi-
florae, densae, breves, pedunculo brevi vel longiusculo stipitatae, paucae
(ad summum 5) oppositae vel alternae in ramulis ex axilla foliorura
ortis, quaeeunque basi suff'ulta bractea lanceolata caduca. Flores
erecto-patentes, sessiles, braeteola fihformi breviuscula comitati.
Calyx obconicus, S"""" longus, tubo brevissimo, cum ovario connato,
villoso, limbo glabrescente, glanduloso, fauee parum ampliata, 4-den-
tata, dentibus brevibus, triangulis, barbatis, praefloratione valvatis.
Petala 4, parva (1^""" longa), ad summam faucem inserta, cum den-
tibus calycinis alternantia, cuneata, truncata, apice eroso-dentata.
Stamina 8, 4 cum petalis alternantia supra medium limbi ealycini
inserta, breviter exserta, 4 autem petalis opposita sub ore inserta,
longe exserta. Filamenta filiformia, apice subulata, glabra, staminum
omnium aequilonga, ante anthesin incurvata. Antherae parvae, ovales,
medio dorsi insertae, utrinque emarginatae, introrsae, longitudinaliter
dehiscentes, deciduae, in sicco ochroleucae. Pollen (in aqua) globosum,
poris ut videtur tribus donatum. Ovarium inferum, uniloculare.

ME. D. OLIYEE, JUN., ON NEW SPECIES OF UTEICULAEIA. 169

biovulatum, ovulis ex apice loculi pendulis, anatropis, raphe introrsa.
Stylus simplex, filiformis, glaber, longe exsertus, in alabastro vario
modo curvatus, stigmate simplici. Fructus fere magnitudinis nucis
myristicae, 1-2 in quoque pedunculo, ovales, acuti, tomentosuli, 4-sul-
cati, sulcis fundo rugosis, pericarpio ligneo, in valvis4 partibili. Semen
unic'um, totum loculum fructus implens, substantia interna meandri-
formi, in sicco inextricabili. — (v. s. sp.)
Hab. In Africa austro-orientali, et verisimiliter provincia Caffrorum.

According to the information gathered by Professor Bertoloni,
the butter produced by this tree is called CTiiquito by the CaiFres,
and commonly used to dress their victuals ; it is also carried to the
coast of Mozambique as an article of commerce. It is white, and
rather hard, with a peculiar aromatic odour, which may be traced
to the fruit and its kernel from which it is obtained. Its chemical
composition is — Olein 25, Margarin 75=100.

' I cannot agree with Professor Bertoloni in the opinion that our
Comhretum hutyrosum is the same as the Shea-tree of Mungo Park,
as such an opinion is grounded on no other fact than that both are
from Africa and produce a kind of vegetable butter. The figure
given in the first Voyage of Mungo Park of the Shea-tree is of a
plant far different from our Comhretum, with its elliptical-oblong,
slightly obovate, obtuse leaves, with rather long foot-stalks, alter-
nate and clustered in close spirals at the top of the branches.
The fi'uit also is different. Nor is there any reason to believe
with Professor Bertoloni that the figure was drawn by mistake
from some other plant. Mungo Park referred the Shea to the
order Sapotacece, and it seems rightly, as it has been subsequently
described by Gr. Don as a kind of Bassia {B. Parhii).

Descriptions of New Species of TTtricularia from South America,
with Notes upon the Genera PolypompTiolyx and Akentra.
By Daniel Olivee, jun., F.L.S. (With a Plate.)
[Read Not. 17, 1859.]
I FUENisH, in the first place, a description, with an excellent
figure by Mr. Pitch, of a new and remarkable epiphytical TJtricu-
laria sent recently by Professor Jameson of Quito to Sir William
J. Hooker.

Uteicijlaeia, L. (Sect. Orchidioides, A. D.C.)
U. Jamesoniana. Scapo graciU (2-3-pQnicari) 1-2-floro, folio
basi- ejus hneari-lanceolato v. lanceolato-spathulato, corollae labio

170 MR. D. OLIVER, JUN., ON NEW SPECIES

superiore amplo late ovato integro obtusissimo calycis lobum supe-
riorem integrum ovatum obtusum superante, labio inferiore antice
3-lobato lobis obtusis integris v. central! emarginato, calcari basi
saccato-conico ultra porrecto cylindrico apice acutato calycis lobum
inferiorem 2-3 -plo excedente.
Ad fluvium Cosanga, Pro v. Ecuador, legit Prof. Jameson.
U. rbizomate gracili ad truncos arborum repente, ad scapum et folium
unicum etiam e nodis fibrillas tenues utriculiferas cum ceterisque
paucis incrassatis tuberculatis emittente. Folia semper e basi sca-
porum ut videtur solitaria acuta v. obtusiuscula glabra in petiolum
gracillimum attenuata. Scapus glaber interdum foliolis v. squamis
1-2 parvis lineari-lanceolatis basifixis instructus. Bractea lanceolata
V. ovato-lanceolata bracteolis geminatis angustioribus sequilonga,
omnes basifixse et quam pedicellus breviores. Calyx lobis fere sequa-
libus glabris ovatis v. vix subcordatis, obtusissimis v. lobo inferiore
leviter emarginato. Corolla purpurea (Jameson, in lit.) labio supe-
riore pro planta magno verosimiliter nonnunquam apice abrupte
obtuso, labio inferiore calcari breviore : calcar apicem versus pilis
sparse obsitum. Ovarium tempore florifero in stylo crasso brevi sed
fere aequilongo continuum. Capsulam maturam baud vidi.
Folia 6-10 lin. longa, 1-1 1 lin. lata. Bractea 3-3| lin. longa. A basi
calycis ad extremum calcaris 6-8 lin. (Tab. I. fig. 1. Planta magni-
tudine naturali. a, a. flores integri ; b, pistillum ; c, folia ; d, ampullae
sub lente auctse, et e, eaedem nascentes.)
Much smaller and more slender than TItricularia tmifoUa, Euiz
and Pavon, and U. montana, Jaeq. * ; differing also essentially in
the spur, which exceeds the calyx, the three-lobed lip of the
corolla, and other characters.

In enumerating the species of TItricularia collected by Eichard
Spruce, I desire to acknowledge the valuable aid afforded to me
by the careful notes upon the plants in the fresh state, which, in
accordance with the practice of that excellent botanist, accom-
pany the specimens sent home by him. Comparatively few of
them have been collected in sufficient quantity to supply the
whole of his subscribers ; and of some the specimens have been too
much injured, or are otherwise insufficient, for accurate determi-
nation. Had the sections of tbe genus adopted by Benjamin, in
his Monograph of the Brazilian species in the 'Mora' of Von
Martins, recommended themselves to me as of practical use to
botanists, I should probably have arranged these plants in accord-
ance with them : some of these sections, based upon the presence
or absence of ampullae and of leaves at the time of flowering, are
calculated to mislead.

* I am not aware that a specific difference exists between these plants.

OF tTTRTCULATlIA FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 171

No. 194. Vtricularia pallens, St. Hilaire. Para coll.

No. 444. „ „ „ Santarem.

No. 1071. U, Parkerianal, A. DC. Santarem. This plant is allied to
the foregoing, but differs in its longer, cylindrico-subulate, adpressed,
obtuse spur which exceeds the lower lip of the corolla. The speci-
mens are scarcely in a condition to be determined without doubt.

No. 310. Santarem. ->

No. 963. South shore of Amazon. > U.foliosa, L.

No. 1611. Manaquiry. -I

Seeds about 20-24, flattened, peltate, girt with an obtusely polygonal,
narrow, submembranaceous wing. 1 take U. oligosperma, St. Hil., to
be the same species, as also the U. vulgaris figured in Flor. Flum.
(tab. 44), and quoted by St. Hilaire and Girard (Monog. Prim, et
Lent. p. 21) as representing their plant. Are not these forms of our
U. vulgaris, L. ?

No. 1053. U. quinqueradiata (Spruce's MSS.). Santarem. — I regard
this as a small form of the U. injiata, Walt., of the North American
continent. Specimens from Florida (Rugel, coll.), labelled U. injiata,
var. minor, do not seem different.

No. 104 P. An U. purpurea, Walt., varietas ? U. myriocista ?, St. Hil.
Santarem. — Corollse albae (margine purpurascente) labium superius
rotundatum integrum, 1. inferius amplum trilobatum lobis obtusis-
simis, calcar conico-cylindricum obtusum quam labium parum bre-
vius. U. palatina, Web. MSS. (in Hb. Hook, vidi) ad eandem
accedit.

No. 1044. Santarem, and

No. 2986. San Carlos. U, longeciliata, A. DC. (Prodr. viii. p. 23).
Polypompholyx laciniata, Benjamin (in Linnaea, xx. pp. 316, 496, and
Flor. Bras. Utricularice, p. 251).

Collected also by Grardner, Hostmann, and others in Brazil and
Guiana. Benjamin errs in referring this plant to the Australian
genus Folypompholyx, established by Lehmann (Nov. stirp. Pugill.
viii. p. 48), the Tetralohus of A. DeCandoUe (Prodr. viii. p. 667).
The calyx of TTtricularia is constantly diphyllous. In the true
FolyjpompJiolyx, in addition to the anterior and posterior calycine
segments, common also to Vtricularia, we find a pair of opposite,
lateral, and somewhat smaller lobes within the former. Minute
lateral bracteoles with the usual subtending bract, as in numerous
species of the allied genus, are also found at the base of the
pedicel. It is upon the quadripartite calyx alone that the genus
depends ; in other respects it is, I believe, quite a Vtricularia.

In TI. longeciliata the lateral bracteoles, which are rather largely

172 MR. D. OLIVER, JUN. ON NEW SPECIES

developed, are not, as is usual, attached immediately by the bract,
but spring from the very short pedicel at a small yet clearly
marked interval beneath the true calyx-segments, towards which
they are, of course, laterally disposed. Benjamin has erroneously
regarded these bracteoles as forming part of the calyx, and indeed
figures them as such in the ' Flora Brasiliensis.' It is undoubt-
edly a true TItricularia. A. DeCandolle, in describing the plant
(Prodr. viii. 23), expressly states, "... bracteolis 2 majoribus flori
adpressis;" and in the description of U. Jimbriata, H. B. K.
(Nov. Gren. et Sp. ii. 225), which I think the same species, we
also find a correct view has been taken of these appendages : —
" Pedunculi basi instruct! bracteola ovata dentato-ciliata adpressa.
Bractese dusB sub quoque flore, oppositse, ovatse, dentato-ciliatse,"
&c. If an examination of the specimens of Humboldt and Bon-
pland confirm this presumed identity, their name must necessarily
take precedence.

No. 1042. Utricularia viscosa (Spruce). Scapo (2-4-unciali) 2-6-floro
viscoso, squamis parvis basi-solutis, calycis lobis subaequahbus rotun-
datis, corollae albse labio superiore rotundato integro lobe calycis
fere duple majore, calcari conico-cylindrico obtusissimo deinde
curvato-porreeto corollae labium inferius galeatum indivisum panim
excedeate, pedicellis fructiferis erectis, capsula globosa calycem
superante. Santarem, floret mens. viii.

Folia non vidi. Scapus (fide Sched. Spr.) valde glutinosus, squamis
ovato- V. lanceolato-rhomboideis utrinque plus minus acutis v. obtu-
siusculis. Pedicellus infimus adscendens 4-6 lineas longus. Corolla
alba, labio su})eriore lineis purpureis notato, palato flaveseente.
Semina minuta, numerosa, rotundata v. elliptica, areolato-retieulata.
Ab filamentorum inserticme ad apicem calcaris circiter 2 lineas.

No. 2569. U. peltata (Spr.). Foliis orbiculatis peltatis, scapo hirtius-
culo (2-4 unciali) 2-4-5 floro, squamis minutissimis basifixis, pedi-
cellis calycem aequantibus, calycis lobis sequalibus ovatis, corollae
labio superiore obovato-oblongo integro calycem superante, calcari
porrecto conico-cylindrico obtusiusculo corollae labio inferiore integro
rotundato fere duplo longiore. Prope Panure. Floret mense ix.
(Tab. I, fig. 2. Planta mag. nat. a, a. Flores a facie latereque visi ; b, b.
folia peltata ; c, radicis fibrilla utriculifera ; rf, ampulla magnitudine
aucta.)

Folia per florescentiam persistentia numerosa, margine integra v. leviter
crenulata, diametro 1-3 lin., petiolis gracilibus cum fibrillis paucis
utriculiferis interdum instructis. BractecB basifixae ovatae v. lance-
olatae bracteolis lanceolatis aequilongae. Calyx hirtiusculus, lobo
superiore acuto, inferiore minute emarginato. Corolla purpureo-
caerulescens palatum versus albeseit, labio superiore infra angustato,
inferiore basin calcaris amplectente. Stylus brevis sed primnm ova-

OF UTRICULARIA FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 173

rium fere aequans. A basi calyeis ad extremura coroUsc calcaris circa
3 lineas.

A remarkable little plant, forming patches one to two feet in
diameter in a sandy islet in the Falls of Panure. Sufficiently
distinct in its peltate orbicular leaves from all the smaller species
with which I am acquainted. ,

No. 1050. U. Spruceana (Benth.). Scapo l|^-3 unciaJi unifloro, pe-
dicello e bractea marginibus ejus in vaginam parvulam infundibulifor-
mem connatis, calyeis lobis rotundatis integris, corollse labio superiore
oblongo emarginato v. retuso calycem fere duplo superante, labio
inferiore antice leviter retuso v. subintegro, ealcari crasso obtuso
dependente v. paululo curvato labium coroUse inferius aequante v.
parura excedente. Santarem.

Scapus gracilis esquamatus basi fibrillis radiciformibus utriculiferis, foliis
in spec, nostris ut videtur tempore florifero desunt, bractea involucri-
formi basi in scapo continua margine supra leviter bilobata. Calyx
lobis fere aequalibus obtusissimis, inferiore quam calcar 2-3-plo bre-
viore. Corolla alba, fauce macula flava notata. Stylus primum ova-
rium fere aequans. A basi calyeis ad extremum calcaris corollse 1^-2 lin.

The singular, minute, sheath-like involucre may perhaps result
from confluent bract and bracteolse. Spruce sent it over under
the MS. name of Z7. uniflora ; this, however, was preoccupied by
a plant of Eobert Brown's.

Nb. 2858. U. trichophylla (Spr.). Scapo (5-12 unc.) pauci-multifloro,
foliis capillaceo-gracillimis inter scapos erectis sursum pinnatifidis seg-
raentis utrinque paucis angustissime linearibus simplicibus v. dicho-
tomis, bracteis raediofixis, pedicellis remotis brevibus erectis, corollae
labio superiore integro elhptico v. ovato obtusissimo, ealcari porrecto
eonico-cylindrico apicem versus oblique acutato labium corollse inferius
integrum subaequante v. vix excedente. Ad flumen Uaupes.

Radix fibrillis utriculiferis instructa. Folia 4-5 uncialia. BractecB basi
obtusse apice acutse v. obtusiusculae. Pedicelli breves calycem aequan-
tes V. vix duplo excedentes. Calyx lobis subaequantibus obtusissimis
altero emarginato. Corolla flava, ealcari circiter 3 lin. longo.

Spruce describes the remarkable and extremely slender leaves
of this plant as growing erect amongst the scapes.

No. 3011. U. neottioides (A. St. Hilaire), p. pedicellata. Scapo I-H
unciali 2-4-floro interdum bifido, pedicelUs capsulam 2-4-plo ex-
cedentibus.

In rupibus humectatis Monte Cocui, San Carlos. Flor. mens. vii.

Although differing much from U. neottioides in habit, I do not
discover technical characters sufficiently marked to warrant its

LINN. PEOC. — BOTANY. O

174 MR. D. OLIVEBj .Wis., ON NEW SPECIES

publication as a new species. In IT, neottioides we find often
raanj'-flowered racemes, pedicels short, almost adpressed to the
scape, " flowers subsecund, subnutant," — altogether very sug-
gestive of its specific name. In Spruce's plant the few flowers are
not racemose, but with ascending or divergent pedicels 2-3 lines
in length. Benjamin, in his Monograph of the Brazilian Utri-
culariae, places this species under his section ' AmpuUce destitutes.
Folia divisa.^ Although I have not myself actually seen in the
typical plant either leaves or bladders, yet I think he is here in
error. In the present variety both occur, the leaves being entire.
St. Hilaire and Girard, in a paper, previously quoted, on South
Brazilian Lentibulariese, &c. (p. 31), state, in describing their
species — " Folia basi capillacea superius parum dilatata et divisa,"
&c., but follow with — " an potius primum Integra, sed, paren-
chymate aquis mox destructo, nervi superstites ? " I append a
further description of the pedicellate form, which may be com-
pared with the plant of St. Hilaire by those botanists who possess
good specimens of it. It is not improbable but they may be
correctly considered as distinct species.

Radix fibrillis utriculiferis instructa, utriculis gibboso-urceolatis prope
basin lateraliter brevi-pedicellatis. Scapus erectus. Folia parva
lineari-lanceolata integra obtusa, in petiolum gracillimum angustata.
SquamcB scapi 2-3 ovatae basi-solutae utrinque obtusae. Calyx lobis
fere sequilongis, inferiore autem valde angustiore ovato obtuso, ma-
jore abrupte v. late rotundato-cuneato. Corolla albo-vireseeus, labio
superiore coneavo ovato-rotundato integro calyeem plus quam duplo
superante, labio inferiore profunde trilobo, lobis lineari-oblongis ob-
tusis sequalibus, calcari saccate scrotiformi brevissimo obtuso. — Pedi-
celli fructiferi erecti. Capsula late elliptiea v. obovata obtusissima,
stylo subnuUo.

No. 3238. U. angustifolia, Bj. (Linnaea, xx. pp. 311, 320). Flores
flavo-virides. Esmeralda. Flor. m. xii.

No. 3735 ? Ad eandem valde proxiraa, differt corollse colore purpu-
rascente. Secus flum. Atabapo.

The specimens of this plant are imperfect.

No. 3241. Esmeralda, in campis.humidis, xii. 1853.
Scapus 6 uncialis, foliis ^^ unc. longis obovato-spathulatis. Flores
cserulei, fauce lutea.

A single specimen with but one flower remaining. It corre-
sponds very well with the description of TI. hicolor, St. Hil. ; the
form of the leaves, however, of that species is undescribed.

OF rTETCULARIA FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 175

No. 2967. " Locis arenosis fl. Negro inundatis." San Carlos.

I refer this plant, tliougli with some hesitation, to TI. cornuta,
Mx., of which I take it to be a small variety. In the same
species may probably be merged TI. colorata, Bj., and JJ. appressa,
St. Hil. Style, at flowering, about equalling the ovary. Pedicels
slender, erecto-patent, not shorter than the calyx. Spruce de-
scribes the leaves as ligulate, retuse, 1-nerved, with a few sacs
underneath. Flowers yellow, with a red arc on the palate.

No. 1256. Barra?

No. 2257. San Gabriel.

No. 3644. Flum. Maypures.

These approach U. subulata, L., very closely. I cannot distin-
guish them from that species. U. nervosa, G. Web. MS. in Hb.
Berol. (Benj. Monog. Utric. Bras. p. 247), seems to me doubtfully
distinct from the same, and to this form probably Spruce's plants
may be referred.

No. 3037. San Carlos. In bad condition ; perhaps the same with the
foregoing.

No. 924. Santarem. Likewise imperfect: apparently of the same diffi-
cult group with the last four numbers.

tn the ' Linnaea,' vol. xx, p. 319, Benjamin describes, under the
name oiAkentra, a supposed new genus o^ LentihulariecejioundieA.
upon a plant of Hostmann's (Surinam Coll. No. 85), to but insuf-
ficient examples of which he had access. He appends to his
description the following honest observation, which, however, can
scarcely be said to establish the propriety of publishing the genus
under such circumstances : — " Der Mangel des Sporns (weshalb
ich den Namen Akentra (Kevrpov, calcar) wahlte) schien mir an
mehreren Exemplaren, die ich sah, deutlich zu sein, doch waren
die Bliithen durch das Trocknen so unkenntlich geworden, dass
ich nicht ganz sicher bin, ob nicht vielleicht, was ich als Unter-
lippe beschrieb, der Sporn sei ; kiinftige bessere Exemplare
werden das entscheiden und vielleicht eine Aenderung des
Namens nothig machen." An examination of the specimens
in the Kew Herbarium, collected by Hostmann, confirms the sup-
position here expressed, that the remarkably large, saccate,
oblongo-cylindrical, and abruptly obtuse spur has been mistaken
for the lower lip of the corolla, and that the plant is a true
Utricularia. From the extreme delicacy of the corolla, I have not

o2

170 MR. R. spruce's visit to the cinchona forests

completed its examination, especially that of its upper lip ; but as
ample characters are elsewhere furnished for its specific identifica-
tion, at least in relation to those already described, we may refer
it to the proper genus under the name of TJ, Benjaminiana. It
resembles U. injlata in size and the presence of a floating verticil
of abortive foliaceous axes on the lower part of the scape.

U. Benjaminiana. Axis demersus ; fohis capillari-divisis sparse utricu-
liferis. Scapus infra verticillum natantem pilosus supra glaber esqua-
mosus 4-7pollicaris, vesicis 6-10 lin. longis lineari-lanceolatis utrinque
angustatis apicem versus segmentis capillaceis instructis, 6-multi-
florus. Bractea basifixse. PediceUi calycera parvum sequantes v.
duplo excedentes. Calcar denique 4-5 lin. longum, labio inferiore
coroUae duplo longius, apiee abrupte obtusum emarginatum. Capsula
minute apiculata, seminibus circiter 5 complanatis ala membranacea
anguste circumcinctis. Akentra injiata, Bj. Linna^a, xx. 319.

Note. — ^I may add to the above the correction of some mis-
prints, &c., afi"ecting the sense, which I observe in my paper
on Indian Utricular ia^, published in the * Linnean Journal ' (Bot.
Proc. vol. iii. p. 170). Por ^^ aciculiferis'^ and " acicuUfera'^
(pp.174, 175), read " utriculiferis,^' &c. ; "Bracteis ha&i-volutis,''
read in all cases "solutis-,'' " volute ^^ also, in foot-note, p. 174,
should be " solute.'^ In the description of U. Wallichiana, p. 182,
line 7 from bottom, for "2-3-plo longiore''^ read " hreviore''

Notes of a Visit to the Cinchona Forests on the western slope of
the Quitenian Andes. By Eichaed Spruce, Esq. Com-
municated by Sir W. J. Hooker, F.E.S., P.L.S.

[Eead Dec. 15, 1859.]

My last letter informed you that I was contemplating an expe-
dition to the forests producing the Cinchona Tree on the western
slopes of the Quitenian Andes. I was for some time doubtful as
to what part I should visit — it was but two or three days' journey
to the forests of Jilimbi and Gruanujo at the western foot of Chim-
borazo, but to reach them the Paramo de Puenevata (the northern
shoulder of Chimborazo) has to be passed near the snow-limit, and
in the months of July and August it snows there almost inces-
santly, while the winds blow with a violence unparalleled even in
this windy region, frequently hurling away both horse and rider,
who are either seen no more, or their mangled remains are found

OF THE QUITENIAN ANDES. 177

at the foot of some precipice. Besides, only one sort of Cinchona
was known to exist in those forests, whereas by going a few days'
journey farther to the southward, to the forests below Alausi, in
the valley of the river Chanchan, I might expect to find three
sorts, and the road thither nowhere ascends above 12,000 feet.
So the latter plan was finally adopted, and on the 22nd of July I
sallied forth from the pleasant town of Ambato (8500 feet) along
the narrow " callejon" (lane) which separates the eastern from the
western branch of the Cordillera. My company comprised five
horses and mules, one mounted by myself, another by my servant,
and the remaining three laden with my baggage, consisting of
drying-paper, clothing and bedding, and a copious supply of tea,
coflfee, and sugar — articles rarely to be met with in a country where
there are no inns, and where the inhabitants with few exceptions
use no other beverage than aguardiente and sour chicha. An
arriero took charge of the beasts of burden.

Our first day's stage to Riobamba was a long one, 12|^ Colum-
bian leagues (about 40 English miles). The first five leagues,
reaching to the village of Mocha, are along a very gradual ascent,
varied by a few shallow quebradas. The soil is what in Yorkshire
we used to call "a leight blaw-away sand," which, when the sun
and wind are up, scorches and blinds the traveller, though it pro-
duces scanty crops of maize, barley, peas and lupines (eaten here
under the name of "chocchos"). The indigenous vegetation is
limited to a few insignificant weeds, chiefly Composites, nestling
under the hedges of Yucca and Agave. The flowers of the two
latter plants — so great a rarity in England — are here to be seen
all the year round, and their tall tree-like peduncles are the poles
used throughout the Cordillera for all common purposes, such as
fences, rafters, and even walls of houses, &c. Long files of asses
laden with them enter the towns of Ambato and Eiobamba every
market-day.

Beyond Mocha we leave the sandy country, and after passing
two streams which descend from Mount Carguairazo, on our right,
we begin to ascend to the Paramo de Sanancajas, the grassy meseta
which extends along the eastern base of Chimborazo, at a height
of from 11,000 to 12,000 feet. Near its commencement the road
leading from Quito to Gruayaquil branches off to the right, while
that to Biobamba and Cuenca continues straight on. The weather
had been rainy for many previous days, and we had had drizzling
rain all the way to Mocha, so that we were liot without apprehen-
sion of sLiftering from the cold on the paramo. Fortunately, just

178 ME. 11. spkuoe's visit to the cinchona forests

as we reached it, the sun shone forth, the clouds cleared away, and
the glaciers of Chimborazo stood out against the blue sky like cut
marble ; but the ground was still so sloppy that what I had for-
merly passed over in two hours now took me three. What is
called the "road" consists of I know not how many deep ruts,
crossing and anastomosing in a very bewildering way, and so
muddy and slippery that my horse preferred stumbling along among
the hassocks of paja hlanca (white grass) — a species of Stipa with
feather-like silvery panicles tinged with rose — which forms the
mass of the vegetation on the paramo. This grass aifords excel
lent thatch ; it is also extensively used in packing, and along all
the higher grounds it is almost the only material for fuel. Between
the hassocks, especially where there are slight declivities, there is
an interesting sub-alpine vegetation, — a dense grassy turf is ena-
melled with flowers, white, yellow, red, and purple, which seem to
spring direct from the ground. Three daisy-like Werner ice, all
stemless and solitary, of which W. nubigena with its large white
stars is the most conspicuous, grow along with a stemless Valeriana,
a small Castilleja, a Lupinus, a Oerastium, two species of Gentiana
and two of Azorella. The ca)spitose Wernerice are true alpines,
and grow at 2000 feet above the species just referred to. There
are many little lakes, frequently bordered by the swelling, glaucous,
sphagnum-like tufts of a Flantago, over which creep the silvery
threads of a minute Gnaphalium and an equally minute white-
flowered Gentiana. In such situations grow also a small Hanun-
culzis, bearing generally a single sessile flower and a pedunculate
head of follicles, a Stachys, and several other herbs of humble
growth. Heath-like tufts of Hedyotis ericoides, often accompanied
by a sufiruticose Valeriana of similar habit, and sometimes by a
Calceolaria, here and there diversify the landscape ; while the
hassocks shelter in their bosom purple Lycopodia and other plants.

Having passed Sanancajas, we descend to the sandy plain of
E-iobamba, whose general character is the same as that of Ambato,
save that cactus-hedges often replace those of aloes.

In E/iobamba I remained three days with my hospitable country-
man Dr. James Taylor, and then proceeded on my way, going the
first day only as far as Miraflores, a farm six leagues away from
Eiobamba, and near the village of Guamote. On the way we had
to climb over a small space of paramo, where we got the benefit of
a storm of hail and sleet. The vegetation was scanty, and 1
gathered only a minute TJmbellifer which was new to me. Mira-
flores is what is called a cold farm, consisting chiefly of pasture

t'Vmmm QY THE QUITENTAN ANDEB. 170

and barley fields. A short ascent from it brought us upon the
Paramo de Tiocajas, which is full six leagues across. Anything
more desolate than this paramo I have nowhere seen. It is one
great desert of moveable sand, in which the distant patches of
Cacti, Hedyotis, and a succulent Composita, oidy render its
nakedness more apparent. Where there is a little moisture, soli-
tary plants of a silky-leaved Flantago struggle for existence. The
altitude is about the same as that of Sanancajas, and it may be
imagined how cheerless was a slow ride of nearly twenty miles over
such a waste, rendered all the more gloomy by a leaden sky over-
head, and a piercing wind which came laden with mist and fine
sand- I was obliged to go nearly at the pace of my loaded beasts,
. the unsettled state of the country, and the number of deserters
from the " constitutional" army roaming about, rendering it unsafe
to leave my goods a moment. Yet even such an " Ager Syrticus"
has its points of interest, for on this place is seen the dividing of the
waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. We passed many small
streams, some rising on the paramo, and some in the western Cordil-
lera, but all running eastward to join the Grreat Eiver, with whose
waters and forests I was long so familiar ; when, however, we
approached the southern side of the paramo, we came on the E,io
de Pumachaca (Eiver of the Bridge of Tigers), a considerable
stream rising in the eastern Cordillera and running westward
towards the Pacific ; it is in fact one of the sources of the river
Yaguachi, which enters the gulf of Guayaquil. Erom the Puma-
chaca northward, until very near Quito, all the streams of the
central plain between the two branches of the Cordillera flow east-
ward, and unite in the gorge of Baiios to form the river Pastusa,
which speedily reaches the Amazonian plain, and thence the
Atlantic ; but the streams around Quito itself unite to form the
river of Esmeraldas, and seek the Pacific. Near the Pumachaca
there was rather more vegetation; patches of CyperacecB were dotted
with the white flowers of a minute Lobelia, which I have seen in
many similar situations, and groups of Cactus were draped over
by an Atropa, remarkable for its aromatic leaves. It is singular
that in so deadly a genus all the species I have seen in the Qui-
teuian Andes have edible though very acid fruit, and that the
shoots are cropped by asses and llamas.

As we descended from the southern side of the paramo, the
Hedyotls began to be mixed with a small labiate shrub of very
similar foliage, and bearing numerous spikes of lilac or violet
flowers ; and farther down the latter grew so abundantly that it

180 MR. R. spruce's visit to the cinchona forests

covered the whole hill-side with a mass of aromatic flowers, which
was an agreeable change from the sterile paramo. The road ran
parallel to the Pumachaca, but at a vast height above it. It was
well on in the afternoon when we reached the village of Ticsan,
still in the cool region, and, as we calculated on finding more com-
fortable quarters in Alausi, which was two leagues ahead, we
resolved to try to reach it, which we accomplished just after night-
fall, having in the day made ten leagues. With some trouble we
succeeded in getting a little food for ourselves ; but food for our
beasts was of more importance, and we could get none. At four
o'clock the following morning I roused my people and sent them
out to the neighbouring farms in quest of alfalfa (lucerne) . They
returned bringing a mule-load, which, though an insufficient quan-
tity, was better than none, and we delayed our journey until
eight o'clock, in order that the poor animals might eat, for we
had this day only five leagues before us.

Our road now turned to the right, while that to Cuenca con-
tinues southward and crosses the elevated ridge of Azuay. "We
still followed the course of the Pumachaca, which gradually turns
westward, and bursts through the Cordillera in a gorge so deep
and narrow, that with difficulty has a narrow path been cut along
the declivity on the southern side. The whole five leagues from
Alausi to Chunchi consists of steep ascents and descents, and of
perilous crossings of precipitous slopes, not to be passed without
a shudder ; for the track is in many places so narrow that two per-
sons mounted could not pass each other without endangering the
life of one of them. Fortunately our beasts were sure-footed and
the road was dry ; in fact, from Ticsan, where we fairly began to
descend the western slope of the Cordillera, we found we had got
into the height of summer, having left mid-winter behind us at
Ambato and Eiobamba. The hill-sides were well covered with
grass, but all completely withered up by nearly two months of
dry weather ; so that except near the streams, where there was a
margin of scrub or low forest, the eye rested on nothing green.

Alausi stands at about the same height as Ambato, but is sub-
ject to still more violent winds, so that even the crops of maize
are rarely to be seen standing erect. As a town, it bears no com-
parison with Ambato either for size or neatness, and, like all the
other pueblos of the canton (of which it is the chef-lieii), seems to
have been for several years in a state of decadence : the houses
begin to fall and are merely propped up, not repaired or rebuilt ;
and yet there are all around valuable farms of wheat and maize.

'' OF THE QUITENIAN ANDES. 181

Throughout the Quitenian Andes a bit of solid rock is rarely
seen, save where black, jagged masses of trachyte stand out in the
higher peaks, which are all either active or dormant volcanos ; and
on a superficial view most of the hills seem to be made up of d^hris,''
either, as around Ambato, of calcined and triturated granite and ''
schists, or, as in descending from Alausi, of stones and rude blocks
confusedly heaped together. But in one place we saw above us a
low cliff of vertical strata, much cracked and bent, as if by some
force applied to their ends. The brown hill-sides began to be
diversified by an arborescent Cactus, with polygonal stems and
white dahlia-like flowers, which, Briareus-like, threw wide into the -
air its hundred rude arms. Lower down, at about 6000 feet, I
saw specimens full 30 feet high and 18 inches in diameter. Along
with it grew frequently a Ccesalpinia and a Tecoma, both of which
are abundantly planted near Ambato and Guano, the former for
the sake of its bark, used in tanning, and the latter because it
bears a profusion of ornamental yellow flowers, and is supposed to
possess wonderful medicinal virtues.

About two leagues below Alausi the road descends to the mar-
gin of the river, where it meets the Chanchan, a larger stream
coming from the eastern Cordillera, near the volcano Sangay ; the
two united take the name of the latter, and preserve it until issu-
ing into the plain, where, joined by the Chimbo from Chimborazo,
they form the river Yaguachi, which empties itself into the gulf
just above the city of Guayaquil. Crossing the Chanchan by a
rude bridge near its junction with the Pumachaca, we entered on
a beach clad with a grove of Acacias — low spreading trees with
very odoriferous yellow flowers and binate spines sometimes three
inches long. Near this place, which was still some 8000 feet above
the sea, we came on the first sugar-cane farm. The road again
leaves the river, and we had finally to climb a long cuesta to reach
the village of Chiinchi, which is full 1500 feet above the river. >^

Chunchi is the last village on the slope of the Cordillera, and -
I had calculated on making it my head-quarters, though the forest
is still a day's journey farther down. I brought recommendations
from Ambato, and the people seemed willing to assist me ; but the
houses were so miserable, so full of dirt and vermin, and so
utterly destitute of furniture (for I could procure neither bed-
stead, chair, nor table), that I saw I should work on my plants
with infinitely less comfort than I used to do in a palm-hut in the
warm forest. Another and greater difficulty was the procuring
of food lor my beasts, for all the pastures were dried up, and a man

182 Mil. K. SPHUCE's visit to the cinchona FOllESTS

who sold me alfalfa for two days then told me he could spare no
more. About a league from Chunchi aud 1000 feet lower down,
there is a cane-farm called Cruataxi, whose owner, Senor Jose Leon,
I had known in Eiobamba. Almost in despair, I rode down to
consult with him, and he at once invited me to take up my quarters
in the hacienda, where he has a good house, with neatly papered
rooms and decent furniture. The cane-grounds extend along the
banks of a stream, which before falling into the Chanchan forms
a considerable lake, on whose shores there was still a little herbage ;
besides that a few squares near the house were planted with
alfalfa.

On the third day after establishing myself at Guataxi, having
procured a guide, I proceeded to Lucmas, a short day's journey
lower down the river, where there are a few small chacras tenanted
by Indians and zambos. There I was told I should be near the
Cascarilla roja, and I was recommended to a person called Ber-
meo, who had w^orked a good deal at getting out cascarilla and
sarsaparilla. I at once secured his services, and, as he turned out
an honest active fellow, I took him with me in all my subsequent
excursions in the district. Erom him I learnt that the Cascarilla
roja did not commence until another day's journey downwards,
and that to have a chance of seeing it in any quantity (which, he
admitted was, at best, only problematical), it would be necessary
to penetrate at least three days into the forest. As my object for
the present was merely to make myself acquainted with the plant,
and with the soil and climate in which it grows, I decided on
going no farther than until I should meet with it ; for the pro-
curing and transporting of provisions, necessary for a long stay in
the forest, is both difficult and expensive.

I remained a day at Lucmas to look around. It is at an altitude
of between 5000 and 6000 feet, and produces luxuriant sugar-cane.
The small banana called " Gruineo" flourishes (as indeed it does at
Guataxi), but the plantain is near its upper limit, and the fruit
is small and scanty. There are tolerably lofty forest trees in the
valleys and on the hills, while the steep sides of the latter are often
covered with grass, more or less intermingled with scrub, and
often with Bromeliaceae. In descending towards Lucmas, I saw
on the bushy hill-sides a great deal of the small tree called " Palo
del Eosario," a curious, and I believe undescribed Sapindacea,
which I had already gathered at Banos in the eastern Cordillera.
Its most remarkable feature is, that while the layer of wood next
the bark is quite white, all the internal layers are purplc-brbwn

or THE QUITENIAN ANDES. 183

with a black outer edge — a colour not unlike that of old walnuts ;
so that articles fabricated of this wood are curiously mottled.
Unfortunately the trunk never exceeds a few inches in diameter,
so that only small articles can be made of it. I have secured a
specimen of the wood, and of spoons made from it, for the Kew
Museum.

One of the most frequent trees at Lucmas, and the most valu-
able for its hard wood (though the young branches are brittle), is
an Escalloniacea, called "Ignia." It grows to a good size; the
leaves are narrow-lanceolate and very long — the lower ones always
red, and the reddish flowers are borne in long pendulous racemes ;
so that the tree has a very pretty aspect. It abounds along the
western slope of the Cordillera, and grows at from 5000 to 9000
feet. It is accompanied by an Amyrideous tree, called " Alubilla,' '
which the people hold in great dread, as they believe that to touch
it or pass beneath its shade is enough to cause the body to swell
all over. I had already, at Baiios, gathered flowers and fruit of it,
and stained my hands with the milk, to the great horror of those
who saw me, but without experiencing any ill effects ; and I believe
that the swelling attributed to it is owing more to sudden changes
of temperature, or to alternate scorchings and wettings, for I have
seen such an effect follow where there was no Alubilla. Be this
as it may, the young man I took as guide felt one of his eyes begin
to swell the day we left Lucmas for Guataxi, and in a few hours
he was swollen from head to foot. In two or three days he was
quite well again, but there are cases of the swelling lasting a month.
As might be supposed, the blame was laid on the Alubilla.

Lucmas takes its name from the abundance of a species of
Liwvma, producing an edible fruit ; that name is applied to many
species oiLucuma and Acliras, all natives of warm or hot countries.
Another evidence of the approach to a hot climate was in the
existence of a species of JEchites, twining among the bushes, and
in an epiphytal Marcgraviacea, quite similar in its long scarlet
spikes to Norantea guianensis, though the bracts are small patellae,
not elongated sacs, as in that species. A very odoriferous Citrosma,
with large thin leaves, three together, is known by the name of
" Guayusa," and is often taken in infusion, like the Guaytisa of
Canelos, which, however, is a species of Ilex.

There were a good many herbs, of species not seen elsewhere.
One Composita, with virgate stems 12 feet high, large alternate,
lobed leaves, and from each axil a small le^fy ramulus bearing at
its apex- a corymb of white radiate flowers, was very ornamental.

184

Orchidece were tolerably abundant, but prettier even than these
were two Bromeliacece ; the one seemed at first sight merely a
mass of long scarlet flowers growing out of the moss on old trees
and stones, for the leaf-sheaths are imbricated into a little bulb,
and the blade is reduced to a spine ; the other (apparently an
jEchmecb) has broadish soft leaves and large violet flowers looking
at a distance more like those of an Iris or an Amaryllidea.

On the 4th of August my company started for the forest, our
destination being the E-io de Puma-cocha, a large stream rising in
Azuay and falling into the Chanchan at about 4000 feet altitude,
on the farther side of which much Eed Bark has been got in
former years. We started on horseback, and a mule carried our
necessaries. My counsel was, to leave the horses, but Bermeo felt
sure I should not be able to perform the distance on foot ; we had
gone, however, a very short way when we found it necessary to cut
our way through the forest, for the track had got overgrown in
two years that no one had passed along it ; nor was it possible
without wasting a good deal of time to open a passage overhead
so that a man might pass mounted ; I therefore preferred going
on foot most of the way. We reached the banks of the Puma-
cocha at an early hour of the afternoon, but the ford which Ber-
meo had passed in former years had been destroyed by the falling
of a cliff", and in its place we found a deep whirlpool ; so with the
drift-wood along the banks we set to work to make a bridge where
the river was narrowed between two rocks, and when completed
carried across it our baggage, saddles, &c. Then, after a long
search, we found a place where we could swim the horses over, and
by rolling down a good deal of earth and stones we made a way
for them to ascend on the other side. Once across, we selected
a site for our hut among vegetable-ivory palms, and thatched the
hut with fronds of the same. Close by were the remains of a
platanal, showing that the spot had formerly been inhabited, and
fortunately still bearing a sufficient number of plantains to coolt
along with our salt meat, during the two days we calculated on
remaining there. Our horses were taken to the top of a neigh-
bouring hill, where there was a bed of one of those large succulent
Panic ums called " Gamalote," which afford a very nutritious food
for cattle, and were there made fast for the night. Here we
slept tranquilly, save that we were occasionally aroused by the
snuffing of bears around us ; and before daylight Bermeo and his
companion were on foot, and making their way through the forest
in quest of Cinchona- trees. They returned at seven o'clock,

OF THE QUITENIA?? ANDES. 185

liaviiig found only a single tree standing, and- from that one the
bark had been stripped near the root, so that it was dead and leaf-
less. "We breakfasted, and then I accompanied them into the
forest. We followed the track they had already opened, and then
plunged deeper in, meeting every few minutes with prostrate
naked trunks of the Cinchona, but with none standing. Bermeo
several times climbed trees on the hill-sides, whence he could look
over a large expanse of forest, but could nowhere get sight of the
large red leaves of the Cinchona. At length we began to tire, and
we decided on returning towards our hut, making a detour along
a declivity which we had not yet explored. We went on still a
long time with the same fortune, and were beginning to despair
of seeing a living plant, when we came on a prostrate tree, from
the root of which a slender shoot, 20 feet high, was growing. My
satisfaction may well be conceived, and my first thought was to
verify a report that had been made to me by every one who had
collected Cascarilla, namely, that the trees had milky juice, which
to me was strange and incredible in the Rubiacece. Bermeo made
a slit in the bark with the point of his cutlass, and I at once
saw what was the real fact. The juice is actually colourless, but
the instant it is exposed to the air it turns white, and in a
few minutes red. The more rapidly this change is eifected,
and the deeper is the ultimate tinge assumed, the more precious
is the bark presumed to be. It is rare to find shoots springing
from an old root, because the roots themselves are generally
stripped of their bark, which, along with the bark from the lower
part of the trunk, is known by the name of " Cascarilla costrona"
(from costra, a scab), and is of more value than that from any other
part of the tree.

The Cascarilla roja seems to grow best on stony declivities,
where there is, however, a good depth of humus, and at an altitude
of from 3000 to 5000 feet above the sea. The temperature is very
much that of a summer-day in London, though towards evening
each day cold mists blow down the valley from Azuay ; and for
five months in the year — ^from January to May — there is almost
unceasing rain.

If the Cascarilla roja has been almost extirpated at Puma-
cocha, there is still left abundance of Sarsaparilla, and of a very
productive kind, for Bermeo assured me he had once taken 75 lbs.
weight of the roots from a single plant ; whereas in Brazil the
greatest yield I have heard quoted was a little over 30 lbs. The
Puma-cocha species has a round stem and few prickles, while that

18G ME. E. spelce's yisit to the cincitoxa forests

most esteemed on the Rio Negro lias a triangular stem thickly
beset with prickles.

Let me now say a word about the other plants accompanying
the Cascarilla, and first of the Ivory-palm, which is known through-
out the Ecuador by the name of " Cadi." In Maynas two species
of Phytelephas were tolerably abundant, the one a slender species
called "Yarina," and the other much stouter, called "Polo-ponto."*
Both were usually stemless, though ancient specimens had a
short inclined stem. Neither of them seems to coincide with
the PhyteJepJias described by Seemann. But the Cadi seems di-
stinct from all the preceding : it has a stout erect trunk of 15 or
20 feet ; the fronds are 30 feet long, and the jpinncB are fastigiate hy
threes or fours (as in several Bactrides and Astrocaryd), while in
the other species they are equidistant ; lastly, the male flowers are
racemed on a long pendulous spadix. The nuts are much the same
as in the other species, only rather larger ; they are extensively
used in the Sierra for making heads of dolls, saints, and Malking-
sticks. The Cadi produces a very excellent "cabbage," but the
Indian and other inhabitants are fonder of a large maggot, called
" Majon," which is bred in its trunk. I have seen the Indians of
the E-io Negro and of Canelos roast and eat the larva of a beetle
extracted from the trunk of the Popunha palm ( Guilielma speciosa) .

A species of Carludovica with pinnate aculeate fronds was also
frequent. Triplaris surinamensis, with its large bunches of tri-
quetrous red fruits, was quite as abundant as on the Amazon ; and
Lasionema roseum, a tree closely allied to the Cinchona, grew side
by side with the Triplaris at Puma-cocha, just as it used to do at
Tarapoto.

In general the arborescent vegetation seemed scanty in species
and uninteresting. One of the most striking trees was an
Erythrina with a slender tortuous (almost twining) trunk, from
which sprang long spikes of scarlet flowers, and few branches
bearing each a coma of ternate leaves, whereof the leaflets were
sometimes 18 inches across. There were also a few figs, and on
the steep declivities there were patches of low forest, consisting
chiefly of Clusi(B, Thibaudice and Melastomacece. Two small
Trichomanes crept along the branches of shrubs, but terrestrial
ferns were all but absent.

On returning that evening to our hut, I consulted M^th Bermeo
about our ulterior movements. He told me that if I would go

* Most likely "Piilu-puntu" is the original Quichua, as the letter "o" does
not exist in that langiiage.

OF THE QUlTETsIAN ANDES. 1S7

auotber day's journey into the forest, he could with certainty show
me more trees of the Cascarilla roja, which he had seen not many
months previously, and, as on account of the revolution no one had
this year entered the forests to collect Cascarilla, it was probable
they were still untouched. But for this our stock of provisions
would scarcely suffice, and I saw no probability of adding anything
interesting to the general collection ; besides, I had to visit other
forests in quest of other sorts of Cascarilla, and I saw the season
was already passing for the flowers and seeds of most trees. We
therefore on the following day retraced our steps up the valley,
and after another day spent at Lucmas in drying my paper and
adding what I could to my collection, I returned to Gruataxi.

I was unable to move far from the farm for above a fortnight
afterwards, on account of the passage of the Government troops
from Quito to Cuenca ; for their general, to avoid the cold and
stormy Azuay, had decided on passing by Guataxi, whence by
a rough track through the woods one may come out at Canar
in two or three days. The owner of Guataxi had taken a promi-
nent part in a late rising against the Government — the insurgents
had been defeated in a pitched battle on the flanks of Chimborazo,
and now the victorious party threatened terrible things — so he
judged it expedient to keep out of the w^ay, and to hide all his
horses and cattle in the hills. When the troops actually reached
Chunchi, I went thither and had an interview with their chief,
from whom I exacted a promise (which was faithfully kept) that
nothing on the farm should be molested. You would be nowise
interested with anything I could tell you of political squabbles
here, which, were it not for the occasional bloody episodes and the
wholesale robberies under the name of " contribuciones volun-
tarias," would seem more like children's quarrels than anything
else.

During this interval I was obliged to content myself with the
flora of Guataxi. The cane-farm is about 7000 feet above the sea;
the maximum temperature each day was generally about 73°,
though it once reached 77°, and the minimum temperature varied
from 55° to 60°. A plateau, about a thousand feet higher, belongs
to the farm, and produces good crops of grain and potatos. The
hills adjacent to the farm, except where under cultivation and
artificially irrigated, are covered with grass, amongst which the
withered remains of a good many annuals were visible. Almost
the only annual still flourishing was, singularly enough, a species
of Monnina, with violet flowers ; and, as most of the species of

188 MR. E. SPHIJCE's YISIT to the CINCIIOKA FORESTS

this genua are trees, I took it for a Polygala until I saw the fruit.
The " Yerba Taylor" {Herpestes chamcedryoides, H.B.K.), which
has great fame as a remedy for snake-bites, was frequent, but
mostly scorched up. Amongst the perennial herbs (most of which
were new to me) may be mentioned an Epilohium, a Stachys, a
JPhaseoluSj a Desmodium,t\YO Crotalarice, a shsiggj Ilieracium, a very
pretty Leria with large blue flowers, growing on shady banks, and
a branched Composita with silky-white leaves and handsome purple
flowers, besides several Solanecd, LabiatcB, Ehretiacece, and two
AcanthacecB, whicli last order seems entirely absent from the cold
region ; also a suifruticose Lantana with yellow flowers, which I hail
not seen elsewhere. In moist places a little CupJiea was very abun-
dant. The shrubberies consisted chiefly of Compositce, whereof
one resembled a Spio^cea in aspect and in the odour of its numerous
small white flowers ; but there was also a new JButtneria, and the
common Clematis of the warmer parts of the Cordillera climbed
about everywhere.

In cultivated ground, especially in the maize and cane fields,
two delicate broad-leaved Paspala, called "xlchin," spring up in
great abundance. Every day I saw the servants of the farm get
bundles of them for the cows, pigs, &c., which ate them with
greater avidity than even the alfalfa, so that, though weeds, they
were nearly as valuable to the owner as the crops amongst which
they grew.

Among the trees, which grew chiefly along the banks of the
river, were two species of Lycium not previously seen, an Inga, a
Mimosa, and a JBignoniacea vnth broad opposite leaves and cymes
of large purple flowers. The last, known by the name of " Hualla,"
is frequent in the western Cordillera at from 6000 to 9000 feet,
and is one of the best timber-trees. It is not improbably the
little-known Delostoma integrifolium, Don ; but it is not a Delo-
stoma, for, besides an essential difference in the calyx, the septum
is contrary to the valves, as in Tecoma, not parallel to them, as in
Delostoma and Bignonia.

So soon as the last soldier had passed, I put in execution my
project of visiting the forests producing the Cascarilla serrana or
Hill Bark, which is found at 8500-9000 feet on both sides of the
river Chanchan. I went first to the forest of Llalla, at the foot
of Azuay, and only a little more than two hours' journey from Gua-
taxi. Here there is a cattle-farm and a few Indian chacras, in one
of which I established myself. I found a rather interesting vege-
tation, and this consoled me for my wretched quarters in a hut

OF THE (^UITENIAN ANDES. 18.^)

dark ^and smoky, and so low that 1 could not stand erect. We
had happened on a windy time, and as the walls and roof were full
of chinks, the violent wind which got up at midnight starved us
beneath all our blankets and ponchos. After sunrise there was a
brief lull, and then it came on again to blow from the same quarter
(west, with a slight touch of northing) and so continued througli
the day. We had no rain during the five days of our stay,
although the storms on the farther side of Azuay often overlap as
far as Llalla, so that from Guataxi we could see it raining in this
hill-forest, when not a drop fell in the lower grounds ; and even
when it does not rain the forest is generally enveloped in mist.
This constant supply of moisture renders the vegetation more
vigorous than in the dry grounds below, and is the cause why the
trees are so thickly clad with mosses that it is difficult to push
one's way through them. Two mosses, whose long slender stems
hang down like a beard from the branches, bore here abundance
of fruit, which for two years I had sought in vain in other localities.
But I was most pleased to find a moss with large laciniato-ciliate
leaves — so novel a feature in this tribe, that I took it for a
PlagiocJiila, until I found the capsules nestling amongst the ter-
minal leaves.

To return however to our Cascarillas, of which there are two
sorts in Llalla, the one called " Cuchi-cara," or Pig-skin, because
dried pieces of the bark resemble morsels of pig's-skin boiled and
then grilled (which is a favourite dish in Ecuador). The same
bark is sometimes called " Chauclia," a term implying thickness
without much consistence ; as, for example, in this bark, which
shrinks much in drying, and in a sort of large watery potato,
called " Chauchas." The other bark is called " Pata de gallinazo,"
or Turkey-buzzard's foot ; it does not peel off freely like the other,
and when dried generally occurs in small split fragments, but as
it is rather deeper-coloured it is more esteemed than the Cuchi-
cara. The same, or similar kinds, are known in other districts as
" Cascarilla naranjada." The demand for either kind has of late
years been very slight, so that there has not been such destructiou
of these barks as of the red, and on a stony hill-side not far from
the hut I found above twenty large trees of the Cuchicara, from
40 to 50 feet high. All had fruited freely this year, but the cap-
sules were already empty, with the exception of one small corymb.
In the forest of Yalancay, on the opposite side of the river and
near the road leading from Alausi to Guayaquil, I afterwards found
a tree with recent fruit and even a few flowers. The latter are

LIXN. PROC, — BOTA^TY. P

190 MR. n. spruce's yisit to the cinchona forests

deep brick-red, and llie capsules are usually elongate-oblong, but
vary to roundisli-oblong. Trees of the Pata de gallinazo were
scarce, and I did not see any in flower or fruit. Both sorts have
the leaves broadly oval, with or without a slight apiculus, and
pubescent beneath ; but in the CucJiicara the petiole and midrib
are red, which is not the case with those of the Fata de gallinazo,
nor do the leaves of the latter turn so red with age. The CucJii-
cara has but few virgate branches, while the other has a denser
ramification. The leaves of the Cascarilla roja are of almost the
same form as in the other two — perhaps slightly narrower — and I
confess that if I had been shown the leaves only of all three, I
should without hesitation have referred them to the same species.
I hope the flowers and fruit may afford clear distinguishing cha-
racters. The bark of the C. roja is a deep purple-brown when
good ; that of the other two species a pale cinnamon-colour. It
is customary to scrape off the external asperities and lichens in
the latter, when the surface remains of a pale or whitish colour?
but this is never done with the Boja. The Cascarilla roja is well
known to abound in both quinine and cinchonine, and is con-
sidered far more efficacious in the cure of intermittent fevers than
the other two, which however are sometimes used in preference
when it is desired to avoid the astringent effects of the C. roja.

Of the trees growing along with the Cascarillas in Llalla the
" Motilon" was the most frequent and the largest, attaining some-
times 60 feet high. This is the second species I have gathered
under this name : the fruit is an edible drupe, but I hesitate to
refer the genus to AmygddlecB until I see the flower. With the
Motilon grew, however, a true Cerasiis, with very largs leaves ; it
had flowers and young fruit. Other trees in the same forest were
the Hualla, the Ignia, a Berheris, a Mhamnus, a Nonatelia, two
MyrtacecB, and especially an arborescent Loranthus, with dense
spikes of fragrant yellow flowers, — the leaves on some ramuli
alternate, on others opposite, and on others three together. I had
previously gathered it on Tunguragua. There was also a Solaneous
tree, allied to Lycium, but with dull yellow bignonioid flowers
growing from the naked branches, and in its whole habit remind-
ing me much of Crescentia. The shrubs included a Barnadesia,
two Sahicd, a sarmentose Fuchsia, and most abundant and orna-
mental an aphyllous Fuchsia, epiphytal and (after the manner of
a Comidid) climbing high up the trees, which it adorned with its
large vermilion flowers.

Patches of verdant pasture were scattered in tlie forests, and in

OF THE QUITET^IAN ATfDES. 191

these I gathered a stoloniferous Ranunculus new to me, a small
Juncus, a curious Buhiacea allied to Bichardsonia, two lonidia, the
one with red the other with scarlet flowers, and some other herbs.
In the woods there was also a stinging herb with large white
flowers of the N. 0. Loasece.

The Orchidece must not be forgotten — they were very numerous
and in fine state, especially two large-flowered Odontoglossa, whose
liana-like peduncles depended almost to the ground. There were
also some Oncidia and Epidendra, and many curious things whose
affinities I did not recognize, and which I have not yet examined.

Prom Llalla I despatched my men to the adjacent paramos on
that side of Azuay, with instructions to bring me everything they
found in flower. They returned bringing a good many alpines,
including some pretty Senecios not elsewhere seen, a red-flowered
caDspitose Werneria, a small Crucifera, an Alstroemeria, a Gna-
phaliwn, but especially a beautiful Gentiana, allied to G. cernua,
and instead of having only one or two pendulous flowers, as in
that species, bearing a profusion of erect pyriform red flowers.
It is called "Eocotilla" by the inhabitants, from the similarity of
its flower to the fruit of a species of Capsicum called " E-ocote,"
which is cultivated throughout the cold region.

I have only a few more words to say about the Cascarillas.
I have conversed with many people who have worked on the
C. rojay and all profess to know of places where large trees were
left standing last year. As no one has entered into the trade in
this present year, those trees may have borne a crop of seeds,
from which by next year a number of young plants will have
sprung up. They offer also to take me to places where there are
beds of young plants of two or three years' growth. In the
forests about the foot of Chimborazo I am told that those who
cut down bark-trees break off the young branches and stick them
into the ground, where most of them take root — a very laudable
practice if the effect be such as is stated. It would appear from
this that cuttings might be safely tried. I planted two sprigs of
the G. roja in Bermeo's garden at Lucmas, which were growing
when I last heard of them. Prom what I have this year seen, it
appears that the Cinchonas flower at the end of the rainy season
— that is in May — and have ripe seeds in July, like a great many
other trees. May is the earliest month in which the forest could
be entered, and even then not w^ithout difficulty and risk. I have
made out that the town of Milagro, from which Guayaquil can be
reached in a day by navigating the river Taguachi, would be a

p2

192 MR. T. MOOllE ON THE DISCOVEEY

convenient depot for the seeds and yonng plants got out in the
forests of Pumacocha, which are three days' journey above. Tlie
road is, however, so narrow and bad that there would be small
chance of getting live plants down to Milagro in boxes or baskets,
either on mules' or men's backs, and I see no other way than
putting each plant into a bamboo, where it would travel in perfect
safety.

In a farm called Pinancay, adjoining Guataxi, I became ac-
quainted with the owner, Dr. Najera, a very intelligent man, and
formerly deputy to the Congress. He has a cattle-farm on the
eastern side of Azuay, at the head of the river Jubal ; and in a
day's journey down that river a forest is reached in a temperate
clime, where a great deal of excellent bark has been collected,
esteemed nearly equal to the Cascarilla roja. This bark is known
as "Cascarilla acanelada," and Dr. N ajera describes the tree as
having a small shining leaf, like that of the orange. In this month
or the next the rainy season wiU be over on the eastern side of
Azuay, and if I receive my orders in time, I propose going thither
with Dr. Najera in January, when it will be midsummer there,
and the Cascarilla acanelada should be ripening its seeds. I fear
there is no chance of getting young plants alive to the coast,
across the ridge of Azuay, 15,000 feet and more in height.

Ambato, Republic of Ecuador,
Oct. 20, 1859.

Notice of the Discovery of Lastrea remota in England. By Thomas
Moore, Esq., E.L.S., E.H.S.

[Read Dec. 15th, 1859.]

In the course of the past summer, Mr. E. Clowes of "Windermere
sent me a frond of a fern found by him in the Westmoreland lake
district, doubtfully labelled Lastrea Filix-mas, v. incisa ; and he
observed that for some years it had been considered to belong to
Lastrea spinulosa. A specimen subsequently sent, when in a more
fully developed state, led to a comparison with the Aspidium
remotvm, A. Br., for a frond of which I am indebted to Professor
Mettenius of Leipsig, and this comparison proved the German
and Westmoreland plants to be of the same kind.

This Aspidium remotmn had been first noticed by Braun * as a
variety of Asj^idium rigidwn, but it was subsequently regarded by

* A. Br. in DoU. Rliein. FL, 16.

OF LASTKEA REMOTA, A. Bll., IN ENGLAND. 193

him as a distinct species, and was described under the name of
Aspidium remotum*. It has subsequently been adopted as a
species by Kunzef, by Fee J, by Mettenius§, and by Koch||.
Braun's plant, as far as I am aware, has hitherto only been re-
corded as a native of Southern Germany, to which must now be
added the English habitat of "Windermere, "Westmoreland.

In general character and aspect the plant very much resembles
the vigorous examples of Lastrea spinulosa which are sometimes
met with, having like that fern narrow elongate erect fronds ; but
its structure agrees more closely with that of L. Filix-mas, than
which, however, it is once more divided. It has neither the ap-
pearance nor the structure of L. rigida. The plant appears to me
to have very reasonable claim to specific rank, though on this
point it is in these days hopeless to expect unanimity of opinion.

I append the specific character and synonymy of this addition
to the British flora, together with a full description of the "West-
moreland plant.

Lastrea remota : fronds oblong-lanceolate, subtripinnate, smooth ;
pinnae acuminate, distant below ; pinnules distinct, pyramidal or
ovate-oblong, acute, shortly petiolate below, sessile, with a narrow
' *" attachment, or more or less adnate upwards, the basal ones pinnatifid
almost to the costa; lobes oblong, blunt, serrated, the serratures
acute mucronulate ; sori copious over the whole frond, biserial near
the costa; indusium reniform, obscurely eroso-dentate, persistent,
without glands ; stipes and rachis stout, scaly.

Lastrea remota, Moore, Index Filicum, 102.

Aspidium remotum, A. Braun, Verjung. 330; Kze. lAnn. \x\\\. 230;
Fee, Gen. Fil. 291 ; Metten. Fil. Hort. Bot. Lips. 93 ; id. Aspid. hi.

Aspidium rigidum, /3. remotum, A. Braun, Doll. Rhein. Fl. 16.

Polystichum remotum, Koch, Syn. 2 ed. 979.

Hab. Windermere, Westmoreland {F. Clowes, 1859).

Caudex Stipes a foot long, stout, clothed with numerous scales

of various size, some ovate-acuminate, | of an inch long, others smaller,
lanceolate or linear, terminating in a lengthened hair-like point, the
margins slightly wavy or toothed ; along with these larger ones occur
numerous others, which are minute, ovate caudate, and peltately
attached. Rachides, both primary and secondary, furnished with scales,
which become smaller upwards. Fronds (including stipes) 3-4 feet
high, erect, narrow, oblong-lanceolate, smooth, subtripinnate. Lower
pinnce 3-4 inches long, ovate acuminate ;" central ones 6 inches long,
linear-oblong acuminate, all ascending, opposite or subopposite, and

* Braun, Verjung. 330. f Kze. Limi. xxiii. 230.

X Fee, Gen. Eil. 291. § Mett. Fil. Hort. Lips. 93 ; id. Aspid. 57.

11 Koch, Syn. 979.

194 MB. D. OLTYEB's notes on the BRITISH

distant below. Pinnules (basal ones of second pair of pinnae) Ij inch
long, shortly stalked, pyramidal or pyramidal-ovate, acute, pinna-
tifidly divided nearly to the costa, almost pinnate; lobes oblong,
obtuse, about | inch long, the lowest ones sublobate at their base,
otherwise toothed or serrated ; the serratures most numerous and
prominent at the apex, acute and mucronulate. The pinnules become
gradually less pyramidal or ovate, and more oblong, at length linear-
oblong as they recede from the main rachis ; below, except in the
case of the lowest, they are also sessile with a narrowed attachment,
but become gradually more and more adnate upwards. The pinnules
of the upper pinnaj resemble the smaller pinnules of the lower ones.
Venation in the larger lobes, consisting of a flexuous primary vein or
costule, from which alternate veins proceed towards the serratures of
the margin, sometimes becoming branched ; the sori are situated
medially on the simple veins, and close above the fork on the branched
ones. In the smaller pinnules the costule bears a sorus medially on
its lowest anterior vein, so that a row of sori are formed on each side
of and near to the costa ; the basal lobes often bear in addition two
or three more sori, and are traversed by a series of alternate simple
veins. Fructification occupying the whole back of the frond from the
base to the apex. Sori prominent, distinct, biserial near the costa of
the pinnules, and in the larger ones biserial on the lobes. Indusium
persistent, reniform, obscurely eroso-dentate on the margin, not
glandular.

Notes upon the British Herbarium of the Linnean Society.
By Daniel Oliver, jun., Esq., F.L.S.

[Read Dec. 15th, 1859.]

It has occurred to me that, from the interest felt in British
Botany by many members of the Linnean Society, it might not
be amiss to present, in the form of a little notice, in the * Journal
of Proceedings,' a short account of the Herbarium devoted to our
own Plora, upon which, at the request of the Herbarium Com-
mittee of the Council, I have been engaged, at intervals, within
the past two years.

That the formation of such an Herbarium w^as contemplated,
and had indeed considerably progressed, may be gathered from
the allusion to it in a late Anniversary Address of our President*,
and from its cursory mention in the published ' Minutes of Pro-
ceedings.' It has not hitherto, however, been thought needful or
desirable to appeal to Pellows for assistance in the contribution of

* Jounial of Proceedings, vol. iii. p. xx., 1858.

IIEIIBAIIIUM or THE LINJSEAF SOCIETY. 195

desiderata, chiefly because it was, in the first place, to be ascer-
tained how far the extensive collections already in the possession
of the Society might furnish suites of specimens sufficiently ample
for the complete illustration of the various species, and, further,
from the probability that a great portion of such desiderata as
might remain, especially among the more critical groups, as the
Buhi, Salices, &c., would be supplied to us by Eellows of the
Society who have devoted their special attention to the study of
such groups, and whose labels bear a high authenticity.

I shall briefly state the extent to which we have, to this time,
been able to carry out the design of rendering this collection a
thoroughly standard one, and as complete as possible in respect to
representatives, not only of each recognized British species, but
of each marked form or variety. I ought here to say, that from
the very limited accommodation which the Society can afford to
this Herbarium, it was early apparent that it would be out of the
question to attempt to make it illustrate, in anything like com-
pleteness, the geographical distribution of the respective species
through our islands ; yet in the selection of the required specimens
those have been laid in by preference which at the same time
indicated by their labels a different locality or extension of area.

The collections which have been accumulating in the Society's
rooms over many years have furnished the important nucleus of
the present Herbarium ; these have been successively gone over,
and such examples selected from them as seemed suited to the
object in view. Of these collections by far the most important,
and affording the great proportion of select specimens, was that
bequeathed to the Society by the late N. J. Winch of Newcastle-
on-Tyne, an excellent local botanist, and author of one of the best
of the older Floras — that of the counties of Northumberland and
Durham, published in the ' Transactions of the Natural History
Society of Newcastle.'

Erom a condition in his bequest we are not permitted to remove
his specimens from the paper upon which they are mounted, nor
to glue down upon the same sheet additional examples; hence
between these and the papers now in use, uniform in size but
superior in quality, a difference is sufficiently obvious*. From
time to time, however, these specimens, which at present form
perhaps the major part of our collection, may be removed, if thought
desirable, on the substitution of other and yet better examples.

* Contributions to the British Herbarium, to Which conditions are annexed
Umiting the Council in their absolute disposal, cannot in fiiture be accepted.

196 MR. D. OLIYER's JSOTES on the BRITISH

As might be expected, Winch's Herbarium was rich in North
of England plants ; of these, his fasciculi of Eoses and Willows
were particularly extensive : it contained also many rare species
from other quarters, received from his correspondents or collected
by himself on his longer excursions. A second collection in the
Society's keeping was that of the late Dr. Withering, author of
the ' Botanical Arrangement of British Plants,' presented to the
Society by Beriah Botfield, Esq., E.L.S., grandson of the Doctor.
In this Herbarium, deserving of especial attention, was a series of
specimens, many of them of infrequent or rare species, collected
by the late Eobert Brown, near the close of last century, in Scot-
land and Northern Ireland. These are peculiarly interesting from
the valuable notes which accompany them, in Mr. Brown's hand-
writing. They bear most striking testimony to the early deve-
lopment of his well-known habits of close, sagacious observation
and minute accuracy. These were mostly gathered from the year
1791 to 1794, from about the eighteenth to the twenty-first years
of his age.

Erom these herbaria, and also from minor collections formed by
Woodward, Eelhan, Maton, Dickson, and Don, with packets contri-
buted from time to time by various collectors, a considerable selec-
tion of specimens has been made, and amongst them are several
which, from their increasing rarity or actual disappearance from
within our borders, or from other circumstances, are more particu-
larly noteworthy. Of such we find Sonchus pakistHs, L. (Kent,
Cambridge), Senecio paludosus, L. (Lakenheath), Franhenia pul-
verulenta, L. (Sussex), Oaucalis latifolia, L. (Newmarket), Cypri-
pedium calceolus, L. (Castle Eden Dene, and Helk's Wood,
Ingleboro'), Carex Davalliana, Sm. (near Bath), JEriopliorum
alpinum, L. (Eestennet, near Eorfar, E. Brown), Elymus genicu-
latiis, Curt, (near Greenwich, Dickson), Potentilla tridentata, Sol.
(" East Eocks, Loch Brandy," Don), Epimedium alpinum, L.
(Hb. Withering, marked " Mr. Eobson, from Skiddaw," &c., and
CarrockEell, Cumberland, 1787), Orchis hircina, Scop. (Dartford),
and AntJiemis anglica, Sm. (Sunderland, Eobson*).

Besides the collections above enumerated, which were examined
in the course of last year, we have received recently from Mr.
Salter the liberal present of the herbarium formed by his brother,
the late Dr. T. B. Salter of Eyde : in addition to an admirable
collection of British Bubi, very valuable in connexion with his

* I note these as I find them, not forgetful of the observations upon some of
them in ' Cybele Britannica,'

HEREAIIIUM OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY. 197

Monograpli published in the * Botanical Grazette ' (vol. ii. pp. 113,
147), numerous specimens have been laid in from it belonging to
other families ; and thus in the case of species likewise occurring in
the northern counties, obtained from the Winch collection, we
have been assisted a little step in the illustration of their geo-
graphical extension. Mr. Babington has also presented a large
and important parcel, consisting chiefly of rare species, with many
of the critical plants which so much occupy the attention of
British botanists*. Especially for this addition to the collection,
and also for the time and care which Mr. Babington has devoted
to going through the Society's Herbarium in order to check the
nomenclature, not a little of its value is due.

A few large and difficult genera yet remain to be worked up
with reference to our present knowledge ; these will probably be
undertaken by competent botanists before long. The Buhi Mr.
Babington has consented to label in accordance with the names to
be adopted in his forthcoming Monograph of the British species.

With regard to the mode of arrangement adopted, the paper em-
ployed for mounting upon measures about 14|- by 9^ ins., too small,
perhaps, but necessarily uniform with that of the Smithian Her-
barium contained in the adjoining cabinet. The sheets are marked
for ready reference near the right-hand bottom corner, with the
number of the species in the ' London Catalogue of British Plants,'
which we have made use of as a convenient index to the collec-
tion. The mounted specimens are placed in folded sheets of
tinted card-board "genus-covers;" these are also numbered con-
secutively, corresponding to a second numbering (of the genera)
in the bound and interleaved copy of the * Catalogue' kept on one
of the lower shelves. The covers slide into fixed partitions mea-
suring about 6 inches in depth, over which the doors of the
beautifully constructed cabinet closely shut. The marks sug-
gested by Jos. Woods in his ' Tourist's Flora ' are made use of
to indicate in the ' Catalogue ' the more or less perfect state of
the specimens representing each species respectively. Care has
been taken to have all the plants poisoned before being laid
away.

It may not be out of place to add that, with a view to the
further completion of the Society's great Indian Herbarium, the
valuable collection formed in Java and Sumatra by the late

* A second packet, since received from the same gentleman, contains a nearly
complete set of his " Eubl."

198 MR. J. HOGG ON THE llOSA RUBELLA OF WINCH.

Dr. Horsfield, and recently presented to the Linnean Society "by
the East India Company, has been, within the past few weeks,
poisoned, mounted, and arranged.

The species already described by Messrs. Bennett and Brown in
the ' Plantse Javanicse Eariores,' and also to a considerable extent
those of Professor Miquel in the ' Flora Indise Batavse,' have been
written up with their respective references. A number of the spe-
cimens have been labelled by Miquel himself. The collection is,
at present, placed in a cabinet immediately adjoining that con-
taining the Wallichian Herbarium, to which it may be regarded
as supplementary.

On the Bosa rubella of "Winch. By John Hogg, Esq., F.E.S.,

E.L.S.

[Kead Dec. 1st, 1859.]

About the summer of 1823, I discovered in a hedge on the south
of the lane leading from Carlton to Norton, in the county of
Durham, a rose which had so much of the general appearance of
Mosa spinosissima that I then considered it to be a variety of that
species, — only that it had pink flowers ; I therefore named it, in my
short ' Catalogue of Plants' which was published a few years after-
wards in Brewster's ' History of Stockton,' as " Mosa spinosissima,
var. flore rubra. ^' Many plants of that species were also growing
near the same spot. Some years afterwards, at the request of Mr.
Winch, I again made search for that rose, and after a lapse of
some two or three years I rediscovered the plant in blossom, having
pink flowers ; I sent a specimen to Mr. Winch, and he informed
me that it was Itosa rubella.

Two years ago the late Mr. Storey, of Newcastle- on-Tyne, an
able botanist, who was engaged in making a more accurate list of
the plants indigenous in the counties of Durham and Northumber-
land, asked me to forward him specimens both in flower and in
fruit (in the autumn). In 1857 and 1858 1 duly investigated that
part of the lane where I remembered that the plant from which I
sent Mr. Winch the specimen was growing, but I only found what
I thought was the same plant, although not in flower, or in fruit,
in either of those years.

In June, however, of this year I was extremely pleased to
behold one of the same plants in blossom, bearing two flowers of
a lovely blush, or pink colour, of which the dried specimen I now

MR. J. HOGG ON THE ROSA RUBELLA OF WINCH. 199

exhibit was one. The second flower I sent to Newcastle ; and
very near this bush, I found a second plant with three buds — not
expanded — but evidently of the same rose, as the flower-buds were
tinted at the ends, and in lines on the back of the folded petals
with deep pinh. The bud also exhibited is from this second shrub.
I gathered all the flowers and buds, and thus I was unfortunately
prevented from ascertaining this autumn the colour of the fruit.

One of the chief differences between the R. spinosissima and
B. rubella, is that the fruit of the former, at first red, becomes
when mature black, whilst that of the latter is said to continue
red when ripe (see fig. 3. plate 2601, English Botany) ; this last
is likewise distinguished by some botanists as being pendulous.
Having last week examined the specimens of the H. rubella pre-
served in Mr. Winch's herbarium, I must say that the fruit there
dried presents neither of these characters, but it is black, or pur-
lish -black, and its stalk is straight, and by no means drooping or
pendulous. I also noticed that my specimen was less set with
glandular bristles on the flower-stalks than that of Mr. Winch's
specimens ; but the size and shape of the petals appeared much
the same. Eurther, some of the leaflets, as in mine, have simple
serratures, while others show a doubly serrated margin ; and in
both, the insides of the sepals are downy.

The flowers in my specimens when fresh were of a lovely pink,
and in size are larger than the flowers of the B. spinosissima, with
the petals more notched ; but the colours of the flowers of H. spi-
nosissima I have never seen other than white, or yellowish-ioJiite.
My specimens seem, from the fewer bristles on the flower-stalks,
to be rather intermediate between R. spinosissima, whose flower-
stalks are smooth, and the R. rubella of Winch's herbarium. Com-
pare also the figures m plate 187 sixidi plate 2521 of the 'English
Botany.'

I will leave for the consideration of those who are more familiar
with the Rosacea, whether the R. rubella be really a distinct
species.

MR. BENTHAM'S NOTE ON HOMALIUM.

In drawing up my synopsis of the genus Homalium (p. 38), I had unfor-
tunately overlooked M. L. B. Tulasne's " Florae Madagascariensis Frag-
mentum Alterum," in the 'Annales des Sciences Naturelles/ s^r. 4,
Botanique, vol. viii. p. 58, where five new species of Blackwellia, all from
Madagascar, are described. I have not seen any specimens, so as to com-
pare them with my own species ; 1 can, therefore, now merely give here
the list, with the affinities suggested by the perusal of the descriptions.

B. brachystylis (Tul. in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 4, vol. viii. p. 59), evidently
closely allied to B. axillaris, Lam., or my Homalium axillare.

B. Thuarsiana (Tul. I.e. p. 60), evidently very near to B. paniculata,
Lam ., or H. paniculatum, Benth,

B. eriantha (Tul. I.e. p. 62) must also be closely allied to the same
species.

jB. micrantha, Bois. (Tul. I.e. p. 63), seems to differ in its slender
racemes and smaller flowers with broader sepals and petals.

B. planijlora, Bois. (Tul. I.e. p. 64), probably differs still more in having
the petals broader, longer, and more obtuse than the sepals.

G. B.

INDEX.

Page

Abies, Mill 4-8

alba, Mill. . . . 1, 14, 15, 16

balsamifera, Mich. ... 1

nigra, Mich 15

Acanthacese 25

Acaulon apiculatum, Sook. f. tSf

Wils. . . . ,j%^.^iy!,^ . . 71
Acer Negundo, L. . : . ' . . 9
Acbras, L. . . ... . . .183

Acrostichum, L 22

aureum, L 22

Actinia, L 21

Adansonia digitata, L 21

Adiantum, L. . . , . . . . 22
Agave, L. .^ ^ tfa^m^p*! . . 177
Akentra, BenJ.''^"'M .wo/i ,. 175, 176

inflata, JBenf.iy 9<{^ '^q , . . 176

Algge . . . . .... . .101

Alnus Americana 8

Alstroemeria, X 191

Andresea acuminata, Mitt. ... 64

alpina, Hedw 64

asperula, Mitt 65

montana. Mitt 64

nitida, HooJc.f. Sf WiU. . . 64

petrophila, Wirh 64

subulata, Harv 64

Androsace, L 9, 16

Anemone patens, L 8

Angiopteris evecta, Soffm. ... 22

Angrsecum, Pet. Th 22

Anictangium bulbosum, Redw. . 96

repens, HooTc .79

Annonaceee 25

Annona muricata, L 20

Anthemis Anglica, Smith . . . 196

Apocynese 25

Aquilegia, L. 16

Arnica, L 16

Aroidea3 22

Artemisia, L 16

Artocarpese 18, 21

Aspidium, Swartz 16

remotum, A. Braun . 192, 193

rigidum, A. Braun . 192, 193

Asplenium, L 22

erenulatum, Presl .... 22

lucidum, Forst 22

Astomum cylvndricum, Mitt. . . 70
Astragalus, "X. 9, 13, 14

Page

Astranthus, Lam 35, 38

Cochinchinensis, Lour. . . 38

, Boole 35

Astrocarya, Ma/rt 186

Atrichum Ligulatum, Mitt. ... 97

Atropa, L 179

Attalea, Ma/rt 58, 62

funifera, Mart 58, 62

Aulacomnion Graudichaudi, Mitt. . 94

Avicennia, L 22

Azolla Nilotica 25

Azorella, M. ^ Fav 178

Bactris, Jacqu 186

Balsamina fasciculata, Dec. . . . 120

minor, Dec 123

Barbula mnioides, Schwoegr. , . 72

Bamadesia, Lam 190

Bartramia acerosa, Hampe ... 81

affinis, HooTc 82

appressa. Hook. f. S^ Wils. . 81

fragilis, Mitt. ^w,i:»i6 *a»*.».i ^i^81

gigantea, Schw,',^,,,, y^ -^ .....85

Halleriana, Hectw. ... . 80

Mossmaniana, C. Mull. . . 80

papillata, IToolc.f. 8f Wils. . 81

pendula, Schwcegr 83

, Hook.f. ^ Wils. . . 82

Bassia Parkii, G. Don . . .19, 169

Begonia, L 21

Fischeri . . . vi,r*ws^i -^

mtida. Dry and. . ... . 21

— — ulmifolia, Hmnh. .... 21

Berberis, L 190

Betula papyracea, Sol. . . . 1, 15

pumila, L 2, 15

Bignonia, L 188

Blackwellia, Lam. . . . 31, 34, 200

Africana, HooJc.Jil. ... 35

axillaris. Lam. . . . 34, 200

bracliystylis, r«Z 200

caryophyllacea, Zoll. Sj" Mor. 38

cerasifolia, Vent 38

Chinensis, Steud 35

eriantha, Tul 200

foetida. Wall 37

fagifolia, Lindl 35

glauca. Vent 34

gracilis, Bhim 34

gi'andiflora, Miq. . . . . 38

— — integrifolia, Lam. . . . . 34

202

INDEX.

Page
Blackwellia longiflora, Miq. ... 38

Loureiri, JBenth 35

micrantha, Bois 200

Moluecana, Bhim 38

Nepalensis, DC. .... 34

padiflora, Lindl 35

paniculata, Lam. . . 34, 200

planiflora, Bois 200

rufescens, Am 34

spiralis, Wall 35

tetrandra, Wight . ... 35

Thuarsiana, Tul 200

tomentosa, Vent 34

Zeylanica, Oardn 35

Blindia acuta, Bruch Sf Sch. . . 68

Bolbophyllum, Fet. Th 22

Breutelia aflinis. Mitt 82

comosa. Mitt 82

consimilis, Mitt 83

divaricata, Mitt. . . . 83, 84

dumosa, Mitt 82

elongata, Mitt 83

pendula, Mitt 82, 83

plicata. Mitt 83

Sieberi, Sornsch 83

Bruchia minuta, Mitt 65

Brj'um atropurpureum, auct. . . 84

Billardieri, Schwagr. ... 84

bimum, Schreh 84

csespiticium, Hedtv. ... 84

crassum, Hook. f. 4" Wils. . 84

dichotonium, Hedw. ... 84

Isevigatum, SooJc.f. Sf Wils. 84

Tasmanicum, Hampe ... 84

torquescens, Br. 8f Sch. . . 84

truncorum, Brid 84

vagans, Sook.f. ^ Wils. . 82

Buxbaumia indusiata, Brid. .■ 96, 97

Tasmanica, Mitt 96

Cactus, L 178, 181

Caladium bicolor, Vent 22

Calceolaria, L 178

Calamus, L 23

secundiflorus, Pal 24

Callithamnion roseum, Lyngh. . 102
Campylopus pallidus, HooTc. f. cf*

Wils 69

Canna Indica, L 22

Carex, L. 9, 13

Davalliana, Smith .... 196

Carica Papaya, L 20

Carludovica, R. 4' Bf^v 186

Carpomitra Cabrerse, Clem. . . . 103

Castilleja, Lam 178

Catharinea Miilleri, C. Milll. 4"

Ham(pe 97

Caucalis latifolia, L. 196

Cerastium, L 178

Cerasus 190

Ceratophyllum vulgare, i. ... 25

Page
Ceratopteris thalictroides, Brongn. 25

Chrysliymenia rosea 104

Cinchona, L 176, &c.

Citrosma, B. cf Bav 183

Clematis, L 188

Clerodendrum splendens ... 22

Clusia, L 186

Clusiacese 24

Clutia, L 26

Cascarilla, L 26-30

Eluteria, L 26-30

Coffea Arabica, L 19

Cola, R. Br 18

acuminata, B. Br 18

Codium Biirsa, Ag 104

Combretacese 22

Combretum butyrosum, Car. 167,

168, 169
Conostomum australe, Swartz . . 81

pusillum, Hook. f. ^ Wils. 67, 81

Cordylanthes frutescens, Bl. . . 38

Comidia, B. ^ Fav 190

Crescentia, L 190

Crotalaria, L 188

Croton, L 26

balsamiferum, Jacqu. ... 30

Cascarilla, Benn. . . . 20-30

, Woodv. ..... 30

Eleuteria, Benn. . . . 26-30

— , Swartz 30

lineare, Jacqu 26, 30

lucidum, L 30

niveum, Jacqu 27

Sloanei, Benn 30

Cryphsea crenulata, Mitt. ... 90

dilatata, Mitt 90

Mulleri, Mitt 90

patens, Hornsch. .... 90

Tasmanica, Mitt 90

Cuphea, P.Br 188

Cyathopliorum bulbosuni, Mitt. . 96
Cypripedium calceolus, L. . . . 196
Daltonia Novse-Zelandiae, Mitt. . 95

splachnoides. Hook. ^' Tayl. . 95

Darea cicutaria, Willd 20

Delostoma, L>on 188

integrifolium, L>on .... 188

Desmatodon nervosus, Brid. . . 71
Desmodium, L>ec. . . . . . .188

Dicranum angustinei*ve. Mitt. . . 68

Billardieri, Schwcegr. . . 68, 69

brachypelma, C. Miill. . . 68

dicarpon, Nees 68

Drummondii, C. Miill. . . 66

flexuosum, C. Miill. ... 69

introflexum, Hedtv. ... 69

leucolomoides, C. Miill. . . 68

— — Mcnziesii, Tagl 68

nodosum, Beativ 69

'. pallidum. Br. # Sch. ... 69

INDEX.

203

Dicranum pungens, HooJc. f. 4"

Wils 68

pyriforme, Mitt 69

reflexum, C. Miill 69

robustum, Sook.f. 4~ Wils. . 68

torfaceura, Mitt 69

torquatum, Mitt 69

Di ymodon cyathicarpus, Mi#^. . 70

Lapponicus, Mitt 70

longifolius, Sook.f. 4- Wils. 67, 68

Mougeoti, Mitt 70

— papillatus, Sook.f. # Wils. 70

piirpureus, Hedw 69

Tasmanicus, Mitt 70

Diplazium, Swartz 22

Disodon plagiopus, C. Miill. . . 80
Distichium capiUaceum, HooJc. f.

4' Wils 66

Draba, L 16

Dry as octopetala, L 16

Drynaria, £ort/ 20

coronans 22

viridis 22

vulgaris 22

Echinus, L 21

Echites,i 183

Elseis, Jacqu 21

Gruineensis, Jacqu 21

Elaphoglossum 20

Elymus geniculatus, Ctirf. . . . 196
Eucalypta australis, Mitt. ... 72

vulgaris, Hedw. . . . . 72

Entosthodon apophysatus, Mitt. . 80

laxus. Mitt 80

Mittenii, Doz^ 4 MolTc. . . 80

productus, Mitt 80

Ephemerum cristatum, Mitt. . . 79

Epidendrum, L 191

EpHobium, L 16, 188

Epimedium alpinum, L 196

Equisetum, L 9

Erigeron, L 16

Eriophorum alpinum, L. . . . 196

Eryngium, L 22

Erythrina, L 186

Euphorbiacese 25

Fissidens adiantoides, Hedw. . . 93

integerrimus. Mitt. ... 94

pallidus, KooTc.f. 4 WiU. 93, 94

pygmseus, Tayl 93

rigidulus, HooTc. f. # WiU. . 93

^^ Taylori, C. MUl 93

tenellus, Hoolc.f Sf Wils. . 93

Flacourtianese 60

Flustra, L 21

Fourcroya, Vent 29

Fragaria Canadensis, Mich. ... 9
Frankenia pulverulenta, L. . . . 196

Fraxinus, L . 2, S

Fuchsia, L 190

-T Page

Fucus serratus, L. ..... . 105

vesiculosus, L 105

Fumaria agraria, Lag 157

agraria, Mitt 165

Bastardi, Bor 365

Boraei, Jord. 158, 159, 160,

163, 164, 165, 166

capreolata, Bab. . . 165, 167

, Curt 163, 164

, Fries 166

, Hamm 163

~ , LeigM. . . . 163,166

, i 157-167

, Smith .... 164, 166

, Webb 157

confusa, Jord. 158, 159, 160,

161, 165, 166

media, Hamm. . . 164, 165, 166

muralis, Sond. 157, 158,

159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 166

officinalis, L. ... 161, 164

pallidiflora, Jord. 158, 159,

160, 162, 163, 164, 165

Petteri, Koch .... 166, 167

speciosa, Jord. 158, 159, 162,

163, 167
Funaria hygrometrica. Dill. . . 80

radians. Mitt 80

aentiana, L 178, 191

cemua, Humb 191

Geranium, L 14, 15

Greum rivale, L 3.4

G-igartina pistillata, Lamour. . . 103
Glyphomitrium acutifolium. Mitt. 73

Adamsoni, Mitt 73

crispatum, Brid. . . . 73, 74

Fernandezianum, Mitt. . . 74

MuHeri, Mitt 74

polyphyllum, Mitt. . . 73, 74

Gnaphalium, L. . . . 16, 178, 191
Griffithsia secundiflora .... 102
Grimmia apocarpa, Hedtv. . . . 12

crispula. Mitt 73

emersa, C. Miill 73

leucophsea, Orev 73

pulvinata, Hook. 8f Tayl. . 72

symphyodonta, C. Miill. . . 73

trichophylla, Ghrev. ... 73

Gymnogramma Calomelanos, Sw. . 22

Gymnopteris, Presl 22

Hedwigia ciliata, Ehrh 90

Humboldti, Hook 90

imberbis. Spruce .... 90

Hedyotis, L 179

ericoides 178

Hedysariim, L 15

Herpestes chamsedryoides, H.B.K. 188
Heterostemon simplicifolium, Spruce 60

Hieracium, L 188

Hippophae rhamnoides, L. . . . 9

204

IXDKX.

Holoinitrium cirrhatum, Bi'icL . . 70

Houialium, Jacqu. ... 31, 33, 200

Africanum, Benth 35

• augustifolium, Sm 37

axillare, Benth. ... 34, 200

bracteatum, Benth 37

caryophyllatum, Benth. . . 38

cordylanthus, Benth. ... 38

densifloioim, Spruce ... 36

fagifolium, Benth 35

foetidum, Benth. . . . . 37

grandiflorum, Benth. ... 37

longifolium, Benth. ... 35

Nepalense, Benth 34

paniculatuni, Benth. . 34, 200

parvifolium, HooJc.Jil. . . 37

pedicellatum, Spnice ... 36

racemosum, Jacqu 36

Racoubea, Sw. . . . . .35

rufescens, Benth 34

senarium, DC. 36

Surinamense, JSteud. ... 36

tomentosum, Benth. ... 36

TitieBse, Benth 36

zeylanicum, Benth 35

Hookeria crispula, HooTc.f. S^Wils. 96

jniqrocarpa, HooJc 95

pulchella, HooJc.f. Sf Wils. . 95

Hydroceras triflora, Wt.^Arn. 110, 156

Hydrophyllacese 25

Hymenodon pilifer,^oo7r./. ^' Wils. 95

Hypnum, L 22

aciculare, Brid 88

arcuatum, Sedw 86

aristatum, HooJc.f. 4' Wils. . 85

asperipes, Mitt 85

auricidatum, Mont 88

brachycarpum, Hampe . . 87

Buchanani, Hook 85

chrysogaster, C. Milll. ... 87

cochlearifolium, Schw. ... 88

— ■ — campestre, Br. Sf Sch. ... 85

— : — comosum, Schw 86

contiguum, HooJc.f. 4' Wils. 87

curviculatum, ^00^./. ^JFiV^. 87

cjmbifolhim^Doz.d^MolJc. . . 92

deflexum, Wils 88

deBsifolium, Brid 89

Donianurn, Smith .... 88

hians, Hedtv 85

hispidum, HooJc.f. ^ Wils. . 91

'- Loxense, HooJc 88

microcarpum, C. Miill. . . 87

Mossmanianum, C. Miill. . 87

paradoxum, HooJc.f. 4" Wils. 85

patale, HooJc.f ^ Wils. . . 87

piliferum, Brid 85

ptychocarpiim, Schv\ ... 89

— — rutabuluni, L 85 {

spjninei'viuwi, HooJc. ... 86 |

Page
Hypnum subbasilai'e, HooJc. . . 86

tenuifolium, Hedw. ... 85

Vaucheri, Lesq 85

Hypopterygium Novce Zelandise, C.

Milll .96

Smithianum, HooJc.f. ^WHs- 96

^ Struthiopteris, Brid. ... 96

Ilex, L 183

Impatiens, L 106

acaulis, Am 115, 119

acuminata, Benth. . . 117, 145

Akka, Bedd 156

albida, IViglit 135

amphorata, Edgexv. . . .148

amplexicaulis, Edgeiv. 109, 110,

117, 129

Anamallayensis, Bedd. . . 156

appendiculata, Am. . 114, 143

arguta, HooJc. f. 4" Thorns.

116, 117, 137

Arnottiana, Miqu 122

auriculata, Wight . 116, 141, 142

Balsamina, L. ' 113, 114, 115,

116, 117, 130

bella, HooJc.f # Thorns. 116, 138

bieolor, Boyle 148

bicomuta, Wall. . . 147, 149

bifida, Thh 125

bracteata, Colehr. . . 117, 142

brachycentra, Kar.SfKir. 118, 155

brevicornu. Am 132

campanuJata, Wight W^, 116,

145, 157

Candida, lAndl 128

capillipes, HooJc. f ^ Thorns.

113, 114, 135

Cliinensis,i. 114,115,116,119,120

circgeoides, Wall. . . 114, 130

coccinea, Sims 131

cordata, Wight . . . 144, 157

comigera. Am. 113, 114, 149, 150

cornigera, HooJc. . . . .131

crenata, Bedd 156

cristata. Wall 186

cristigera, Edgew 148

cuspidata, Wight Sf Ar]i. 124, 125

DalzeUii, HooJc.f. &,^ TJi. 115, 123

dasysperma, Wight . 115, 134

discolor, Dec. 116, 117, 137, 138

diYeraifolisi,WaIl. 115,121,122,123

elata, Edgeiv 155, 156

elegans, Bedd 157

elongata, Am. . . 114, 149, 150

fasciculata. Lam. . 119, 124, 126

filiformis, WigJit Sf Am. 122, 157

fimbriata, HooJc 142

flaccida, ^rw. . . 114,115,134

flavida,^oo;i-./. ^-Th. 109, 116, 127

floribunda, Wight .... 124

frutieosa, Lesch. 110, 116, 127, 140

INDEX.

206

Impatiens fulva, Nutt 155

Gardneriana, Wight 109, 115, 121

gigantea, JEdgew. . .128, 129

glandulifera, Am. . . 131, 132

glandulifera, Royle 110, 113,

114, 128

glauca, Kooh.f. ^ Th. . 118, 155

Goughii, WigU . 113, 115, 130

gracilis, Bedd 156

grandis, Heyne . 113, 116, 145

Griffithii, Hoolc.f. Sf Th. 109,

114, 120, 121

HamUtoniana, Don . . . 136

Hensloviana, Am. 114, 115, 135

heterophyUa, Wall. . 119, 122

hispidula, Benth 141

Hookeriana, Am. . . 114, 145

inconspicua, Benth. 115, 122, 157

insignis, Wall. 109, 118, 137,

148, 149, 150

janthina, Thwaites 108, 114, 142

Jerdoniee, Wight . 107, 110,

113, 116, 141, 142, 149

Jurpia, Ham. 110, 117, 140, 146

Kleinii, Wight SfAm. 115, 120, 122

— laevigata. Wall. . 117, 118, 146

latiflora,iroo^./. ^2^^.116,117,139

latifolia, L. 109, 113, 114, 115, 124

latifoUa, Wight 8c Am. . . 125

Lawii, Hook. f. 8f Th. . 115,122

lsi\morei, Udgetv. 118,149,153,154

Lemanni, KooTc.f. ^ Th. Ill,

118,154

leptoceraa, Dec. 107, 109, 110,

117, 118, 148, 152

leptopoda,^rw. 112, 113, 114,

132, 133

Leschenaultii, Dec. 115, 124, 125

leucantha, Thwaites. . 114, 142

— — ligulata, Bedd 156

Unearis,^rw. 113, 114, 140, 143, 145

longicornu, Str. Sf Wint. . . 147

longicornu. Wall. 107, 108,

113, 118, 128, 129, 148, 149, 153

longipes, Hoolc.f. ^ Th. 110,

118, 151, 152

lucida, Heyne . . . 115, 125

lucida. Wall 134

macrochila, lAndl 128

macrophylla, Gardn. 108, 113,

114, 131, 132

maculata, Wight . 116, 149, 157

micrantha, Don . . . 147, 151

micrantheirium, Udgew. . . 154

modesta, Wight . . . 115, 118

mollis, Wall 141

moschata, Edgeiv 128

multiflora. Wall. 109, 116, 117, 126

Munronii, Wight . . 115, 133

Mysorensis, Moth 112, 115, 133

LINN. PEOO. — BOTANY.

Impatiens Mysorensis, Wall. 120, 122

Noli-taugere, L 155

odorata, Don 153

odorata, Ham 148

oppositifolia, L. 114, 115, 120, 124

pallens, 'Edgew 148

parasitica, Bedd 157

parviflora, Dec 156

parvifolia, Bedd 157

pendula, Heyne 112, 115, 133, 157

phoenicea, Bedd. . . 156, 157

picta, Mor. Cab 148

porrecta. Wall. . , . 116,138

puberula, Dec. . . . 117, 141

pulcherrima. Dale. . . 115, 134

pulchra, Hoolc.f. ^ Th. 117, 139

Pulneyensis, Bedd. . . 156, 157

pusilla, Heyne . . . 122, 123

racemosa, TTaZ/. 107, 108,117,

118, 147, 151, 153

racemulosa. Wall. 108, 116,

136, 138

radicans, Benth. . 112, 116, 126

ramosissima, Dalz. . . . 121

repens. Moon . . 109, 114, 132

reticulata. Wall 121

rivalis, Wight . 115, 119, 157

rosea, Lindl 131

rosmarinifolia, Retz. . . . 120

Roylei, Walp, 110, 113, 117,

127, 129, 149

rufescens, Benth. . . 115, 121

saHcifolia, Hoolc.f. ^Th. 109,

112, 116, 124

scabrida, Dec. 107, 113, 117, 136

scabriuscula, Heyne 113, 115,

131, 133
scapiflora, Heyne 109, 115,

118, 119, 157

scapiflora, Hoolc 119

serrata, Benth. . 113, 117, 136

setacea, Colebr 120

setosa, Hoolc.f. ^ Th. . 115, 123

spirifer,2roo^./. l^Th. 117,135,137

Stocksii, Hoolc.f. ^ Th. 115, 119

subcordata, Am. . 114, 144, 150

sulcata, Wall. 113, 117, 128,

129, 148, 149

Tangachee, Bedd 157

Tavagua, Steud 146

Tavoyana, Benth. 114, 130, 146

tenella, Heyne . . . 115, 123

tenuicula, Steud 123

tenuis, Bedd 156

temifolia. Ham 126

Thomsoni, Hoolc.f 109, 117, 128

tingens, JSdgew. . 107, 117,

118, 147, 151, 153

tomeiitosa, Heyne . . 115, 121

tricomis, lAndl 136

Q

206

INDEX.

Page
Impatiens trilobata, Colehr. 109,

116, 117, 126

tripetala, Roxh. 126

truncata, Thwaites . . 114, 133

tuberculata,Sbo^./.^2%.107,

118, 155

umbellata, Heyne 113, 116,

143, 144

umbrosa, Edgetc 148

uncinata, Wight 116, 144, 150

urticifolia, Wall. 110, 113,

137, 151, 152

verrucosa, Bedd 156

verticillata, Wight . . 115,129

viridiflora,Tri^A^ 110,116,142,157

\iscida, Wight . 116,144,157

viscosa, Bedd 156

Walkeri, SooJc. 107, 113, 114, 149

Wiglitiana, Bedd 157

Inga, Willd 188

lonidimn, Vent 190

Iris, L 184

Isothecimn gracile, Hook.f. ^ Wils. 88

pumilum, Hook.f. ^ Wils. . 89

Jatropha multifida, L 20

Jvmcus, Zi 190

Juniperus communis, i 16

Jussieea villosa. Lam 25

Lantana, L 188

Lasionema roseum 186

Lastrea, Bory 22

FiUx Mas, Bort^ . . . 192, 193

invisa, Presl 22

mollis, Brest 22

— — remota, Moore 193

rigida, Brest 193

spinulosa, Brest . . 192, 193

Lathyrus, X 9,13

Lemna, B 25

Leopoldinia, Mart 58

major, Wallace 59

minor. Mart. 58, 59

Piassaba, Wallace . . . 58-62

Leptangiimi Perrottetii, Mont. . . 79

repens. Mitt 79

Leptostomum flexipile, C. Mull. . 94

inclinans, R. Br 94

Leptotheca Gaudichaudi, SchivcBgr. 94
Leptotrichum affine, C. Mull. . . 67

australe. Mitt 66

capillaceum, Mitt. ... o 67

ferrugineum, Mitt 67

Hookeri, C. Mull 67

hyalinum. Mitt 67

Jamesoni, Mitt 67

Oldfieldii, Mitt 67

prsealtum, Mitt 66

Leskea cymbifolia, Mitt 92

delicatula. Mitt 92, 93

fulvaetra. Mitt 92

Page

Leskea hastata, C. Miill 93

hispida. Mitt 91, 92

Iseviuscula, Mitt 92

mollis, Hedw ,88

sciuroides, Hook 89

tamariscina, Hedw. ... 92

umbrosa. Mitt .92

Leucobryum candidum. Bill. . . 70
Leucodon lagurus. Hook. ... 88

nitidus, Hook.f. # Wils. . 89

Lithospermum, L 9

LobeUa, L 179

Lopidium pallens, Hook.f. ^ Wils. 96

Loranthus, L 190

Lucuma, Juss 183

Lupinus, L 178

Luzula, Bee 16

Lycium, i 188,190

Lycopodium, L 22, 178

dendroideum, Swartz . . . 2i2,

Phlegmaria, L 22

Lygodium scandens, Sivartz . . 22
Macromitrium Archeri, Mitt. . . 78

erosulum. Mitt 78

gracile, Hook 79

hemitrichodes, Mitt. . . 78, 79

ligulare. Mitt 78

microphyllum, Mitt. ... 78

Mossmanrdanum, C. Miill. . 79

orthophyllum, Mitt. ... 79

prorepens. Mitt 78

pusillum. Mitt 78

Medicago sativa, B 180

Melastomacese 20

Menziesia, Smith 16

Mertensia gigantea 22

Meteorium aureum, Mitt. ... 85

cuspidiferum, Hook.f.SfWils. 91

fulvum, Mitt 85

Microcladia glandulosa, Sol. . . 104
Mieliclihoferia Eckloni, Hornsch. . 84
Mniadelphus crispulus, Mitt. . . 96

microcarpus. Mitt 95

pulcheUus, Mitt 95

Mniopsis, Mitt .94

Plumxila, Mitt 94

Monnina, Ruiz Sf Bav 187

Musssenda, L. 20

Nauclea, L 24

Neckera cerina, Tayl 90

cuspidifera, Tagl 90

hymenodonta, C. Miill. . . 89

luteola, Tayl 90

rivalis, Mitt 89

setosa. Hook 89

Nitophyllum laceratum, Grev. . . 104

Nonatelia, Auhl 190

Norantea Guianensis, Aubl. . . . 183

Nymphsea dentata 25

Odontoglossum, Kunth .... 191

INDEX.

207

Page

Oleandra nodosa 20

Omalia oblongifolia,^oo^./.^ Wils, 89

Oncidium, Jacqu 191

Orchideae 22

Orchis hircina, Sco'p 196

Orobus, L 13

Oi'thodontium sulcatum, HooJc.f. ^

Wils 84

Orthotrichum luteoluna, Soolc.f. ^

Wils 75,76

Tasmanicum, HooJc.f. SfWils. 74

Pandanus Candelabrum, Pal. . . 22
Papyrus antiquorum, Willd. . . 25

Paspalum, i 188

Pedicularis, L 16

Pentadesma butyracea, Afz. . . 24
Persea gratissima, Ocertn. ... 20
Phascum crisi&txxxxi^Hoolc.f.^ Wils. 79

cylindrictma, Tayl 70

Phaseolus, L 188

Philonotis appressa, Mitt. ... 81

australis. Mitt 81

curvirostra, Mitt. .... 81

dimoi-pba, Schimp 82

fontana, Brid 83

pusilla, Mitt 81

vagans, Mitt 81

Phlox Hoodii, RicJiards. ... 8
Phrynium Danielli, Benn. ... 25
Physcomitrium conicum, Mitt. . 79

pyriforme, Brid 79

Phytelephas, Ruiz ^ Pav. . . .186

macrocarpa, Ruiz <^ Pav. . . 62

Pilotrichum ciHatum, C. Miill. . 90

croceum, JIampe .... 91

flexicaule, Tat/l 91

nigrescens, Sornsch. ... 91

Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 14

Pistia Stratiotes, L 25

Plagiochila 189

Plantago, L 178, 179

major, L 22

Platycerium Stemaria, Tiesv. . . '2i'2t
Pleuridium altemifolium, Bruch . 65

gracilentum, Mitt. .... 65

nitidum, Bruch .... 65, 66

tenellum, Mitt 65

Poa, L. 9

alpina, L 16

annua, JL 22

Pogonatum alpinum, Brid. ... 97
Poinciana pulcherrima, i. ... 20

Polygala, L 188

Polygonum viviparum, i. ... 14
Polypompholyx, Lehm. . . 169, 171

laciniata, Benj I7l

Polystachya, HooJc 22

Polystichum remotiim, Koch . . 193
Polytrichadelphus croceus, Mitt. . 98
formosus, Mitt 98

Polytrichadelphus horridus, Mitt. 98

innovans, C. Miill 97

Magellanicus, Mitt. . 97, 98, 99

Polytrichum commime, L. . . 20, 99

juniperinum, Hedw. ... 99

Populus, L. ... 4-8, 10, 13, 14

balsamifera, L. . 2, 4, 8, 10, 15

grandidentata 2

tremuloides, Mich. . 2, 8, 10, 15

Potentilla, L 9

tridentata, Sol 196

Psilopilum australe, HooJc.f.^ Wils. 97

crispulum, RooJc.f. ^ Wils. . 97

Pterygophyllum denticulatum . . 96

nigellum, HooJc.f. ^ Wils. . 96

obscurum. Mitt 96

Pythagorea Cochinchinensis, Lour. 38

Ranunculus, L 9, 178

Raphia vinifera, Pal 24

Rhacomitrium crispulum, HooJc.f.

^ Wils 73

Rhacopilumaustrale,Bbo^/.^^^■fe. 93

cristatum, HooJc.f. ^ Wils. . 93

Isetum, Mitt 93

spectabile, Rdnw. ^ Hornsch. 93

strumiferum, C. Mall. ... 93

tomentosum, Brid 93

Rhamnus, L 190

Rhipsalis, L 25

Rhizogonium distichum, Brid. . 95

Hookeri, C. Miill 95

Mossmanianum, C. Miill. . 95

MiiUeri, Hampe .... 95

Novse Hollandise, Brid. . . 95

spLoiforme, Brid 95

Rhizophora, L. 22

Rhodliymenia laciniata, Grev. . . 104

Richardsonia, L 190

Rosa rubella. Winch . . . 198, 199

spinosissima, L. . . 198, 199

Rubiaceae 24, 25

Rubus, L 195, 196, 197

Saccharum officinale, L 19

SaUx, L. 3, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 39, 195

acmophylla 40

. alba, L 43, 44

apiculata, Anders. . . . 39, 42

Arbusculk, L 54, 55

Babylonica, L. . 39, 40, 43, 44

berberifolia, Pall 58

. Brayi 58

calophyUa, Wall. . . . 39, 42

calostachya, Anders. . . 39, 42

calyculata, HooJc. fil. . . 40, 55

Caprea, L 40, 50

cuspidata, Don . . . . 39, 43

Daltoniana, Anders. . . 40, 49

daphnoides, L. 40, 45, 46, 47, 53

dealbata, Anders. . . . 40, 43

densa, Wall 39, 42

Q 2

208

INDEX.

Page
Salix disperma, Bon . . . . 39, 42

elegans, Wall. . . .39, 40, 51

eriophylla, Anders. . . 40, 48

eriostachya. Wall. . . 39, 40, 46

flabellaris, Anders. . . . 40, 54

fruticulosa, Anders. . . 40, 53

glabrescens, Wall 39

glaucophylla, Anders. . . 39, 43

Govaniana, Wall 51

grisea. Wall 39, 42

bastata, L 40, 51, 54

herbacea, L 54

Himalensis, Klotzsch ... 51

Hugelii, Wimm 41

T ichnostachya, iiwc?Z. . . 39,41

insignis, Anders. . . . 40, 47

Japonica, Thunb. ... 39, 44

julacea, Anders 40, 50

Kamanensis, Wall. . . . 39, 51

laurina. Smith 45

lenta. Fries . . . . . 39, 42

Lindleyana, Wall. 39, 40, 56, 57

longiflora. Wall. ... 40, 50

longipes, HooJc.f. .... 56

lucida, Jacquem 54

myricsefolia, Anders. . . 40, 53

Myrsinites, Zi 56

myrtillacea, Anders. . . 40, 51

myrtilloides, Z 52

Myurus, Wimm 41

Nilagirica, Miqu 41

nobiHs, Fries .... 39, 42

obovata, Wall 39, 54

octandra, Sieb 40, 43

oreophila, SLook.f. . . 40, 57, 58

oxycarpa, Anders. . . 40, 45, 46

pentandra, JD 40

phylicifolia, L. . 45, 46, 50, 51

populifolia, Anders. . . 40, 48

pseudogrisea, Steud. ... 42

psilostigma, Anders. ... 48

purpurea, L. , 40

pycnostachya, Anders. . 40, 44

pyrina, Wall 39,41

repens, i 52

reticulata, L 55

retusa, L 54, 57

rotundifolia, Eotfle .... 54

rubra, Suds 40, 44, 46

sclerophylla, Anders. . . 40, 52

secta, Hook.f. ... 40, 57, 58

serieocarpa, Anders. . . 40, 43

Serpyllum, Anders. ... 40, 55

Sibirica, Fall 53

Smithiana, Willd. . . 40, 48, 50

stipularis, Smith 49

suaveolens, Anders. ... 39, 41

tetrasperma, Roxb. 39, 40, 41, 43

Thomsoniana, Anders. . . 40, 54

urophylla, Lnndl. ... 39, 41

Page

Salix vagans, HooJc.f. 54

viminalis, L. . . 40, 48, 49, 50

Wallicbiana, Anders. . . 40, 50

Salvia, L 190

Salvinia, L 25

Sarcoceplialus, Don 24

Sauloma tenella, Hook.f. ^ Wils. . 89

Saussurea, Dec 16

Saxifraga, L 16

Schistidium marginatum, Hook.f.

Sf Wils 72

Senecio, L 191

paludosua, L 196

Sheadendron, J. Bertol 167

butyrosum, J. Bertol. . 167, 168

Shepherdia argentea, Mitt. ... 3

Silene, D 16

acaulis, L 16

Soncbus palustris, L 196

Sphagnum acutifolium, Fhrh. . . 100

antarcticum, Mitt 100

australe, Mitt 100

compactum, Brid. . . .99, 100

eonfertum. Mitt 99

contortum, Schz 99

cymbifolioides, C. Mull. . . 100

cymbifolium, Dill. . . .99, 100

molliculum. Mitt 99

NoYo-Zelandicum, Mitt. . . 99

plumosum 99, 100

subsecundum, C. Miill. . . 99

Spiraea, L 188

Splachnum octoblepharum. Hook. 80

Stachys, Z 178, 188

Stenochlsena scandens, J. Smith . 22

Stenogramme interrupta, Ag. . . 103

Stereuliacese 18, 25

Stereodon acicularis, Mitt. ... 89

angustatus, Mitt 88

arbuscula. Mitt 88

auriculatus. Mitt 88

braehycarpus, Mitt. ... 87

clu-ysogaster, Mitt 87

cochleavifolius. Mitt. ... 88

eontiguus, Mitt 87

cupressiformis, Brid. ... 87

curviculatus, Mitt 87

cyperoides, Brid 87

deflexus. Mitt 88

densifoHus, Mitt 89

Donianus, Mitt 88

ericoides. Mitt 89

gracilis, Mitt 88

Jolliffii, Mitt 87

lagurus. Mitt 88

Loxensis, Mitt 87, 88

LyaUii, Mitt 89

microcarpus, Mitt 87

mollis, Mitt 88

ptychocarpus, Mitt. ... 89

INDEX.

209

Stereodon sciuroides, Mitt. ... 89
Streptopogon erythrodoiita, Wils. 72

marginatus, Mitt 72

mnioides, Mitt 72

Syntrichia Fuegiana, Mitt. ... 71

■ laevipila, £rid 71

princeps, Mitt 71, 72

ruralis, JFeh. ^ Mohr. . 71, 72

Tseniopteris, ITool: 22

Tecoma, Juss 188

Tetralobus, A. Dec 171

Theobroma Cacao, X 19

Tliibaudia, i2. ^ Fav 186

Thuja, L . 1

Tortula Australasia?, ^oo^. 8c Grev. 70

csespitosa, SooJc.f.Sf Wils. . 71

calycina, Schwcegr 70

Knightii, Mitt 71

Northiana, Grev. . . . . 71

torquata^ Fai/l 70

Trachyloma Archeri, Mitt. ... 86

T arcuata, Mitt 86, 87

comosa. Mitt. 86

Kerrii, Mitt 86

planifolia, Srid 86

— — subbasilaris. Mitt 86

Trachypus cerinus, Mitt. ... 91

flexicaulis, Mitt 91

Homschucbii, Mitt 90

nigrescens. Mitt 91

Tremalodon brevicollis, Sornsch. . 68

flexicollis, Mitt .68

Tricbomanes, L 22, 186

crispum, L 20

Tridontium Tasmanicum, Hoolc.f. 70
Triplaris Surinamensis, Miqu. . .186

Tussilago, i 9

Typha angustifolia, L 25

TJlota carinata. Mitt 75

Darwinii, Mitt 77

Eremitensis, Mitt 76

Fuegiana, Mitt 76, 77

fulvella. Mitt 75

germana, 13rid 75

glabella, Mitt 76

Hutchinsiffi, Srid 76

lutea, Mitt 77

macrocalycina, Mitt. ... 75

Utricularia, L 169

Utricularia angustifolia, Senj.

appressa, St. Hil.

Bcnjaminiana, Oliv.

bicolor, St. Hil.

colorata, Benj. .

— — comuta, Mich. .

foliosa, L. . .

inflata, Walt.

Jamesoniana, Oliv.

longeciliata, A. Dec

montana, Jacqu

myriocysta, St. Hit

neottioides, St. Hil

nervosa, G. Web.

oligosperma, St. Hil,

pallens, St. Hil.

Parkeriana, Dec,

peltata, Spr.

purpurea, Walt.

quinqueradiata, Spr.

Spruceana, Oliv. ,

stellaris, D. . .

— — subulata, L. . .

trichophylla, Spr,

unifolia, Huiz 4* Fav.

viscosa, Spr. . .

vulgaris, Fl. Flum.

Wallichiana, Oliv.

Vaccinium, L. . . .
Valeriana, L. . . .
Vallisneria spiralis, L.

Veronica, L

Vicia, L. . , . , ,

Viola, L

Webera nutans, Hedw.
Weissia cirrhata, Hedw.

controversa, Hedw.

radians, Hedw. .

stricta, Hoolc.f. 8f

Werneria, H. JB. K. .

nubigena, H. B. K.

Yucca, L

Zygodon Brownii, Schwagr

cyathicarpus, Mont.

intermcdius, Br. Sf Sch.

Lapponicus, Br. ^ Sch

Menzicsii, Am. . .

Mougeoti, Br. Sf Sch.

Reinwardtii, Schwcegr.

Wils.

. 174
. 175
. 176
. 174
. 175
. 175
. 171

171,176
. 169
. 171
. 170
. 171

173, 174
. 175
. 171
. 171
. 171
. 172
. 171
. 171
. 173
. 25
. 175
. 173
. 170
. 172
. 171
. 176
. 16
16, 178
. 25
. 20
. 13
. 9
. 84
. 70
. 70
. 80
. 66

178, 191
, 178
. 177
, 74
. 70
. 74
. 70
. 74
. 70
. 74

TH» END.

%

Printed by Taylor and'^ft^^p^.R^d Lion Court, Fleet Street.

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